分散式饮水除砷研究

目的：研究分散式饮水除砷技术。方法：采用混凝沉淀和涂铁砂粒吸附除砷。若源水中含有三价砷，可在混凝沉淀前将其氧化。结果：在不调pH值、人工搅拌和室温条件，如果混凝后进行砂滤，当源水五价砷含量小于0．5mg/L和为0．5－1．0、1．0－2．0mg/L时。分别投加硫酸铁20、30、60mg/L，均可使处理后出水砷含量小于0．05mg/L。若三价砷含量为1．0mg/L，按有效氯计投加2．5mg/L次氯酸钠预氧化，在相同条件下，可使三价砷的去除率与五价砷相同。用涂铁砂粒吸附三价与五价砷，均可使出水砷含量小于0．01mg/L。结论：硫酸铁、硫酸铝及其混合物是较实用的分散式饮水除砷剂，次氯酸钠为适宜的三价砷氧化剂。涂铁砂粒能有效地吸附三价与五价砷，且性能稳定。     

铁屑对饮水中砷的去除效果评价

目的研究铁屑石英砂对饮水中砷的去除效果及其影响因素。方法研究铁屑的表面预处理方法和水质的pH条件对铁屑石英砂除砷作用的影响,考察其动态除砷效果。结果经表面酸化处理后的铁屑除砷效果略好于表面酸化处理前;铁屑石英砂于pH7~9具有良好的除砷效果;若以0.01mg/L和0.05mg/L作为饮水水质评价标准,铁屑的除砷容量分别为0.63mg/g和0.89mg/g;采集某地含砷水样进行实际样品测定,出水中测定指标均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》要求。结论铁屑石英砂对饮用水中砷具有一定去除效果。     

农村饮水砷监测结果分析

目的 查明10省区和新疆生产建设兵团的饮水砷污染状况，为农村预防水性砷中毒和饮水改善规划的实施提供基础数据。方法 10省区和新疆生产建设兵团开展的“社区饮水砷监测系统”是在现有“全国农村饮水水质卫生监测网”基础上增加监测指标砷，通过合理布置监测点对饮水水源类型和供水方式等进行现场调查和监测饮水水质。结果 72个监测县共设726个监测点，除安徽、河南和山东没有检测出高砷水样(≥0．05mg/L)外，其他省区都检出了高砷水样；除安徽省没有氟化物含量超标水样外，其他省区均有氟化物含量超过一级标准(1．0mg／L)的水样。高砷高氟水样分布呈比较明显的地区性。调查覆盖人口2967．2万，其中饮用地面水的人口数为362．9万。占12．23％；饮用地下水人口为2604．3万，占87．77％。其中深井水饮用人口为1841．7万，占62．07％。调查覆盖人口中，饮用集中式供水人口为1114．1万，占调查覆盖人数的40．82％；分散式供水人口为1615．1万，占调查覆盖人口数的59．18％。结论 通过现场调查和抽样监测基本掌握了10省区和新疆生产建设兵团的饮水砷污染现状，对促进农村饮水改善有积极意义，同时也表明在这些地区进一步开展适时监测是非常必要的。     

小金县地方性砷中毒水砷含量调查报告

目的掌握小金县农村生活饮用水砷含量,为防治饮水型砷中毒提供科学依据。方法对小金县农村生活饮用水进行砷含量调查。结果采水样206,除1个水样砷含量〉O．05mg／L,超过国家农村生活饮用水标准,其余205个水样均〈O．05mg／L,符合国家农村生活饮用水标准。结论小金县新桥乡确实存在高砷水源,水砷含量〉0．05mg／L,超过国家农村生活饮用水标准,望有关部门高度重视。     

鲁西南地区高砷水源筛查结果分析

目的了解山东鲁西南地区居民饮用水砷含量情况。方法采取抽样调查方法选择鲁西南4个市16个有代表性的县（市、区）的部分自然村采集水样，半定量检测饮水砷含量，对检出的超标水样（砷含量≥0．05mg／L）用二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银比色法进行定量检测。结果对16个县（市、区）的374个自然村进行了筛查工作，共检测水样9281份，检出超标水样25份，超标率为0．27％。分布在11个自然村，覆盖总人口数10968人，其中18岁以下儿童数4140人。结论山东省鲁西南地区确实存在砷含量超标水井；建议对超标村庄进行饮水砷含量普查和高砷饮水受威胁人口临床流行病学调查。     

