大肠癌精筛中内镜黏膜切除术对结直肠进展期腺瘤的诊治价值

目的探讨内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)在大肠癌精筛中诊治结直肠进展期腺瘤的临床价值。方法收集2016-01～2017-05广州市中西医结合医院结肠镜活检诊断为结直肠广基或亚蒂进展期腺瘤52例,行EMR切除病灶,并行病理学检查明确诊断,随访观察治疗效果和安全性。结果 47例病变予EMR切除,5例予内镜黏膜分片切除术(EPMR)切除,术中出血5例,均20 ml,术后无迟发型出血及穿孔发生。所有病变一次性整块切除率为90. 4%(47/52),组织治愈性切除率为88. 5%(46/52);术后病理提示绒毛状腺瘤或管状绒毛状腺瘤伴低级别上皮内瘤变(LGD) 38例(73. 1%),绒毛状腺瘤或管状绒毛状腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变(HGD) 12例(23. 1%),另有2例(3. 8%)黏膜下癌转外科手术治疗,但术后病变肠段未发现肿瘤组织残留和淋巴结转移。50例患者术后随访3～15月(中位随访9个月)未见复发。结论 EMR诊治进展期腺瘤安全有效,在大肠癌精确筛查中能发挥关键的诊治价值。     

黏膜切除术治疗结直肠广基隆起性腺瘤性息肉98例临床研究

目的探讨内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)治疗结直肠广基隆起性腺瘤性息肉患者的疗效。方法回顾性分析98例结直肠广基隆起性腺瘤性息肉(息肉直径0.6~2.0 cm)患者的临床资料并行EMR治疗。结果 98例均经电子结肠镜检查及术前病理诊断为腺瘤性息肉,均为广基隆起性病变,共120枚,行EMR,留取完整标本病理检查,创面均给予钛夹封闭。术后病理诊断为腺瘤性息肉113例,高级别瘤变4例,局部癌变3例,7例切缘均无癌细胞,未追加外科手术。1个月后复查见病变部位黏膜光滑,未见息肉及病变黏膜残留。高级别瘤变及局部癌变7例随访3年,未见肿瘤复发及它处转移。结论对于广基隆起性腺瘤性息肉行EMR较既往单纯的高频电灼或氩离子凝固术有助于发现早期癌,改善患者的预后。     

结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤内镜诊断与治疗

目的探讨结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤(LST)内镜诊断方法,经内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)、分片切除术(EPMR)、内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)方法治疗LST的疗效、安全性。方法 LST经色素染色放大内镜或NBI-ME观察病变形态、腺管开口分型(pit)及表面微血管分型(MP),分别进行EMR、EPMR、ESD或外科手术治疗,并分析LST的病理特点。结果在399例病人检出有LST,共407个病变。LST大小在10～80mm。LST部位在直肠128个(31.4%),乙状结肠97个(23.8%),降结肠54个(13.3%),横结肠67个(16.5%),升结肠21个(5.2%),盲肠36个(8.8%),回肠末段4例(1.0%)。LST形态呈颗粒均一型145个,结节混合型161个,扁平隆起型63个,假凹陷型38个。LST腺管开口分型以ⅢL和Ⅳ为多。405个LST经肠镜微创电切治疗,228个行EMR切除,165个行EPMR切除,12个行ESD切除,均在内镜下成功电切,另2例LST行外科手术治疗。出血发生率4.0%,术中即刻出血4例,术后3天迟发出血12例,无肠穿孔发生。LST病理结果:管状腺瘤46个(11.3%),管状绒毛状腺瘤146个(35.9%),绒毛状腺瘤181个(44.5%),增生性息肉10个(2.5%),高级别上皮内瘤变19个(4.7%),黏膜内癌3个(0.7%),黏膜下癌2个(0.4%)。术后复查肠镜无复发。结论色素染色放大内镜或NBI-ME方法有利于检出LST,EMR、EPMR、ESD是内镜下治疗LST安全有效的方法。     

