痰热清注射液对产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的体外抑制作用

目的观察产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌在体外对中药痰热清注射液以及其与特治星（哌拉西林/他唑巴坦）联合应用的效果,为耐药菌株的治疗提供新的思路。方法采用临床和实验室标准化协会（CLSI）推荐的肉汤稀释法,中药及中西药联合应用对产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌进行抑菌试验。结果痰热清注射液对产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）值为750μL/mL;特治星对产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌的MIC值为28.125μg/mL,当痰热清注射液与特治星同时作用于产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌,痰热清注射液浓度为0.001~1.758μL/mL时,可以使特治星的用量比单用时减少1~2倍。结论中西药联合应用具有明显的抑菌效果,可以显著的减少抗菌药物的用量,这对于耐药菌的临床治疗以及减少耐药菌株的产生具有一定的意义。     

痰热清注射液联合亚胺培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对广泛耐药肺炎克雷伯菌体外抑菌研究

目的探讨痰热清注射液联合亚胺培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对广泛耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的体外联合抑菌效果。方法应用肉汤稀释法测定痰热清注射液联合亚胺培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对30株广泛耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),统计单独及联合用药的MIC分布,计算部分抑菌浓度(FIC)指数,判定联合用药的抑菌效果。FIC指数0.5为协同作用,0.5～1为相加作用,1～2为无关作用,≥2为拮抗作用。结果痰热清注射液联合亚胺培南的FIC指数0.5为43.3%,0.5～1为30.0%,1～2为20.0%,≥2为6.7%;痰热清注射液联联合头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的FIC指数0.5为0,0.5～1为13.3%,1～2为33.3%,≥2为53.3%。结论痰热清注射液联合头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对广泛耐药肺炎克雷伯菌多表现为无关作用和拮抗作用;痰热清注射液联合亚胺培南多表现为协同作用和相加作用,对广泛耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的体外联合抑菌作用较好。     

用琼脂稀释法检测产超广谱β内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的体外抗菌活性

目的用琼脂稀释法检测大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株与不产ESBLs菌株对13种抗生素的耐药情况。方法以双纸片协同试验对临床分离的29株大肠埃希菌和30株肺炎克雷伯菌检测ESBLs的产生,并以琼脂稀释法对亚胺培南等临床常用的13种抗生素作了最低抑菌浓度(MIC)检测及分析。结果双纸片协同试验对两种菌产ESBLs总得检出率为37.3%。其中大肠埃希菌为46.7%,肺炎克雷伯菌为33.3%。不产ESBLs菌株对各处抗生素的耐药率低于18%,MIC50为0.125至8,MIC90为0.5至64不等(氨曲南、环丙沙星、替卡西林/棒酸除外,耐药率分别为20%至40%不等)。产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南,头孢美他醇全部敏感,亚胺培南的MIC50为0.25,MIC90为0.5。对头孢派酮/舒巴坦的耐药率低,为18.2%,MIC50为32。对喹诺酮类,氨基糖苷类及其他β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药率大于50%,MIC50为64至256。对三代头孢菌素,氨曲南的耐药率大于80%,三代头孢菌素MIC50为256,MIC90为256至512。对环丙沙星、替卡西林/棒酸、氨曲南、庆大霉素呈交耐药,产ESBLs菌株,。大肠埃希菌耐药率高达58.3～100%,肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率高达40～60%。结论治疗ESBLs菌引起的感染,应用亚胺培南,头孢美他醇为好。可根据药敏结果合理选用高浓度的含酶抑制剂的复方β-内酰胺类抗     

