外源性趋化因子CXC配体12对Hela宫颈癌细胞增殖作用及机制

目的探讨外源性趋化因子CXC配体(L)12对宫颈癌Hela细胞增殖的作用及机制。方法 CCK8实验考察不同浓度和不同时间的外源性CXCL12对宫颈癌Hela细胞增殖的影响;蛋白免疫印迹法检测不同浓度的外源性CXCL12对细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)蛋白表达量的影响。结果 48 h后,浓度40 ng/ml的外源性CXCL12对Hela细胞增殖作用明显高于0 ng/ml(P<0.05);72 h后,浓度20 ng/ml的外源性CXCL12对Hela细胞增殖作用明显高于0 ng/ml(P<0.05),且浓度40 ng/ml时尤其明显(P<0.01);与浓度0 ng/ml外源性CXCL12比较,浓度20 ng/ml和40 ng/ml外源性CXCL12显著上调宫颈癌Hela细胞ERK表达量(P<0.05)。结论外源性CXCL12可经活化丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)通路而促进Hela宫颈癌细胞增殖活性。     

CXC趋化因子配体5对前列腺癌细胞生长的作用

目的研究CXC趋化因子配体(CXCL)5受体(CXCR2)蛋白在前列腺癌细胞株PC-3、DU145和LNCaP细胞中的表达情况及CXCL5对LNCaP细胞生长的影响。方法应用Western印迹技术检测CXCR2在3种前列腺癌细胞株PC-3、DU145和LNCaP细胞中的表达情况,筛选出表达量最高的细胞株,然后用MTT法检测5、10、20 ng/ml浓度CXCL5对CXCR2蛋白表达量最高的前列腺癌细胞生长的影响。结果在PC-3、DU145和LNCaP细胞中均有CXCR2蛋白的表达,LNCaP细胞中最高(1.65±0.089),DU145细胞次之(1.44±0.107),PC-3细胞中最低(0.36±0.056)(P<0.05);5、10、20 ng/ml CXCL5浓度组作用LNCaP细胞6 d后,吸光度值分别为0.55±0.06,0.61±0.08和0.73±0.10,与对照组(0.52±0.14)比较,20 ng/ml CXCL5浓度组增长率明显增高(P<0.05)。结论 CXCL5可通过作用于其自身受体CXCR2进而促进LNCaP细胞生长。     

外源性趋化因子CXC配体1促进肝癌细胞恶性行为的作用机制

目的 探讨外源性趋化因子CXC配体(CXCL)1对肝癌细胞恶性行为的影响及作用机制.方法 利用细胞计数试剂(CCK)-8和细胞迁移(Transwell)实验分别研究不同浓度外源性CXCL1对BEL-7402肝癌细胞增殖和迁移的影响,利用Western印迹研究外源性CXCL1对BEL-7402肺癌细胞B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病...     

冠心病患者血清中趋化因子CXC配体5的表达及其临床意义

目的研究不同临床类型冠心病(CHD)患者和正常人血清中趋化因子CXC配体(L)5蛋白的表达差异。方法酶联免疫吸附法检测59例CHD患者和23例正常人血清中CXCL5蛋白的表达。结果正常对照组、稳定型心绞痛(SAP)组、不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)组和急性心肌梗死(AMI)组血清中的CXCL5蛋白水平分别为(63.47±5.67)、(64.37±7.26)、(69.74±7.99)和(70.84±9.44)ng/ml,与正常对照组和SAP组比较,UAP组和AMI组显著增高(P<0.05);与血清CXCL5水平<60 ng/ml组比较,CHD组血清CXCL5水平>70 ng/ml组Gensini评分显著增高(P<0.05)。结论血清CXCL5水平与CHD病情具有相关性,其可能作用一个经典的炎症因子参与CHD进程。检测血清CXCL5的水平和针对CXCL5相关治疗可为CHD的临床诊断和治疗提供新的标志物和靶点。     

趋化因子CXC配体1影响人口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞增殖和迁移的作用机制

目的 探讨CXCL1对KB人口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞增殖和迁移的影响及其可能的作用机制.方法 将处于对数生长期的KB细胞随机分为对照组(无CXCL1处理组)和不同浓度CXCL1处理组,分别采用细胞计数试剂(CCK)-8实验及细胞迁移实验来研究各组细胞增殖和迁移情况,并应用Western印迹实验检测各组细胞中蛋白激酶B(AKT...     