内镜分片黏膜切除术治疗巨大结直肠平坦型病变的临床评价及复发率随访

目的评价内镜分片黏膜切除术(endoscopic piecemeal mucosal resection,EPMR)治疗巨大结直肠平坦型病变的疗效、安全性及应用价值,并随访观察其复发率。方法经术前内镜检查评估及病理证实,符合内镜切除适应证,采用EPMR切除46例直径≥30 mm结直肠平坦型病变,均为侧向发育型肿瘤(LST),术后标本全部行精确的病理学评价。结果 46例结直肠LST患者中,病灶位于直肠38例,占82.6%,完全切除率93.5%(43/46),切除治愈率97.8%(45/46)。术后出血发生率为4.3%,均经内镜止血成功,无1例发生穿孔。术后病理均为腺瘤,伴低级别上皮内瘤变30例,伴高级别上皮内瘤变10例,黏膜内癌6例。全组患者随访3~96个月,仅2例复发,复发率4.3%,再次内镜处理获愈。结论 EPMR是治疗巨大结直肠平坦型病变安全、有效的方法,掌握切除方法和技巧,可以完全切除病变,减少残留及复发率。     

ESD联合EMR治疗较大大肠侧向发育型肿瘤9例诊治体会

目的探讨内镜下ESD联合EMR治疗大肠侧向发育型肿瘤(LST)的效果和安全性。方法纳入我院确诊为LST的患者9例(9处病灶),并记录病灶的部位、大小、形态,内镜下分型,所有病灶均分两步完成切除:①首先将病灶与周边正常黏膜环形切开分离,必要时逐步剥离(ESD)病灶至其直径小于圈套器直径;②再行内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)圈套切除整个病灶。结果①9例患者均于内镜下完成整块切除,切除时间为(45±12)min,2例发生术中出血,均于内镜下止血,术中术后无其他并发症发生;②术后病理结果显示9例患者均完整切除,2例为管状腺瘤,2例为绒毛状腺瘤,5例为绒毛状管状腺瘤(其中1例伴局部癌变,但基底部无癌残留);6个月后内镜随访结果显示病灶切除处均完全愈合,未有复发。结论 ESD联合EMR在治疗大肠侧向发育型肿瘤中可做为一种选择方法。     

改良内镜黏膜切除术治疗结肠扁平息肉的临床应用

目的 评价改良内镜黏膜切除术(M-EMR)治疗结肠扁平息肉疗效。方法 将276例297枚结肠扁平息肉患者随机分成两组：EMR组136例共152枚息肉,M-EMR组140例共145枚息肉。病灶黏膜下注射生理盐水后,EMR组一次性切除病灶,M-EMR组在病灶周边用圈套器头端切开周边黏膜后一次性切除病灶,回收全部标本送病理检查。比较术后两组并发症发生率,手术时间,完整切除率,术后复发率。结果 全部息肉一次性切除。EMR组1例迟发出血,1例穿孔,1例电凝综合征,并发症发生率2.0%(3/152);M-EMR组1例迟发出血,1例电凝综合征,并发症发生率1.4%(2/145)。EMR组息肉切除时间平均(5.6±2.0)min;M-EMR组息肉切除时间平均(5.7±2.1)min,2组无显著差异(p>0.05)。EMR组息肉完整切除率92.1％(140／152),M-EMR组息肉完整切除率100％(145／145),2组显著差异(p<0.05)。术后病理：管状腺瘤135例,绒毛状腺瘤40例,绒毛管状腺瘤57例,增生性息肉29例,炎性息肉34例。腺瘤伴高级别类瘤变8例,其中EMR组1例息肉残留,后行肠段切除,6个月后8例复查无复发。M-EMR组2例黏膜内癌,完整切除,6个月后复查无复发。EMR组12例术后残留,1例手术,11例APC处理后,1例6个月复发,复发率0.66%(1／152),M-EMR组无复发。结论 M-EMR组较EMR组治疗结肠扁平息肉更有效。     

内镜下高频电切术治疗平坦型结直肠息肉（附21例报告）

目的观察内镜下高频电切术治疗平坦型结直肠息肉的疗效。方法21例平坦型结直肠息肉,在内镜下行高频电切术,术后9—21个月内镜复查。结果21例中一次手术完全切除者15例,二次切除3例,三次切除1例。2例活检为直肠黏膜癌、且切缘残留癌细胞而中转开腹手术。病理示直肠绒毛状腺瘤9例,其中中度非典型增生5例,癌变3例;直肠管状—绒毛状腺瘤3例,其中轻度非典型增生2例,中重度非典型增生1例。乙状结肠绒毛状腺瘤4例,其中中度非典型增生3例;乙状结肠管状—绒毛状腺瘤合并中度非典型增生3例。降结肠管状腺瘤1例。横结肠管状—绒毛状腺瘤合并轻中度非典型增生1例。结论内镜下高频电切术治疗平坦型结直肠息肉安全、有效。     

