孤立性房颤与高血压房颤患者左心重塑对比

目的:探讨高血压伴发的房颤和孤立性房颤患者左室质量等重塑状况异同及其意义。方法:房颤和(或)原发性高血压患者,排除对心脏有影响的其他疾病,分为原发性高血压无房颤组(EH组)、原发性高血压伴房颤组(EHAF组)和孤立性房颤组(LAF组)。进行超声心动图检测左房横径、左房前后径、左房长径、左房面积、左室室间隔厚度(IVST)、左室后壁厚度(PWT)和左室舒张末期内径(EDD),计算室间隔/左室后壁厚度比值和左室质量指数(LVMI)。结果: EH组入选446 例,EHAF组78例,LAF组38例。EHAF组IVST和PWT均明显大于EH组和LAF组(p<0.05和p<0.01),EH组IVST和PWT也大于LAF组(p<0.01和p<0.05)。EHAF组左房各内径和面积均明显大于LAF组和LH组(p<0.01),后两组间无明显差异。EHAF组LVMI明显大于LAF组和LH组(p<0.01和p<0.05),LAF组和LH组间无明显差异。结论:原发性高血压伴发房颤者左室肥厚程度明显重于不伴房颤者。左房扩大、左室肥厚性重塑与孤立性房颤的关系不如与高血压房颤密切,孤立性房颤发生的危险因子不同于高血压房颤。     

高敏C反应蛋白在房颤中的意义及其与心功能的关系

目的:研究房颤患者血浆高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的临床意义及其与心功能的关系。方法:研究对象为65例房颤患者,按能否自行复律分为阵发性房颤组及非阵发性房颤组,其中非阵发性房颤组又分别按左心房内径(LAD,≤35mm,>35mm)、左室射血分数(LVEF,<45%,≥45%)分成亚组,对其结果进行统计分析。结果:(1)阵发性房颤组和非阵发性房颤组的hs-CRP水平明显高于正常对照组(均P<0.01);(2)非阵发性房颤组中LAD>35mm者hs-CRP水平明显高于LAD≤35mm者(P<0.01);(3)非阵发性房颤组LVEF<45%亚组血浆hs-CRP水平高于LVEF≥45%亚组(P<0.05);(4)房颤患者LAD与hs-CRP浓度成正相关(r=0.61,P<0.05),LVEF与hs-CRP浓度成负相关(r=-0.53,P<0.05)。结论:证实hs-CRP与房颤有关,提示炎症通过影响心脏结构和功能参与了房颤的发生、发展过程。     

瑞舒伐他汀联合缬沙坦干预对高血压并发阵发性心房颤动患者血浆超敏C反应蛋白和心肌重构的影响

目的探讨瑞舒伐他汀联合缬沙坦干预高血压合并阵发性心房颤动(PAF)的临床疗效。方法入选146例高血压合并PAF患者,随机分为试验组(76例)(口服胺碘酮+瑞舒伐他汀+缬沙坦)和对照组(70例)(口服胺碘酮+缬沙坦),比较两组患者房颤治疗效果、血浆超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平、左房内径(LAD)及左室心肌质量指数(LVMI)。结果经过12个月的随访,与对照组比较,试验组房颤发作次数、房颤持续时间显著下降,总有效率为78.5%明显高于对照组为54.3%,差异均具有显著性(P0.05)。试验组hs-CRP水平、LAD、LVMI显著低于对照组(均为P0.05)。结论瑞舒伐他汀联合缬沙坦干预高血压合并阵发性心房颤动能进一步改善心肌重构,减少心房颤动的发生,其机制可能与减少炎症反应,抑制心肌重构有关。     

高血压病患者心脏结构及功能变化与心房颤动关系的研究

目的:评价高血压病患者合并不同类型心房颤动(房颤)时心脏结构及功能变化特点。方法:入选高血压病不伴房颤75例(A组)、伴阵发性房颤30例(B组)、伴持续或永久性房颤20例(C组)。所有患者均行24h动态心电图检查判定心律失常情况,多普勒超声心动图检查评价心脏结构和功能,同时用干式快速免疫荧光法定量测定血浆B型钠尿肽(BNP)浓度,协助评估心功能。结果:(1)3组间,C组的左心房内径(LAD)、室间隔厚度(IVST)、左室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、左室收缩末期内径(LVESd)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)、左室质量指数(LVMI)、左心室室壁相对厚度(RWT)、血浆BNP浓度最大,左室射血分数(LVEF)最低,且均与其他2组有统计学差异(P<0.05);(2)B组的LAD、IVST、LVPWT、LVESd、LVEDd、LVMI、RWT、LVEF、血浆BNP浓度大于A组,但仅LAD、LVMI、血浆BNP浓度达统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:高血压病患者合并房颤时左心结构及功能发生明显变化,且以合并持续或永久性房颤时最显著。     

