儿童胰腺炎ERCP术后并发症研究

目的分析儿童胰腺炎患者经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiop-ancreatography, ERCP)术后高淀粉酶血症、胰腺炎及出血等并发症的发生率,探讨其安全性.方法回顾分析1997年2月～2002年2月间入住我科确诊为儿童胰腺炎并行ERCP术的27例患者的临床资料,其中急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)14例,慢性胰腺炎(chronic pancreatitis,CP)13例;诊断性ERCP 9例,治疗性ERCP18例.结果 27例患者ERCP术后总体并发症发生率为51.85%(14/27),其中,高淀粉酶血症发生率22.22%(6/27),术后4、24 h血清淀粉酶水平分别为(410.75±230.31) U/L、(367.25±233.90) U/L,48～72h后均恢复正常;胰腺炎发生率22.22%(6/27),均为轻型胰腺炎;乳头切开处出血、黑便发生率7.41%(2/27),均发生于胆总管结石行十二指肠乳头括约肌切开(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)+取石术后;诊断性ERCP组并发症的发生率低于治疗性ERCP组,但无统计学意义.结论儿童胰腺炎患者ERCP术后具有较高的并发症发生率,内镜医师于ERCP术中应高度重视,采取必要的预防措施以减少并发症的发生.     

法莫替丁预防ERCP术后胰腺炎的临床研究

内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)目前已成为胰胆疾病有效的诊治方法。随着ERCP在临床的广泛应用。其并发的急性胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症越来越受到临床医师的重视。国内外学者对此进行了广泛的研究，发现生长抑素、奥曲肽及H2受体阻滞剂西咪替丁对ERCP术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症有一定的预防作用。但抑酸作用更为强大的第三代H2受体     

大鼠ERCP术后胰腺炎模型的建立及意义

目的建立内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后胰腺炎大鼠模型．并与牛黄胆酸所诱发胰腺炎模型进行对照．为研究药物预防ERCP术后胰腺炎提供实验和理论依据。方法16只SD大鼠随机分为3组，实验组(6只)：以恒定压力(50mmHg)胰胆管注射30％泛影葡胺持续2min：对照组(6只)：按0．1m1／100g．0．2ml／min速度用微量推射泵在胰胆管内注入5％牛磺胆酸；假手术组(4只)：打开腹腔翻动胰腺后关腹。24h后开腹取胰腺组织作病理学检查，并检测血淀粉酶。结果24h后实验组及对照组胰腺与假手术组比较不论在大体病理，还是组织学病理的变化上均有显著差异，实验组和对照组血清淀粉酶也显著高于假手术组，而实验组和对照组差异不显著。结论恒定压力下胰胆管注射泛影葡胺建立的大鼠胰腺炎模型模拟了人ERCP术后胰腺炎过程，而且与牛黄胆酸所诱导的胰腺炎模型有类似的病理和淀粉酶变化，为研究预防ERCP术后胰腺炎的发生打下了基础。     

ERCP术后胰腺炎

ERCP(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogra-phy)作为胆道及胰腺疾病的诊断、治疗手段已越来越多地应用于临床 ,但同时也带来一系列短期的并发症 ,如胰腺炎、出血及穿孔。其中胰腺炎是 ERCP术后最常见也是最严重的并发症。本文对 ERCP术后胰腺炎 (post- ERCP pancreatitis,PEP)的定义、流行病学、发病机制、危险因素、早期诊断及预防和治疗作一综述。一、PEP的定义对于 PEP的定义至今仍有争议。不同中心使用的参数及标准往往不同 ,这也是导致文献报道中 PEP的发生率差异很大的原因之一。很早便有人对 15 0 0 0例接受 ER…     

药物预防ERCP术后急性胰腺炎

内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscoplc retrograde cholangiopancreatography，ERCP)开展30年来，由于能在诊断的同时进行一些治疗，是肝胆胰疾病诊治的重要手段之一，国内外已广泛应用于临床。熟练的内镜医师ERCP成功率可达95％，但ERCP引起的术后危重并发症发生率仍可达3％～5％。其主要并发症包括急性胰腺炎、出血和穿孔。尤其是ERCP术后急性胰腺炎往往给患者增加痛苦，     

