正中神经在肘部及前臂上段卡压综合征的解剖基础

目的：探讨正中神经在肘部及前臂上段卡压综合征的解剖学基础。方法；在50例上肢标本上解剖观察正中神经受压的解剖因素。结果：肱二头肌腱膜与正中神经的关系；非覆盖型80％（40侧），部分覆盖型12％（6侧）和全覆盖型4侧（8％）。64％（32侧）反转筋膜斜过正中神经前方。18．6％（8侧）旋前圆肌肱骨头肌内有明显腱束，94％（47侧）尺骨头浅面有增厚腱膜。指浅屈肌起始两头间的形态结构：88％（44侧）联合腱弓型，4％（2侧）纤维弓，8％（4侧）指浅屈肌腱束。结论：正中神经通过前臂上段及肘部时，肱二头肌腱膜，旋前圆肌肱骨头的反转筋膜和肌内腱束，尺骨头浅面的腱膜，指浅屈肌起始部的联合腱弓和纤维弓等可能是导致其受压的解剖学因素。     

骨间前神经综合征的局部解剖学研究

目的 搪塞骨间前神经综合征的解剖学基础。方法 解剖４８例（左右各２４侧）成人防固定标本。结果 骨间前神经主干邻近腱性结构有旋前圆肌纤维桥（５８．３％），尺骨头浅面腱膜（９３．７％），联合腱板（８３．３％）和指浅屈肌纤维弓（９１．２％），横过骨间前神经的拇长岂副头（６６．７％），及少 尺侧血管、小束肌肉或纤维结构。７７％骨间前神经干走在桡骨颈前方结论 骨间的神经主干邻近的腱性结构及距离桡骨颈近可能是     

改良肘关节内侧入路尺侧副韧带手术的应用解剖

目的：为肘关节经肌肉入路尺侧副韧带（ＵＣＬ）修复术提供解剖学基础。方法：成人肘关节标本３５侧,解剖观察尺侧副韧带前束、肘部屈肌总腱及尺、正中神经分支的解剖关系,并行摹拟手术。结果：ＵＣＬ前束起于肱骨内侧髁的前下方,止于尺骨冠突内侧的小结节,ＵＣＬ前束位于尺侧腕屈肌肱头、尺头之间的深层;尺神经在肘管中部与尺侧副韧带前束的平均距离为（０．９ ± ０． １）ｃｍ,在肘管的远侧出口,距尺侧副韧带的尺骨止点（０．６±０．３）ｃｍ;尺神经至尺侧腕屈肌尺头肌支的入肌点距肱骨内侧髁的距离为（３．７±０．８）ｃｍ;正中神经最靠近切口的分支距切口的距离,在肱骨内侧髁和尺骨结节水平分别为（１．６±０．５）ｃｍ和（０．９±０．４）ｃｍ。结论：经尺侧腕屈肌的肱头和尺头之间、自肱骨内侧髁向前外侧至ＵＣＬ尺骨止点以远约２ ｃｍ为一损伤较小的安全手术入路。     

上肢神经肌支的显微解剖及其在痉挛性瘫痪治疗中的意义

目的：为寻求解除上肢痉挛性瘫痪的新途径提供理论依据。方法：在手术显微镜下,对43例成人上肢标本解剖观测,了解痉挛性脑瘫所致上肢痉挛性屈肘,旋前和屈腕畸形的主动肌神经肌支的来源,直径,可分离长度及发出部位。结果：肱二头肌肌支平均2．72支,来源于肌皮神经（97．5％）和正中神经（2．5％）,肱肌肌支平均2．74支,来源肌皮神经（80．5％）,其余分别来源于桡神经（15．3％）,正中神经（4．2％）,肱桡肌肌支平均1．77支,来源于桡神经,旋前圆肌肌支平均2．33支,来源于正中神经;尺侧腕屈肌肌支平均1．72支,来源于尺神经,它们的可分离长度分别为：肱二头肌肌支23．94mm,肱肌肌支21．63mm,肱桡肌肌支21．38mm,旋前圆肌肌支27．27mm,尺侧腕屈肌肌支21．70mm,神经肌支的横径分别为：0．99,1．00,0．86,0．84,0．83mm,在起始与进入肌门处的横径比较（t)检验无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。结论：神经肌支的横径考虑与神经所含数量有关,术中可在志始处选择性切断,切除的长度以术后不再出现神经再连续为度。     