用琼脂稀释法检测产超广谱β内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的体外抗菌活性

目的用琼脂稀释法检测大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株与不产ESBLs菌株对13种抗生素的耐药情况.方法以双纸片协同试验对临床分离的29株大肠埃希菌和30株肺炎克雷伯菌检测ESBLs的产生,并以琼脂稀释法对亚胺培南等临床常用的13种抗生素作了最低抑菌浓度(MIC)检测及分析.结果双纸片协同试验对两种菌产ESBLs总得检出率为37.3%.其中大肠埃希菌为46.7%,肺炎克雷伯菌为33.3%.不产ESBLs菌株对各处抗生素的耐药率低于18%,MIC50为0.125至8,MIC90为0.5至64不等(氨曲南、环丙沙星、替卡西林/棒酸除外,耐药率分别为20%至40%不等).产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南,头孢美他醇全部敏感,亚胺培南的MIC50为0.25,MIC90为0.5.对头孢派酮/舒巴坦的耐药率低,为18.2%,MIC50为32.对喹诺酮类,氨基糖苷类及其他β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药率大于50%,MIC50为64至256.对三代头孢菌素,氨曲南的耐药率大于80%,三代头孢菌素MIC50为256,MIC90为256至512.对环丙沙星、替卡西林/棒酸、氨曲南、庆大霉素呈交耐药,产ESBLs菌株,.大肠埃希菌耐药率高达58.3～100%,肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率高达40～60%.结论治疗ESBLs菌引起的感染,应用亚胺培南,头孢美他醇为好.可根据药敏结果合理选用高浓度的含酶抑制剂的复方β-内酰胺类抗生素及头孢吡肟.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药情况分析

目的调查萍乡市人民医院痰标本中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集萍乡市人民医院2014年7月至12月临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌的169例痰标本,对产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌和非产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的药敏结果进行对比分析,了解产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药情况。结果 169例检出肺炎克雷伯菌的痰标本中,分离出产ESBLs阳性株76株,其阳性率为44.97%;肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株与非产ESBLs株对14种抗生素耐药情况的比较:除两者对亚胺培南的耐药率均为0外,对其他抗生素产ESBLs株的耐药率均高于非产ESBLs株。结论产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌耐药情况严重,但对亚胺培南、美罗培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦呈现较高敏感性。     

清开灵、双黄连联合头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠对产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌抗菌作用研究

目的探讨中药清开灵、双黄连对产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的抗菌活性。方法取分离自临床标本的产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌,建立耐药菌模型,并将实验菌液以5×10~5cfu/ml接种量预加到试管中;配制清开灵、双黄连、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠药液,按药物不同组合和药物作用时间的不同进行实验分组,并采用对倍稀释法分别加入到含有实验菌液的相应试管中,35℃培养24h,肉眼观察抑制细菌生长的最低药物浓度即最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果清开灵、双黄连、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠对产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的MIC分别是31.25ml/L、7.5g/L、117mg/L,清开灵联合应用头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠至最佳效应组合时,二者MIC分别降低了93.76%和75%;双黄连联合应用头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠至最佳效应组合时,二者MIC分别降低了75%和87.52%。结论清开灵注射剂和双黄连粉针对产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌具有抑制作用,两药分别与头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠联合应用具有明显的协同作用,可以有效提高抗生素对耐药菌的敏感性,尤其以中药作用6h为最佳。     

秦皮乙素对产KPC碳青霉烯耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的体外抗菌效果

目的观察秦皮乙素对产碳青霉烯酶(KPC)碳青霉烯耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的体外抗菌效果。方法采用改良Hodge试验、美罗培南加抑制剂3-氨基苯硼酸(APBA)、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)等试验来检测菌株产KPC表型;PCR扩增KPC基因并测序;MLST-PCR法检测菌株ST分型;肉汤微量稀释法检测秦皮乙素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);按棋盘法联合药敏试验检测秦皮乙素与亚胺培南、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星体外联合抗菌效果。结果所有菌株均携带KPC-2基因;MLST分型均为ST11型;秦皮乙素单独抗菌的MIC值为0.5~1.0mg/mL。秦皮乙素与亚胺培南联合药敏试验,分级抑菌浓度(FIC)指数均大于2。与庆大霉素联合,庆大霉素MIC≥1 024μg/mL时,FIC指数均为2;MIC≤512μg/mL时,FIC指数为0.31~1.0。与左氧氟沙星联合,FIC指数均为2。结论秦皮乙素对产KPC酶碳青霉烯耐药肺炎克雷伯菌具有明确的抗菌作用,与亚胺培南联合时存在拮抗作用,与庆大霉素联合时两药联合抗菌结果显示为无关、相加或协同作用,与左氧氟沙星的结果均表现为无关。     