ERCP术后只需留院观察6小时

据医学空间网10月18日报道(原载J Gastroenterol Hepatol．2004 Oct；19(10)：1163—1168)．ERCP(内镜逆行胰胆管造影)术后观察6小时与观察24小时并发症检出率相似。     

经内镜诊治肝移植术后胆道远期并发症

目的：探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症中的应用。方法：肝移植术后出现胆道远期并发症患者6例，共行ERCP 12次，根据患者的情况进行扩张、内镜下乳头切开取石、内支架置入等治疗。结果：1例胆总管结石行乳头切开后取石成功，1例胆道狭窄在胆道扩张后胆道梗阻症状解除，4例胆道狭窄合并胆总管结石的狭窄近端结石经乳头切开取出，狭窄远端结石行胆道扩张、内支架置入等治疗后取出。所有患者经治疗后胆红素、碱性磷酸酶等酶学指标均有不同程度的下降，无严重并发症发生。结论：ERCP是诊断和治疗肝移植患者胆道远期并发症安全、有效的手段。     

ERCP术后急性胰腺炎并发症的危险因素及预防研究进展

内镜逆行性胰胆管造影(ERCP)以及相关治疗技术已成为胆胰疾病的重要治疗手段,ERCP 术后急性胰腺炎(AP)是常见且严重的并发症之一,目前研究发现．治疗性ERCP、Oddi括约肌运动功能障碍、Oddi括约肌压力检测、内镜下乳头括约肌气囊扩张术、插管困难与多次胰管注射、操作者的经验不足为ERCP术后急性胰腺炎的常见危险因素．关于预防ERCP 术后AP的药物研究被广泛开展,生长抑素和加贝酯被多数学者认为对AP有显著的预防作用．更广泛的药物研究其具体效果尚待进一步的研究证实．在内镜技术方面,选择性插管技术的改进、胰管支架和胆道引流技术被认为可有效地防止ERCP术后AP的发生．     

ERCP术后胰腺炎相关因素及防治进展

ERCP术后胰腺炎(PEP)是ERCP术后最常见的并发症,确定PEP危险因素并有效预防非常重要。本文对PEP相关危险因素及防治策略的研究进行综述,旨在为临床提供参考。     

预测ERCP术后胰腺炎危险性的床边评分系统

通过对某医疗中心 1835例诊断性或治疗性 ERCP的分析 ,以便得出一个简单的评分系统 ,临床上用于预测 ER-CP术后胰腺炎的危险性。临床资料及方法一、判定标准ERCP术后胰腺炎定义为患者出现了新的或与术前不同的上腹部疼痛 ,伴有血清淀粉酶或脂肪酶的升高达正常的4倍以上。操作中的疼痛是指在操作中出现了与内镜注气及镜身反转无关的疼痛或不适。插管的次数是指任何一次胰管或胆管的插入次数之和。<5次的插管次数评分为 1分 ,5 ～10次为 2分 ,11～ 2 0次为 3分 ,>0次为 4分。切开刀插管是指以插管为目的应用切开刀 (而不是以切开为目的 ,…     

Pharmacologic prevention of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Present and future

Despite extensive research over the past 2 decades, effective prevention of post–endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) using pharmacologic agents has been elusive. Recently, research that is focused on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has provided renewed hope by demonstrating that a medication can indeed prevent PEP. Today, based on high-quality clinical trial data, rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be recommended for preventing PEP in high-risk cases,and given the highly favorable risk and cost-benefit ratios, they should be considered for all patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Ongoing research will define the optimal dose of rectal indomethacin and whether this medication can eliminate the need for prophylactic pancreatic stent placement in high-risk cases. Additional research is necessary to define the role of other promising pharmacologic agents in clinical practice.     

Role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in acute pancreatitis

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） is a useful tool in the evaluation and management of acute pancreatitis. This review will focus on the role of ERCP in specific causes of acute pancreatitis, including microlithiasis and gallstone disease, pancreas divisum, Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, tumors of the pancreaticobiliary tract, pancreatic pseudocysts, and pancreatic duct injury. Indications for endoscopic techniques such as biliary and pancreatic sphincterotomy, stenting, stricture dilation, treatment of duct leaks, drainage of fluid collections and stone extraction will also be discussed in this review. With the advent of less invasive and safer diagnostic modalities including endoscopic ultrasound （EUS） and magnetic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （MRCP）, ERCP is appropriately becoming a therapeutic rather than diagnostic tool in the management of acute pancreatitis and its complications.     