CXC趋化因子配体8对宫颈癌细胞增殖与迁移的影响及作用机制

目的探讨外源性及过表达CXC趋化因子配体(CXCL)8对HeLa宫颈癌细胞增殖与迁移的影响及作用机制。方法利用基因转染构建过表达CXCL8的HeLa宫颈癌细胞,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)鉴定转染效率;CCK8和Transwell实验研究外源性及过表达CXCL8对HeLa增殖与迁移的影响;蛋白免疫印迹实验检测过表达CXCL8对HeLa细胞蛋白激酶B(AKT)蛋白表达的影响。结果过表达细胞株细胞培养上清液中CXCL8蛋白表达明显高于对照细胞株;不同浓度的外源性CXCL8及过表达CXCL8可显著促进HeLa细胞增殖和迁移能力;HeLa细胞过表达CXCL8可显著上调AKT蛋白表达。结论CXCL8可经磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/AKT途径而参与宫颈癌恶性发展过程。     

曲美他嗪调控趋化因子CXC配体10的表达对心力衰竭大鼠心功能的改善

目的研究曲美他嗪(TMZ)对心力衰竭(HF)大鼠心功能指标及血清趋化因子CXC配体(L)10水平的影响。方法制备HF大鼠模型,灌胃给予TMZ治疗4 w,超声心动图检查左心室舒张期内径(LVDd)、左心室收缩期内径(LVDs)和射血分数(EF),酶联免疫吸附检测血清CXCL10水平。结果与假手术组比较,HF模型组和TMZ治疗组LVDd、LVDs显著增大而EF显著降低(P<0.01)。与HF模型组比较,TMZ治疗组EF显著增高(P<0.05),而两组LVDd、LVDs差异无显著性(P>0.05)。HF模型组和TMZ治疗组血清CXCL10水平显著高于假手术组(P<0.05)。与HF模型组比较,TMZ治疗组血清CXCL10水平明显降低(P<0.05)。结论 TMZ可经降低血清CXCL10的水平而改善HF大鼠心功能。     

CXC趋化因子配体16及其受体与动脉粥样硬化的关系

CXC趋化因子配体16(CXCL16)是一种具有黏附分子、趋化因子、清道夫受体功能的趋化因子家族中的一员,可促进活化的T淋巴细胞与内皮细胞间的黏附,平滑肌细胞的增殖及抗原递呈细胞在炎症部位的聚集,增加巨噬细胞对氧化型低密度脂蛋白的摄取,促进泡沫细胞形成,并参与到动脉粥样硬化、血管狭窄、炎症反应的发生发展中。CXCL16及其受体与动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、脑卒中等血液循环系统疾病的发生、严重程度及预后相关,并在临床疾病发生预测中有一定作用。     

趋化因子受体4在人前列腺癌细胞中的表达水平及其对肿瘤细胞转移组织趋向性的影响

目的探讨趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)在前列腺癌细胞中的组织转移趋化特异性及其在转移组织内的表达水平及作用。方法在体外将人前列腺癌PC3M细胞与人淋巴结及横纹肌匀浆提取物混合培养,采用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)及免疫荧光标记和流式细胞仪表型检测分析细胞上CXCR4在基因及蛋白质水平的表达,观察人淋巴结及横纹肌匀浆提取物对PC3M细胞CXCR4表达的影响;同时通过大鼠抗人CXCR4单克隆抗体对PC3M细胞淋巴组织趋化性的抑制试验,观察CXCR4在前列腺癌淋巴结转移中的作用。结果与IMEM培养液组和横纹肌提取物组比较,淋巴组织提取物组对PC3M细胞有明显趋化作用,而大鼠抗人CXCR4单克隆抗体能明显抑制淋巴组织提取物组对PC3M细胞的趋化性迁移,抑制率达60%～70%。把人前列腺癌PC3M细胞与人淋巴结及横纹肌匀浆提取物混合培养24 h后,与非添加组相比,人淋巴结匀浆提取物组CX-CR4在基因水平表达明显降低。而人横纹肌匀浆提取物组CXCR4的表达水平则无明显差异。混合培养48 h后,人淋巴结匀浆提取物组CXCR4在基因和蛋白水平表达进一步降低。而在人横纹肌匀浆提取物组CXCR4的表达水平只见少量减低。结论 CXCR4在前列腺癌细胞浸润、转移过程中具有组织选择特异性,而且其表达与细胞生长环境密切相关,受周围组织的调控,进一步证明CXCR4是抑制前列腺癌细胞浸润、转移的重要靶点。     

Expression of chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 in folliculostellate (FS) cells of the rat anterior pituitary gland: the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis induces interconnection of FS cells