肘桡侧弓与肘前区桡神经肌支的观察

作者于50具尸体解剖观察,发现桡神经浅、深支分叉点高于肱骨外上髁平面;旋后肌弓有襻型、环型之分,多为半肌半腱性(腱性之Frohse弓仅占18％);弓的浅面有桡侧腕短伸肌弓(几乎全属腱性)覆盖;骨间后神经经外侧半弓的深方穿入。被动旋后时,骨间后神经为桡侧腕短伸肌弓所约束,旋前时松解;为旋后肌弓压迫者为数较少。桡神经的浅支发三种肌支,主要是桡侧腕短伸肌支,也可以发支支配旋后肌;25％人体的一侧桡侧腕短伸肌只受桡神经浅支支配。桡神经浅支并不是一完全的感觉支。骨间后神经只发两种肌支,大部分是桡侧腕短伸肌支。作者据解剖所见,结合部分临床文献,认为桡侧管综合征用名不够贴切,建议命名为“肘桡侧弓综合征”。     

正中神经前臂段浅层肌支的应用解剖

目的测量正中神经前臂段浅层肌支的解剖学数据,为正中神经的创伤修复提供形态学依据。方法采用解剖剥离测量方法,对30侧10%甲醛固定的成人上肢标本正中神经发出的前臂段浅层肌支进行解剖学观察。结果正中神经前臂段浅层肌支的分支类型有1支型、2支型、3支型和4支型。其中,旋前圆肌支以3支型(87%),指浅屈肌支(90%)以4支型,桡侧腕屈肌支(96.7%)和掌长肌支(96.7%)以1支型出现率最多。正中神经前臂段浅层肌支主要集中于前臂的4%～65%。结论确定了正中神经前臂段浅层肌支在前臂的危险区间;讨论了有利于开展带神经血管蒂肌瓣移植的肌支类型。     

桡神经深支卡压综合征的解剖学研究

根据５４侧成人尸体肘部桡管，旋后肌管及桡神经深支在肘部行程的解剖学研究，特别观察到桡侧腕短伸肌纤维桥有９０．６％为全腱性，其中有８８．９％与旋后肌弓外侧半重叠直接紧邻桡神经深支，认为该纤维桥是桡神经深支在肘部卡压的主要因素。并注意到桡神经深支与桡骨头部位的关节囊等关系密切，提示临床医生注意。     

正中神经掌皮支形态特点及其临床意义

目的：为腕掌部手术避免损伤掌皮支提供解剖学基础。方法：在双目放大镜下对５０侧成人上肢正中神经掌皮支的来源、走行及分支进行解剖和观测。结果：５０侧均存在掌皮支，距离“Ｏ”点即远侧腕横纹４６．０ｍｍ处自正中神经桡侧发出，穿出前臂筋膜处距Ｏ点１９．６ｍｍ；穿出掌腱膜处距Ｏ点８．３ｍｍ。掌皮支长４８．５ｍｍ，起点宽１．２ｍｍ，距舟骨结节垂直距离８．２ｍｍ。掌皮支有３个分支的２８侧（５６．０％）；只有外侧支和中间支的１１侧（２２．０％）；只有内侧支和外侧支的４侧（８．０％）；只有外侧支的４侧（８．０％）；只有中间支的３侧（６．０％）。结论：掌皮支的来源、行程较恒定。腕掌部手术应尽量靠近尺侧，采取纵行切口，免伤掌皮支。     

