琴道养生

古代的音乐和中医哲学理论是共通的，都基于相同的中华文化土壤，两千多年前的巨著《黄帝内经》中就提出了“五音疗疾”的理论：“肝属木，在音为角，在志为怒：心属火，在音为徵，在志为喜：脾属土，在音为宫，在志为思：肺属金，在音为商，在志为忧：肾属水，在音为羽，在志为恐。”     

暑期作训期间烧伤处治12例

本组12例。均为男性。年龄19-27岁。致伤原因：热液烫伤8例，电烧伤4例。来院时，4例为伤后0．5h，5例为伤后2h内，3例为2d后。伤情特点：3例为面部烧伤，其中1例合并双手烧伤，5例为足部烧伤，4例为上肢烧伤，最大面积为11％TBSA，最小面积1％TBSA，刨面除3例疱皮完全缺失外，     

药物基因组学，实现个体化给药的核心支柱

为什么患者对药物的疗效与不良反应不一样？ 众所周知，药物治疗的效果因人而异。研究表明，以选择性环氧化酶-2抑制剂为代表的新型抗炎镇痛药的疗效仅为80％，抗抑郁药的有效率为62％，抗哮端药和抗心律失常药分别为60％，抗糖尿病药为57％，抗急性偏头痛药为52％，预防偏头痛药为50％，抗丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）药的有效率为47％，抗尿失禁药为40％，抗阿尔茨海默病药仅为30％，而抗肿瘤药更低，仅为25％；同时，各种药物不良反应的发生率也相差很大，有的人仅仅接触极微量青霉素即发生过敏反应性休克，有的甚至死亡，而更多的人则无不良反应。     

中医为主综合治疗持续性植物状态患儿恢复1例报道

患儿李某，男，10岁，于2007年6月出现发热、头痛、昏迷，并有抽搐，诊断为“乙脑”。经予抗感染、护脑等治疗后，患儿病情平稳，但反应迟钝，四肢活动障碍。为进一步行促醒及康复治疗，于2007年7月入住我科。入院时患儿为持续性植物状态（PVS），PVS评分为7分（左侧肢体无目的随意运动为2分，偶有眼球追踪为1分，能进食液体为1分，可哼哼为1分，能哭笑为2分，对指令无反应为0分）。四肢肌张力（MAS）高，左侧MAS约1级，肌力Ⅲ级；右侧肢体MAS1^＋级，肌力Ⅱ级。四肢肌容积差，膝腱反射、跟腱反射、     

淀粉微球的制备及性能试验

以玉米淀粉为原料，环氧氯丙烷为交联剂，采用逆相悬浮交联聚合法合成了淀粉微球。电镜扫描显示，微球为圆形，表面粗糙，以酮洛芬为模型药物，微球吸附载药量为140mg／g。     

产前出血相关因素270例临床分析

目的：分析产前出血的相关因素。方法回顾性分析我院2002-2012年270例产前出血患者的临床资料。结果270例患者中与产科相关的有212例，其中有150例为前置胎盘出血，15例为胎盘早剥，5例为前置血管出血，40例为先兆早产引起的出血，2例为子宫瘢痕裂开出血，与产科无关的有58例，其中30例为宫颈息肉、宫颈糜烂出血，15例为痔疮出血，10例为尿道出血，2例为早期宫颈癌，1例为阴道静脉曲张破裂出血。结论产前出血的病因复杂，只有正确诊断病因，才能即时的做出相应的干预措施。     

复方呋喃西林滴鼻凝胶剂的制备

目的：制备复方呋喃西林滴鼻凝胶并对其含量进行测定。方法：以卡波姆-40为乳化剂，三乙醇胺调节pH，制备水溶性透明凝胶。用紫外分光光度法和旋光度法分别测定凝胶剂中呋喃西林和盐酸麻黄碱的含量。结果：制备的凝胶均匀细腻，稠度适宜。呋喃西林的平均含量为98．56％，RSD为1．24％。平均回收率为99．36％，RSD为0．83％，盐酸麻黄碱的平均含量为97．93％，RSD为1．32％。平均回收率为100．36％，RSD为0．67％。结论：该制剂性质稳定，容易吸收，无刺激性，使用方便，测定方法简单易行，快速准确。     

神经衰弱疗法

许多人都曾为患有神经衰弱所烦恼。有的表现为头晕脑胀，耳鸣眼花，健忘失眠，记忆减退，注意力不集中；有的表现为腰背酸胀，食欲不振，精神抑郁；有的表现为月经不调，房事不和谐或阳痿、早泄、遗精等等。     

脑卒中的因素与预防

脑卒中是神经内科的常见病、多发病，在我国脑卒中的病死率仅次于心血管疾病和癌症，位居第三。脑卒中的患病率，在德国约为127000人／年，意大利为112000人／年，英国为101000人／年，西班牙为89000人／年，法国为78000人／年，其中75％为首次发生脑卒中。随着人口的老龄化，其发病率逐年上升，由于脑卒中的治疗尚不尽人意，因此，脑卒中的预防非常重要，     

胎儿口腔肿瘤1例

孕妇，女，21岁，家住吉林省通化县西江，于孕4个月时在当地曾做B超检查，当地医生未提出异常，该孕妇于2007年11月30日来我院进行常规孕检，彩超室医生为该孕妇进行了仔细检查，诊断为胎儿口腔肿瘤，我院妇产科医生于12月6日为其成功引产，产后证实胎儿为口腔肿瘤，病理诊断为神经纤维瘤。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.