圈套器头端预切开内镜下黏膜切除术在结肠无蒂锯齿状病变的临床研究

目的 评价应用一次性圈套器头端预切开内镜下黏膜切除术(pre-cut EMR)治疗结肠无蒂锯齿状病变(SSLs)的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2017年3月至2021年3月在许昌市中心医院诊治的100例患者100枚结肠SSLs病例:分为内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)组50例患者50枚病变,pre-cut EMR组50例患者50枚病变。于病变黏膜下层疏松组织注射(生理盐水+亚甲蓝)混合液后,病变抬举,EMR组直接通以高频电圈套切除或较大病变分片圈套切除(EPMR); pre-cut EMR组用圈套器头端切开病变周边黏膜后,将病灶完整圈套切除,术后标本送检。比较两组手术时间、完整切除率、术后并发症发生率、复发率。结果:pre-cut EMR组中的SSLs均完整切除。EMR组SSLs治疗时间(5.34±0.23) min,pre-cut EMR组SSLs治疗时间(5.55±0.27)min,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。EMR组完整切除率88%(44/50),pre-cut EMR组完整切除率100%(50/50),组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。EMR组1例迟发出血...     

内镜黏膜切除术治疗大肠广基大息肉

目的探讨内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)对肠道广基大息肉样病变的治疗价值。方法采用结肠镜下大肠黏膜切除术治疗135例共157个结直肠广基大息肉。病灶黏膜下注射肾上腺素生理盐水后,一次圈套整块切除或分次圈套切除病变,回收全部标本送病理检查,术后结肠镜随访。结果全部息肉EMR一次切除,除3个位于直肠黏膜下的病灶小于1 cm外,其余均大于1.5 cm,最大的13 cm×12 cm,无手术并发症。术后病理:腺瘤123个,其中有异型增生80个;黏膜内癌11个;增生性息肉20个;直肠类癌3个。随访中,有2例大于7 cm的直肠腺瘤分别于术后1个月及3个月复查时复发,均给予热活检钳完整钳除,病理分别为增生性息肉和绒毛状腺瘤,再复查6-12个月无复发。结论EMR是治疗大肠癌前病变及黏膜内癌安全、有效的方法。     

代谢综合征对结直肠管状绒毛状腺瘤的影响因素分析

目的分析结直肠管状绒毛状腺瘤与代谢综合征的关系。 方法收集2017年6月至2020年12月南方医科大学附属惠阳医院经手术病理确诊的271例患者。其中管状腺瘤患者203例，管状绒毛状腺瘤患者68例。比较结直肠管状腺瘤与管状绒毛状腺瘤患者纤维结肠内镜检查的基本情况，结直肠息肉一般特征、数目、病理，以及代谢综合征相关指标水平等。采用Logistic多因素回归分析山田分型、最大息肉直径、代谢综合征相关指标与结直肠管状绒毛状腺瘤的关系。 结果累计息肉数目最多部位、最大息肉好发部位、病理为管状绒毛状腺瘤/管状腺瘤好发部位均为乙状结肠。结直肠管状腺瘤与管状绒毛状腺瘤患者山田分型、最大息肉直径、血清甘油三酯水平差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01），而高血压、脂肪肝、空腹血糖受损或糖尿病情况及总胆固醇水平、血清尿酸水平、癌胚抗原水平差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。Logistic多因素回归分析结果显示，山田分型及最大息肉直径与结直肠管状绒毛状腺瘤有关联[Wald χ²=5.756，Exp（B）=2.494，P=0.016；Wald χ²=23.173，Exp（B）=12.842，P<0.001]，而血清甘油三酯水平与结直肠管状绒毛状腺瘤无关联。 结论与结直肠管状腺瘤患者相比，代谢综合征与结直肠管状绒毛状腺瘤发病并无直接关联，但息肉直径大小及山田分型与结直肠管状绒毛状腺瘤发病有关联。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.