孤立型阵发性房颤患者的B型利钠肽水平分析

目的探讨孤立型阵发性心房颤动(房颤)与血浆B型利钠肽(BNP)之间的关系。方法对34例孤立型阵发性房颤患者(房颤组)和32例健康人(对照组)进行血浆BNP和心脏超声检查。结果房颤组左室射血分数(LVEF)和左室舒张末期内径(LVDD)与对照组比较差异无统计学意义;血浆BNP水平房颤组显著高于对照组〔(298±95)vs(47±18)pg/ml,P<0.05〕。房颤转为窦律后BNP明显下降〔(298±95)vs(134±39)pg/ml,P<0.05〕。结论孤立型阵发性房颤患者BNP水平增高,房颤转律后BNP显著下降,说明房颤可影响BNP的分泌,故临床上对于BNP升高者除心力衰竭外还应考虑房颤的因素。     

定量组织速度成像及彩色M型超声对心房颤动患者左心室功能评价

目的 应用超声心动图技术评价高血压性心房颤动(hypertension atrial fibrillation,HAF)及孤立性心房颤动(lone atrial fibrillation,LAF)患者的左心室收缩、舒张功能.方法 将50例心房颤动患者,分为孤立性房颤组,高血压性房颤组,分别采集房颤患者的心室率、左房左室结构参数、二尖瓣血流频谱、彩色M型及二尖瓣环的组织多普勒运动曲线上的参数,并与正常对照组比较.结果 较正常对照组,房颤组心室率、左房结构参数、二尖瓣血流频谱及彩色M型、二尖瓣环组织多普勒运动曲线上的参数差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),较孤立性房颤组,高血压性房颤组彩色M型、二尖瓣环组织多普勒运动曲线上的参数差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 (1)房颤组患者在左室结构未改变时,左房增大,其左室收缩、舒张功能已受损;高血压房颤组较孤立性房颤组左室功能损害更明显;(2)组织速度成像、彩色M型能敏感、快速、准确地定量分析房颤患者的心功能.     

合并房颤的高血压病患者左房内径与左室射血分数的关系研究

目的研究发生房颤的高血压病患者左房内径与左室射血分数(LVEF)的相关性。方法 56例高血压病患者,根据心电图示有无房颤或房颤病史分为2组:高血压病组和高血压病合并房颤组。应用超声心动图检测左房内径、左房容积(LAV)、左房容积指数(LAVI)、LVEF。分析LVEF与心脏超声内径关系。结果与高血压病组比较,高血压病合并房颤组左房内径、LAV及LAVI均增大,LVEF减小,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。LVEF与左房内径、LAV、LAVI呈负相关(r值分别为-0.555、-0.589、-0.602,P<0.001)。结论高血压病合并房颤患者较高血压病患者左房扩大更明显,左室功能更减弱,此现象可能与左房结构重构触发左室重构有关。     

老年心房颤动177例回顾性分析

目的探讨老年人阵发性心房颤动(房颤)与慢性房颤的病因及相关因素,了解其防治现状。方法回顾性分析177例资料完整的老年房颤患者的资料,将阵发性房颤和慢性房颤的病因及相关因素进行了比较。结果老年阵发性房颤发生率高于慢性房颤(54.4%∶45.6%);177例老年人房颤的病因及相关因素中,高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、心衰、钙化性瓣膜病在阵发性房颤与慢性房颤之间的发生率均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);慢性房颤患者左房、左室增大及脑卒中的发生率高于阵发性房颤(P<0.05)。阵发性房颤以转复心律为主,维持窦性心律,慢性房颤以控制心室率为主。结论老年人阵发性房颤的发生率高于慢性房颤。阵发性房颤以复律为主,慢性房颤以控制心室率为主。     

ACEI/ARB对高血压伴房颤患者血清hs-CRP的影响

目的:探讨ACEI/ARB治疗对高血压伴心房颤动(AF)患者血清hs-CRP的影响及其临床意义。方法:以高血压并AF的85例患者为房颤组,高血压、窦性心律的54例患者为窦律组,按是否接受ACEI/ARB治疗分成窦律非治疗组26例、窦律治疗组28例、房颤非治疗组42例和房颤治疗组43例,比较各组血清hsCRP。结果 :房颤非治疗组血清hs-CRP显著高于窦律非治疗组(P0.05);窦律组内血清hs-CRP差异无统计学意义(P0.05);房颤治疗组血清hs-CRP明显低于房颤非治疗组(P0.05)。结论:高血压伴房颤患者血清hsCRP升高,ACEI/ARB治疗可降低其hs-CRP水平。     

高血压患者房颤发作预警因素的分析研究

目的探讨原发性高血压患者房颤(AF)发作的预警因素.方法研究对象为116例高血压患者,男68例,女48例,年龄(66.6±4.6)岁,分为AF组和窦性心律(SR)组.应用非侵入性的24h动态血压测量技术(AMBP)、心电图(ECG)和多普勒超声心动图(PDE)技术分析其AF发作及心血管事件发生的影响因素,平均随访24±5个月.结果29例(25%)高血压患者出现AF,8例(27.6%)出现脑血管事件.与SR组患者比较,AF组患者年龄增大;24hMSBP、MDSBP、MNSBP、P-MAX、Pd、LVMI、LAD、LAV、LAT、LAP及E/A增大,A峰降低(P＜0.01),而24hMDBP、MDDBP、MNDBP及E峰无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论高血压患者的年龄增大、24h动态血压测定的白天及夜间收缩压的升高是AF发作的重要因素,而P波持续时间和离散度的增大、左室肥厚、左房容量和压力负荷的增加及A峰的降低则是AF发作的独立预警因素.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.