卫生防护与三废处理

0316 14　分散式饮水除砷研究 /罗启芳…∥环境与健康杂志 2 0 0 1,18( 6 ) 36 9～ 370研究分散式饮水除砷技术。采用混凝沉淀和涂铁砂粒吸附除砷。若源水中含有三价砷 ,可在混凝沉淀前将其氧化。结果 ,在不调pH值、人工搅拌和室温条件下 ,如果混凝后进行砂滤 ,当源水五价砷含量小于0 5mg L和为 0 5～ 1 0、1 0～ 2 0mg L时 ,分别投加硫酸铁 2 0、30、6 0mg L ,均可使处理后出水砷含量小于0 0 5mg L。若三价砷含量为 1 0mg L ,按有效氯计投加 2 5mg L次氯酸钠预氧化 ,在相同条件下 ,可使三价砷的去除率与五价砷相同。用涂铁砂粒…     

内蒙地区水砷和人体血、尿砷含量的测定

目的：通过对内蒙地区（对照区和患病区）的水砷和人体血、尿砷含量的测定，进一步了解内蒙巴盟地区砷地方病对人体的危害及暴露水平。方法：0．5ml血样，5．0ml尿样用4＋1HNO3＋HCIO4消化，用原子荧光分光光度计测定，水样用石墨炉原子吸收法进行测定。结果：对照区人群血砷、尿砷含量的几何均值分别为1．98μg／L和11．02μg／L，病区血砷、尿砷含量的几何均值分别为16．04μg／L和135．64μg／L，病区地区人群血、尿砷明显高于对照区人群血砷、尿砷含量。对照地区水中砷含量为0．0151mg／L，病区水中砷含量为0．268mg／L，病区水砷含量明显高于对照区水砷含量。结论：本试验报告的方法灵敏度高，测定结果准确，适合对大批量样品进行流行病学调查。     

2020年新疆维吾尔自治区阿克苏地区城乡居民饮水砷含量监测结果分析

目的分析新疆维吾尔自治区(简称新疆)阿克苏地区城乡居民饮水砷含量监测结果, 了解各县市水砷含量分布及形态。方法 2020年在全地区7个县、2个市的117个自来水厂及水厂所覆盖乡镇, 采用随机数字表法进行城乡居民生活饮用水抽样, 采用原子荧光法检测水砷含量, 液相色谱原子荧光联用仪检测水砷形态。结果共采集626份水样, 水砷含量< 0.01 mg/L的水样614份, 占98.08%;水砷含量0.01 ～ < 0.05 mg/L的水样12份, 占1.92%;无水砷含量≥0.05 mg/L的水样。阿克苏地区超标水样水砷形态均为五价砷酸盐。阿瓦提县水砷含量最高(0.004 6 mg/L)。结论新疆阿克苏地区仍存在部分水砷较高县市, 存在饮水型地方性砷中毒(简称地砷病)的隐患, 应改进净水处理工艺或改换水源, 以有效防治地砷病。     

无为县生活饮用水氟含量调查

目的：全面掌握无为县饮水氟含量,为改水工程及地方病防治提供依据。方法：对无为县23个乡镇按东西南北中方位抽取5个行政村,对每个行政村按5个方位抽取1份饮用水水样,检测饮用水水样含氟量。结果：通过对全县23个乡镇,115个行政村抽取575份水样检测,氟化物含量范围为0．05～0．81mg／L,饮水氟含量平均为0．3mg／L,低于0．5mmg／L的地区占95．3％;低于0．4mmg／L的地区占87．1％。结论：无为县属低水氟含量地区,应当采取措施补充氟化物,防止儿童龋齿发生。     

饮水型砷中毒对健康的危害及其地球化学来源

在孟加拉的10个地区分别抽取了2508个水样，平均51％的水样含砷在0.05-2.50mg/L之间，另外，95％的指甲样、96％的头发样、94％的尿样含砷量超过正常水平。约358／1792万人饮水砷含量超过0.2mg/L。确诊的中毒病人分别表现为皮肤病变、腿部坏疽以及皮肤癌、肺癌、膀胱癌、肾癌等。引起皮肤病变的最低水砷浓度为0.103mg/L。还测定了高砷水中的高密度腐殖性物质和低浓度的重金属物质。地球化学研究显示，砷可能来源于含氢氧化铁和氢氧化锰的还原性溶液以及微生物引起的有机物的氧化。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.