拇,趾短岂应用解剖及去神经游离移植的临床应用

目的：旨在为拇、趾短伸肌去神经子移植修复腭裂、腭咽闭合不全，面瘫等提供形态学莽莽：（１）对２２只足标本的拇、趾短伸肌的形态变异及神经支配进行解剖观察；（２）在１０９ 以神经刺激仪确认拇、趾短伸肌的神经，并测肌的长度，体积及重量。结果：（１）拇、趾短伸肌与长腱舍并机会分别为５５．７％、６２．８％；趾短伸出腱至第５趾的占７６．９％；（２）肌的神经支配三类型比率分别是２４．４％、３２．８％、４２．７％：     

新生儿肌肉注射区的解剖观测及其选择

在２１例（４２侧）胎儿标本上测量了三角肌，臂大肌，股四头肌和小腿三头肌各区的肌肉厚度并观察了各区神经血管走行及分布；（１）三角肌２和５区肌肉较厚，男平均５．０ｍｍ女平均６．０ｍｍ，２区深部有腋神经，旋肱后血管及桡神经；（２）臂大肌３区肌肉较厚，男平均８．０ｍｍ，女平均１０．０ｍｍ，１区有臂上血管神经，２、４区有臂下血管神经及坐骨神经；（３）股四头肌２、４区肌肉较厚，男平均１０．０ｍｍ，女平均１１．     

Radial nerve in the radial tunnel: anatomic sites of entrapment neuropathy

Common anatomical structures that can lead to radial nerve entrapment in the radial tunnel (radial tunnel syndrome) were studied in 46 embalmed cadaveric upper limbs. After dissecting the radial tunnel, we investigated: the radial nerve and its division into superficial and deep (DBRN) branches; the course of the DBRN in relation to the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle; the presence of fat; fibrous adhesions between the anterior radiohumeral joint capsule and the DBRN; the nature of the superomedial margin of the ECRB; vascular arcades of the radial recurrent vessels; and the superior and inferior borders of the superficial layer of the supinator muscle. The locations of some of these structures were measured in reference to two fixed points: the radiohumeral joint line and a line joining the tips of medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus. Near the radiohumeral joint, fibrous adhesions were observed between the DBRN and underlying capsule in 23/46 (50%) cases; vascular arcades of the radial recurrent vessels were found in 33/46 (72%) cases; the superomedial margin of the ECRB was tendinous in 36/46 (78%) instances; the superior border of the superficial layer of the supinator muscle was noted to be tendinous (arcade of Frohse) in 40/46 (87%) specimens, and the inferior border of the superficial layer of the supinator muscle was tendinous in 30/46 (65%) cases. These anatomical features in the radial tunnel are significant enough to lead to entrapment neuropathy of the radial nerve.     

Extensor carpi radialis brevis origin,nerve supply and its role in lateral epicondylitis

Lateral epicondylitis (LE) or tennis elbow has been the subject of concern during the last 60 years, but the pathogenesis of the LE remains unclear. The LE can be due to the tendinogenic, articular or neurogenic reasons. Numerous theories have been put fourth in the recent past, out of which one of the most popular theories is that the condition results from repeated contraction of the wrist extensor muscles, especially the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) which may compress the posterior branch of the radial nerve (PBRN) at the elbow during pronation. We studied 72 upper limbs (36 formalin-fixed cadaver) for the origin, nerve supply and the course of PBRN in relation to the ECRB as one of the goal for the present study. The possible presence of an arch of the ECRB around the PBRN was also observed and recorded. The nerve to ECRB was a branch from the radial nerve in 11 cases (15.2%); from the PBRN in 36 cases (50%) and from the superficial branch of the radial nerve in 25 cases (34.7%), respectively. The ECRB had a tendinous arch in 21 cases (29.1%); a muscular arch in 8 (11.1%) cases and the arch was absent in 43 cases (59.7%). When the ECRB had a tendinous or muscular arch around the PBRN, it may compress the same and this condition may worsen during the repeated supination and pronation as observed in tennis and cricket players. The presence of such tendinous or muscular arch should be considered by orthopedicians and neurosurgeons, while releasing the PBRN during LE surgery.     