The anterior pituitary gland is composed of five types of hormone-producing cells plus folliculostellate (FS) cells, which do not produce classical anterior pituitary hormones. FS cells are interconnected by cytoplasmic processes and encircle hormone-producing cells or aggregate homophilically. Using living-cell imaging of primary culture, we recently reported that some FS cells precisely extend their cytoplasmic processes toward other FS cells and form interconnections with them. These phenomena suggest the presence of a chemoattractant factor that facilitates the interconnection. In this study, we attempted to discover the factor that induces interconnection of FS cells and succeeded in identifying chemokine (CXC)-L12 and its receptor CXCR4 as potential candidate molecules. CXCL12 is a chemokine of the CXC subfamily. It exerts its effects via CXCR4, a G protein-coupled receptor. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is a potent chemoattractant for many types of neural cells. First, we revealed that CXCL12 and CXCR4 are expressed by FS cells in rat anterior pituitary gland. Next, to clarify the function of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in FS cells, we observed living anterior pituitary cells in primary culture with specific CXCL12 inhibitor or CXCR4 antagonist and noted that extension of cytoplasmic processes and interconnection of FS cells were inhibited. Finally, we examined FS cell migration and invasion by using Matrigel matrix assays. CXCL12 treatment resulted in markedly increased FS cell migration and invasion. These data suggest that FS cells express chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 and that the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis evokes interconnection of FS cells.     

Dissecting the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in acute myeloid leukaemia

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is the most common adult acute leukaemia with the lowest survival rate. It is characterised by a build-up of immature myeloid cells anchored in the protective niche of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is central to the pathogenesis of AML as it has fundamental control over AML cell adhesion into the protective BM niche, adaptation to the hypoxic environment, cellular migration and survival. High levels of CXCR4 expression are associated with poor relapse-free and overall survival. The CXCR4 ligand, CXCL12 (SDF-1), is expressed by multiple cells types in the BM, facilitating the adhesion and survival of the malignant clone. Blocking the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is an attractive therapeutic strategy providing a ‘multi-hit’ therapy that both prevents essential survival signals and releases the AML cells from the BM into the circulation. Once out of the protective niche of the BM they would be more susceptible to destruction by conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. In this review, we disentangle the diverse roles of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in AML. We then describe multiple CXCR4 inhibitors, including small molecules, peptides, or monoclonal antibodies, which have been developed to date and their progress in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Finally, the review leads us to the conclusion that there is a need for further investigation into the development of a ‘multi-hit’ therapy that targets several signalling pathways related to AML cell adhesion and maintenance in the BM.     

趋化因子CXCL16/CXCR6轴与乳腺癌相关关系的研究进展

乳腺癌是中老年女性发病率及病死率高居首位的恶性肿瘤,且呈年轻化趋势。乳腺癌发生、发展过程受诸多因素调控,其病因及发病机制尚未完全清楚。该文旨在对趋化因子CXCL16/CXCR6轴的结构、功能及其在乳腺癌发生、发展、侵袭过程中调控作用进行综述,为乳腺癌的分子生物学研究及靶向抗肿瘤治疗提供新思路。     

Chemokine receptor expression in EBV-associated lymphoproliferation in hu/SCID mice: implications for CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in lymphoma generation

The mechanisms by which intraperitoneal injection of peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells (PBMCs) from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-seropositive donors into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice gives rise to lymphomas (hu/SCID tumors) are far from clear. This study addressed whether chemokine receptors and their ligands could be implicated in this experimental model. CXCR4 was found to be highly expressed in hu/SCID tumors; surface expression of CXCR4 was prevalently limited to a tumor cell subset poorly expressing CD23, whereas the CXCR4 ligand, CXCL12, was predominantly expressed by the tumor subpopulation expressing CD23. In vitro inhibition of this autocrine/paracrine CXCL12/CXCR4 axis significantly inhibited lymphoma proliferation and survival. Furthermore, CXCL12 was expressed in cells recovered from the mouse peritoneal cavity early after PBMC transfer as well as by EBV-transformed B cells but not by resting or activated B lymphocytes; also, lymphoma development was associated with a dramatic increase in the levels of murine CXCL12 present in the peritoneal cavity. Finally, antagonizing the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in vivo strongly counteracted lymphoma development. These studies demonstrate that CXCL12 expression may be associated with EBV infection and suggest that the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis may participate in the EBV-associated lymphomagenesis process in immunodeficient hosts.     

Disturbed CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in paediatric precursor B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Malignant cells infiltrating the bone marrow (BM) interfere with normal cellular behaviour of supporting cells, thereby creating a malignant niche. We found that CXCR4‐receptor expression was increased in paediatric precursor B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP‐ALL) cells compared with normal mononuclear haematopoietic cells (P < 0·0001). Furthermore, high CXCR4‐expression correlated with an unfavourable outcome in BCP‐ALL (5‐year cumulative incidence of relapse ± standard error: 38·4% ± 6·9% in CXCR4‐high versus 12% ± 4·6% in CXCR4‐low expressing cases, P < 0·0001). Interestingly, BM levels of the CXCR4‐ligand (CXCL12) were 2·7‐fold lower (P = 0·005) in diagnostic BCP‐ALL samples compared with non‐leukaemic controls. Induction chemotherapy restored CXCL12 levels to normal. Blocking the CXCR4‐receptor with Plerixafor showed that the lower CXCL12 serum levels at diagnosis could not be explained by consumption by the leukaemic cells, nor did we observe an altered CXCL12‐production capacity of BM‐mesenchymal stromal cells (BM‐MSC) at this time‐point. We rather observed that a very high density of leukaemic cells negatively affected CXCL12‐production by the BM‐MSC while stimulating the secretion levels of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF). These results suggest that highly proliferative leukaemic cells are able to down‐regulate secretion of cytokines involved in homing (CXCL12), while simultaneously up‐regulating those involved in haematopoietic mobilization (G‐CSF). Therefore, interference with the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis may be an effective way to mobilize BCP‐ALL cells.     

Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells non-selectively protect chronic myeloid leukemia cells from imatinib-induced apoptosis via the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis

Background

Residual chronic myeloid leukemia disease following imatinib treatment has been attributed to the presence of quiescent leukemic stem cells intrinsically resistant to imatinib. Mesenchymal stromal cells in the bone marrow may favor the persistence and progression of leukemia by preserving the proliferation and self-renewal capacities of the malignant progenitor cells.

Design and Methods

BV173 or primary chronic myeloid leukemia cells were co-cultured with human mesenchymal stromal cells and imatinib-induced cell death was then measured. The roles of pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins and chemokine CXCL12 in this context were evaluated. We also studied the ability of BV173 cells to repopulate NOD/SCID mice following in vitro exposure to imatinib and mesenchymal stromal cells.

Results

Whilst imatinib induced dose-dependent apoptosis of BV173 cells and primary chronic myeloid leukemia cells, co-culture with mesenchymal stromal cells protected both types of chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Molecular analysis indicated that mesenchymal stromal cells reduced caspase-3 activation and modulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-XL. Furthermore, chronic myeloid leukemia cells exposed to imatinib in the presence of mesenchymal stromal cells retained the ability to engraft into NOD/SCID mice. We observed that chronic myeloid leukemia cells and mesenchymal stromal cells express functional levels of CXCR4 and CXCL12, respectively. Finally, the CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100 restored apoptosis by imatinib and the susceptibility of the SCID leukemia repopulating cells to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Conclusions

Human mesenchymal stromal cells mediate protection of chronic myeloid leukemia cells from imatinib-induced apoptosis. Disruption of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis restores, at least in part, the leukemic cells’ sensitivity to imatinib. The combination of anti-CXCR4 antagonists with tyrosine kinase inhibitors may represent a powerful approach to the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.     

胃癌组织中CXCL12、CXCR4的表达及意义

目的 探讨胃癌组织中趋化因子CXCL12及其受体CXCR4蛋白表达与肿瘤浸润、转移的关系.方法 选择胃癌患者50例,取其癌组织和癌旁正常组织标本,应用免疫组化SP方法,检测CXCL12及CXCR4在胃癌组织、正常黏膜及转移淋巴结中的表达情况.结果 与正常黏膜相比,CXCL12和CXCR4在胃癌组织中的表达升高(P＜0.01),胃癌有淋巴结转移者较无淋巴结转移者表达升高(P＜0.01).结论 胃癌组织中CXCL12与CXCR4的高表达与胃癌的浸润及淋巴结转移有关;CXCL12和CXCR4检测可作为判断胃癌预后的一项指标.     

The critical role of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in cancer and cancer stem cells metastasis

Chemokines exert their multifunctional role in several physiologic and pathologic processes through interaction with their specific receptors. Much evidence have revealed that metastatic spread tumor cells may use chemokine-mediated mechanisms. In particular, an involvement of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in growth of primary tumors and in metastatic process has been demonstrated. Indeed, it has been suggested that CXCR4 expression by tumor cells, plays a critical role in cell metastasis by a chemotactic gradient to organs expressing the ligand SDF-1. Moreover, CXCR4 overexpression correlated with poor prognosis in many types of cancer. In physiologic condition, SDF-1 also plays an essential role modulating stem cell proliferation, survival, and homing through its canonical receptor CXCR4. Recently, several studies have demonstrated the existence of a small subset of cancer cells which share many characteristics with stem cells and named cancer stem cells (CSC). They constitute a reservoir of self-sustaining cells with the ability to maintain the tumor growth. In particular, most of them express CXCR4 receptor and respond to a chemotactic gradient of its specific ligand SDF-1, suggesting that CSC probably represent a subpopulation capable of initiating metastasis. This review focuses on the role of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in cancer and in the metastatic progression by tumoral cells, as well as the role of CSC in tumor pathogenesis and in metastatic process. A better understanding of migratory mechanism involving cancer cells and CSC provides a powerful tool for developing novel therapies reducing both local and distant recurrences.