细胞因子与内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎关系的研究进展

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(enoscopiC retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)是当前诊治肝、胆、胰疾病的重要手段之一.急性胰腺炎是ERCP术后最常见、最严重的并发症,目前其发病机制仍未完全阐明.近年来研究的普遍共识是炎性细胞因子在轻症胰腺炎向重症胰腺炎演进过程中发挥了重要作...     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎预防策略研究进展

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP）已成为诊治胆胰系统疾病的主要手段。在ERCP介入治疗越来越多的趋势下,术后不良事件发生率也呈上升趋势。其中,ERCP术后胰腺炎（post-ERCP pancreatitis,PEP）是最常见的术后并发症,严重时甚至会威胁患者生命,并使得ERCP广泛开展受到一定困扰。如何有效预防和降低该并发症发生是目前临床研究的热点和难点。本文对PEP的定义、发病机制、危险因素和预防措施的研究现状进行综述,并对其优化的预防策略进行概括和总结。     

Current status of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with surgically altered anatomy

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with surgically altered anatomy must be performed by a highly experienced endoscopist.The challenges are accessing the afferent limb in different types of reconstruction,cannulating a papilla with a reverse orientation,and performing therapeutic interventions with uncommon endoscopic accessories.The development of endoscopic techniques has led to higher success rates in this group of patients.Device-assisted ERCP is the endoscopic procedure of choice for high success rates in short-limb reconstruction;however,these success rate is lower in long-limb reconstruction.ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography is now popular because it can be performed independent of the limb length;however,it must be performed by a highly experienced and skilled endoscopist.Stent deployment and small stone removal can be performed immediately after ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography,but the second session is needed for other difficult procedures such as cholangioscopy-guided electrohydraulic lithotripsy.Laparoscopic-assisted ERCP has an almost 100%success rate in longlimb reconstruction because of the use of a conventional side-view duodenoscope,which is compatible with standard accessories.This requires cooperation between the surgeon and endoscopist and is suitable in urgent situations requiring concomitant cholecystectomy.This review focuses on the advantages,disadvantages,and outcomes of various procedures that are suitable in different situations and reconstruction types.Emerging new techniques and their outcomes are also discussed.     

Updated meta-analysis of pancreatic stent placement in preventing post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis

AIM: To investigate the efficacy and safety profile of pancreatic duct (PD) stent placement for prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP).METHODS: We performed a search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled clinical trials of prophylactic PD stent placement after ERCP. RevMan 5 software provided by Cochrane was used for the heterogeneity and efficacy analyses, and a meta-analysis was performed for the data that showed homogeneity. Categorical data are presented as relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and measurement data are presented as weighted mean differences and 95%CIs.RESULTS: The incidence rates of severe pancreatitis, operation failure, complications and patient pain severity were analyzed. Data on pancreatitis incidence were reported in 14 of 15 trials. There was no significant heterogeneity between the trials (I² = 0%, P = 0.93). In the stent group, 49 of the 1233 patients suffered from PEP, compared to 133 of the 1277 patients in the no-stent group. The results of this meta-analysis indicate that it may be possible to prevent PEP by placing a PD stent.CONCLUSION: PD stent placement can reduce postoperative hyperamylasemia and might be an effective and safe option to prevent PEP if the operation indications are well controlled.     

治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术后急性胰腺炎高危因素分析

[目的]探索治疗性内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)术后急性胰腺炎(PEP)的高危因素与防治策略。[方法]运用单因素分析方法分析592例治疗性ERCP术后患者并发PEP的原因及防治措施。[结果]592例患者中,35例(5.9%)并发PEP,其中33例均为轻型胰腺炎,均经内科综合治疗后痊愈;2例为重症胰腺炎,1例治愈出院,1例死亡。与诱发PEP相关的高危因素有:女性,插管困难,既往有胰腺炎或胰腺癌,胰腺管显影或导丝插入胰管。[结论]治疗性ERCP发生PEP的因素不仅与患者自身临床因素有关,且与医师的操作技术有很大关系,改善患者身体条件、提高医师操作水平可减少PEP的发生。