股外侧皮神经在髂前上棘附近的解剖学和超声观察

目的 感觉异常性股痛(MP)常由股外侧皮神经(LFCN)的机械嵌压引起,通常发生在股外侧皮神经走行至髂前上棘的部位。MP最佳手术治疗方法有待确定,部分原因是LFCN周围筋膜平面的精细结构尚未阐明。本研究的目的是利用生物塑化和超声确定LFCN在髂前上棘附近的筋膜结构。方法 选择11具尸体（6名女性,5名男性, 38～97岁）制作薄层生物塑化切片。对34名健康志愿者（19名女性,15名男性,20～62岁）进行LFCN超声评估。结果 LFCN在腹内斜肌筋膜纤维和髂筋膜之间出骨盆,然后在缝匠肌表面和位于髂前上棘（ASIS）下方的阔筋膜张肌之间走行。在缝匠肌和阔筋膜张肌之间,LFCN走行在独立封闭的筋膜鞘中。结论 LFCN在髂前上棘处位于腹内斜肌腱膜内。LFCN在缝匠肌表面及外侧走行至大腿前外侧区域。超声定位LFCN有助于外科手术。     

正中神经返支卡压及易损伤部位的解剖学基础

目的：探讨腕管综合征术后大鱼际功能恢复不良的原因与返支易损伤部位。方法：对20侧成人新鲜上肢标本进行显微解剖，观测正中神经返支走行中存在的卡压因素以及易损伤部位。结果：(1)拇短屈肌浅头尺侧存在腱弓及腱纤维束结构，对正中神经返支形成卡压；(2)住屈肌支持带远侧返支与掌腱膜关系密切，在此部位掌腱膜可对返支形成卡压或术中易误伤返支；(3)走行中返支与拇长屈肌腱和示指屈肌腱存在交叉走行关系。结论：(1)返支走行中存在易卡压因素，治疗腕管综合征时应常规探查松解返支；(2)涉及拇长屈肌腱，示指屈肌腱和掌腱膜手术时，应注意防止损伤返支。     

隐神经收肌管段的应用解剖学

在80侧成人下肢标本上观察了隐神经及其髌下支穿Hunter's管(收肌管)前壁的类型。其中隐神经除有93.8％穿该管前壁腱板浅出外,尚有6.3％未穿该管前壁腱板。神经穿出处之裂孔按形态分为3种:裂隙形(隐神经为74.7％;髌下支为65.0％)、近圆孔形(隐神经为14.7％;髌下支为20.0％)、狭窄形(隐神经为为10.7％;髌下支为15.0％。并测量了神经穿出点的位置距Hunter's管前壁腱板上缘的长度、裂孔的长度和横径,为临床探讨隐神经卡压症的病因和治疗提供应用解剖学资料。     

Anatomical variations of the pronator teres muscle in a Central European population and its clinical significance

The pronator teres (PT) muscle is a forearm flexor with radial and ulnar heads. It is innervated by the median nerve (MN), which passes between these heads. Nerve entrapment, known as “PT syndrome”, may occur in this passage. Anatomical variations in this region may be potential risk factors of this pathology. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the relationship between morphologic variations of the PT and the MN. In 50 isolated, formalin-fixed upper limbs, the cubital region and the forearm were dissected. The following measurements were taken: origin of the PT muscle heads, the length of these heads, the length of the forearm, diameter of the MN and the number of its muscular branches to the pronator teres muscle. The forearms with the humeral head originating from the medial humeral epicondyle and medial intermuscular septum (72%) were significantly shorter (p = 0.0088) than those where the humeral head originated only from the medial humeral epicondyle. Moreover, in these specimens, the MN was significantly thinner (p = 0.003). The ulnar head was present in 43 limbs (86%). The MN passed between the heads of the PT muscle (74%) or under the muscle (26%). In the majority of cases, it provided two motor branches (66%). There is an association between the morphologic variation of the PT muscle heads and the course and branching pattern of the MN. Both are related to differences in forearm length. This may have an impact on the risk of PT syndrome and the performance of MN electrostimulation.     