头孢哌酮联合β-内酰胺酶抑制剂体外抗菌活性分析

目的 评价头孢哌酮联合不同含量酶抑制剂对临床常见致病菌的体外抗菌活性.方法 用琼脂稀释法检测药物对临床分离的318株革兰阴性杆菌的MIC值,分析其耐药率.结果 头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦(8∶1)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(1∶1)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(2∶1)联合较头孢哌酮单用对大肠埃希菌(包括产ESBLs)、肺炎克雷伯菌(包括产ESBLs),阴沟肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌的MIC50/MIC90分别降低2～32和2～8倍.对于肠杆菌科产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌,头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦(8∶1)的抗菌活性优于头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(1∶1和2∶1);对于非发酵菌铜绿假单胞菌三者MIC50/MIC90为8/64、16/64、16/64 μg/mL,鲍曼不动杆菌对三者的MIC50/MIC90为64/128、16/32、16/64 μg/mL.不同病原菌对抗菌药物显示不同的耐药性.结论 头孢哌酮与他唑巴坦或舒巴坦联合应用可不同程度地提高头孢哌酮的体外抗菌活性,对于临床常见致病菌头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦(8∶1)体外抗菌活性优于头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(1∶1)和(2∶1).而对于泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(1∶1)抗菌活性最高.     

抗菌肽人β防御素3对肺炎克雷伯菌临床菌株的抑制作用研究

目的分析抗菌肽人β防御素3(hBD3)对肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株的抑菌作用。方法合成抗菌肽hBD3,分别通过最低抑菌浓度(MIC)检测、直接杀菌试验、重要功能基因检测分析其对20株临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌的直接抑制作用;并将其与阿莫西林、头孢他啶、环丙沙星联合应用,观察其对抗菌药物50%最低抑菌浓度(MIC50)和90%最低抑菌浓度(MIC90)的影响。结果hBD3对20株肺炎克雷伯菌的MIC为(22.3±6.6)μg/mL;在浓度达到8μg/mL时即有明显的杀菌作用。hBD3可上调ompC基因表达,下调yojL基因表达。在联用5μg/mL hBD3后,头孢他啶、环丙沙星的MIC50和MIC90值均明显降低,而阿莫西林的MIC50和MIC90值无明显变化。结论抗菌肽hBD3对肺炎克雷伯菌有明显的抑制作用,可望与抗菌药物联用治疗肺炎克雷伯菌感染。     

亚抑菌浓度头孢西丁对耐药质粒接合转移的影响

目的 探讨亚抑菌浓度头孢西丁对耐药质粒接合转移的影响,研究病原菌耐药性播散的产生机制.方法 采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)分析临床分离的63株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌株SHV型β-内酰胺酶编码基因.质粒接合转移试验采用肉汤接合法.研究不同亚抑菌浓度头孢西丁(0、1、0.5、0.25、0.125μg/mL)和不同作用时间(2、4、6、8、10、12 h)下临床产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌株供体菌与受体菌大肠埃希菌C600接合转移频率的变化.结果 63株临床分离的产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌株有41株扩增出SHV型基因,阳性率为65.1%.随着亚抑菌浓度头孢西丁作用时间的增加,接合转移频率随之增加.在相同作用时间下,头孢西丁浓度为0.125 μg/mL作用下的接合转移频率高于其他亚抑菌浓度的作用.结论 不同亚抑菌浓度头孢西丁能影响耐药质粒的转移.临床使用抗生素时,应考虑到给药间歇期间亚抑菌浓度的变化,及时调整治疗方案,防止细菌耐药性的播散.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.