The muscular arch of the axilla and its nerve supply in Japanese adults]

We examined 94 axillary regions of 47 Japanese adults and found the muscular arch of the axilla (Maa) in five sides of three cadavers as well as the tendinous arch of the axilla (Taa) in two sides of two cadavers. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The frequency of Maa was 6.4% of the total bodies and 5.3% of the sides in this series. 2) In the left side of a 57-year-old male (No. 427), Maa was attached to the surface of the coracobrachialis muscle after fusing with the dorsal surface of the inserting tendon of the pectoralis quartus muscle. Both muscles were supplied by the caudal pectoral nerve (Npc) from the medial pectoral nerve. Moreover, in this same specimen, the sternalis muscle was recognized on the ventral surface of the pectoralis major muscle. In the left side of a 93-year-old female (No. 386), the cranial part of the muscular arch of the axilla (Cpa) was extended to the coracoid process by a tendon and attached to the abdominal part of the pectoralis major by two muscle bundles supplied by independent branches from Npc. One muscle bundle was attached to the lower margin of the abdominal part of the pectoralis major on the same plane, and the other bundle was located on the dorsal surface of the abdominal part. In a 74-year-old female (No. 411), the well-developed lateral part of the muscular arch of the axilla (Lpa) was attached to the inferior side of the tendinous arch. According to Ruge (1914) and Kasai et al. (1977), this arch was in the transition of the muscle bundle of Cpa to the arch. In the right side of the same specimen, only the thoracodorsal nerve (Ntd) was distributed into Lpa, whereas in the left side, only Npc supplied branches to Lpa. 3) The axillary arch was classified into 8 types based on the form and the supplying nerve of Cpa and Lpa. Cpa consisting of the muscle bundle is Type I, and Cpa consisting of the tendinous arch is Type II. We proposed that only Type II-A, with Cpa as tendinous arch and no Lpa, be designated as Taa (found in two cases), and the others as Maa. The following types were found in this study: Type I-A, consisting of only Cpa supplied by Npc (two cases); Type I-D, consisting of Cpa supplied by Npc and Lpa supplied by Ntd (one case); Type II-B, consisting of the tendinous arch and Lpa supplied by Npc (one case); Type II-D, consisting of the tendinous arch and Lpa supplied by Ntd (one case). 4) From the above findings, it can be suggested that Maa of varying shapes have been formed by a portion of the latissimus dorsi muscle supplied by Ntd, together with the pectoralis subcutaneous muscle, consisting of the pectoralis abdominalis, humeroabdominalis, humerodorsalis and ventrolateralis muscles supplied by Npc. The latter three muscles were proposed by Ura (1937) as the panniculus carnosus muscle, which was well developed in some lower mammalian orders. However, early investigators suggested that Maa was derived from the panniculus. Maa might have occurred as a rudimentary phylogenetic remainder in an early human embryonic stage.     

Papillary muscles and tendinous cords of the right ventricle of the human heart morphological characteristics

A series of 79 normal human hearts was studied focusing on the morphological characteristics of the papillary muscles of the right ventricle and their tendinous cords (chordae tendineae). The number, incidence, length and shape of the anterior, septal and posterior papillary muscles were observed. The tendinous cords attached to each papillary muscle were counted at their origin. The papillary muscles and the tendinous cords were measured in situ and after the removal of the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve). The anterior and posterior papillary muscles (apm, ppm) were present in 100% of the cases. The septal papillary muscle (spm) was absent in 21.5% of the hearts. The apm presented 1 head in 81% and 2 heads in 19% it was 19.16 mm in length. The spm was one-headed in 41.7% and presented two heads in 16.5% the presence of a 3 and 4 heads appeared in 12.7% and 7.6% respectively the spm was 5.59 mm in length. The ppm had 1 head in 25.4%, 2 heads in 46.8%, 3 heads in 21.5% and 4 heads in 6.3% of the cases it was 11.53 mm in length. Tendinous cords (TC) varied as follows from 1 to 11 TC originated in the apm (mean 4.74) from 1 to 8 TC originated in the ppm (mean 2.67) and from 1 to 5 TC originated in the spm (mean 1.77).