齿状突骨折并存下颈椎损伤的诊断及治疗

目的 研究齿状突骨折并存下颈椎损伤的机制、临床特点及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1999年1月至2004年12月57例经手术治疗的Ⅱ型或浅Ⅲ型齿状突骨折患者的临床及影像学资料.其中并存下颈椎损伤6例,平均年龄54岁,4例同时合并颈椎退行性变或强直性脊柱炎.在下颈椎损伤中,骨折脱位2例,椎间盘、韧带结构损伤4例.6例患者均行上、下颈椎Ⅰ期手术治疗：2例并发脊髓不完全损伤来自于下颈椎损伤,先行下颈椎融合固定;无脊髓损伤4例,其中2例齿状突骨折术前不能复位,先固定齿状突骨折,另2例齿状突骨折术前解剖复位,先固定下颈椎损伤.结果 6例患者术后均获得随访,平均随访10个月,6例齿突骨折及下颈椎损伤均获骨性愈合;未出现与手术直接相关并发症及长期卧床所导致的并发症;2例不完全性脊髓损伤患者术后脊髓功能Frankel分级提高1级.结论 齿状突骨折并存下颈椎损伤的发生率占齿状突骨折的10.5%,多见于合并颈椎退行性变的老年患者,常需MRI检查以明确诊断.手术治疗此类损伤安全有效,可促进康复、减少并发症.对于合并神经功能损伤者,先固定导致神经功能损伤节段;无神经功能损伤者,先处理相对不稳定节段.     

前后路联合手术治疗严重颈椎骨折脱位

目的通过观察颈椎前后路联合手术固定治疗严重颈椎骨折脱位的临床疗效。方法自2013-03—2014-06采用前后路联合手术治疗严重颈椎骨折脱位23例,定期X线片观察损伤节段的稳定性和融合率,以JOA评分、ASIA分级了解脊髓功能恢复情况。结果所有患者获得随访6~12(9.0±2.5)个月,颈椎前后路联合手术固定后,损伤节段稳定,四肢感觉较术前明显改善,术后各关键肌肌力平均增加1或2级。术后ASIA分级均达到D级以上,JOA评分由术前(6.4±0.9)分提高到末次随访时(13.3±2.4)分,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),颈髓功能术后得到改善。结论采用颈椎前后路联合手术固定严重颈椎骨折脱位可使损伤节段获得早期稳定,利于脊髓功能恢复。     

APOFIX颈椎后路内固定治疗齿状突骨折合并脊髓损伤

目的　探讨APOFIX系统治疗枢椎齿状突骨折合并脊髓损伤的作用。方法　 13例齿状突骨折合并脊髓损伤患者 ,采用APOFIX颈椎后路内固定系统固定并植骨融合。结果　 13例均获 8～ 18个月随访 ,齿状突骨折均达到骨性愈合 ,神经功能获得不同程度恢复。结论　APOFIX内固定系统颈椎后路固定 ,稳定性好 ,固定确实 ,是一种治疗齿状突骨折并脊髓损伤的理想方法。     

前后联合入路治疗伴有难复位性关节突交锁的颈椎骨折脱位

目的 探讨一期颈椎后路小关节撬拨术联合前路手术治疗伴有难复位性关节突交锁的颈椎骨折脱位的疗效. 方法 对2008年1月至2010年6月收治的12例伴有难复位性关节突交锁的颈椎骨折脱位患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,男9例,女3例;年龄28～65岁,平均45岁.均采用一期颈椎后路小关节撬拨术联合前路单个节段融合手术内固定治疗.观察术后Franke1分级评定、JOA评分及前凸cobb角改善情况. 结果 本组手术时间3.5～5.0 h,平均4.5h;术中出血量600 ～ 1500 mL,平均950 mL.所有患者随访12 ～ 36个月,平均18个月.内固定植骨术后3个月获得牢固的骨性融合,螺钉无松动、断裂.患者伤口均一期愈合,多数患者脊髓功能有不同程度的改善,出院时脊髓功能改善率为55％.JOA评分由术前(7.0±0.9)分改善至术后1年(12.5±0.7)分,差异有统计学意义(t=-10.681,P=0.000);中立位C2～C7前凸cobb角由术前8.5°±0.7°改善至术后1年16.5°±0.9°,差异有统计学意义(t=-10.407,P=0.000). 结论 采用一期颈椎后路小关节撬拨术联合前路手术治疗伴有难复位性关节突交锁的颈椎骨折脱位,可使损伤节段获得早期稳定及生理曲度的改善,减压彻底、神经功能改善明显,疗效明确.     

下颈椎骨折脱位并脊髓损伤的治疗术式探讨

[目的]探讨不同入路手术方式治疗下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤的临床疗效。[方法]2011年7月~2015年6月收治下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤患者39例,术前Frankel分级A级5例,B级12例,C级14例,D级8例。根据骨折类型、脱位程度、脊髓受压评估情况、是否存在关节突骨折及交锁或者前后复合体损伤等因素选择手术方案。其中24例椎体骨折、椎间盘损伤、术前经颅骨牵引可复位者采用前路减压椎间植骨内固定术;7例颈椎脱位伴小关节骨折或脱位但不伴明显前中柱损伤者采用后路复位侧块螺钉内固定术;8例颈椎椎体骨折、椎间盘损伤、椎小关节脱位交锁、术前经大重量颅骨牵引不能复位者采用前后路联合复位减压固定融合术。比较三种手术方式的手术时间、术中出血量和平均固定节段数;术后定期复查,观察损伤节段的稳定性和融合率,测量Cobb角、椎体水平移位和Frankel评分表,评估脊髓功能恢复与脊柱损伤重建稳定性等情况。[结果]患者获得有效随访,随访时间6~30个月,平均18个月,术后4~6个月均获得良好的骨性融合,均未出现严重并发症。联合入路组手术时间、出血量和平均固定节段数均较单纯前路或后路组长,而后路手术的手术时间、出血量和平均固定节段数明显多于前路手术组(P<0.05);除2例术前Frankel分级A级无恢复外,其余患者均有不同程度恢复,脊髓功能平均提高1.2级。所有患者的术前JOA评分和颈椎复位参数较术后均有改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]采用前路手术、后路手术或前后路联合手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位并脊髓损伤均能获得不错的治疗效果,但应根据颈椎损伤部位及类型采取适合的手术入路,根据病情制订个性化治疗方案。     

APOFIX颈椎后路内固定治疗齿状突骨折合并脊髓损伤

目的：探讨APOFIX系统治疗枢椎齿状突骨折合并脊髓损伤的作用。方法：13例齿状突骨折合并脊髓损伤患者,采用APOFIX颈椎后路内固定系统固定并植骨融合。结果：13例均获8－18个月随访,齿状突骨折均达到骨性愈合,神经功能获得不同程度恢复。结论：APOFIX内固定系统颈椎后路固定,稳定性好,固定确实,是一种治疗齿状突骨折并脊髓损伤的理想方法。     

Ⅰ期手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁32例

目的：探讨经颈椎后、前路联合手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位、关节突交锁伴脊髓损伤的方法。方法：采用一期后、前路联合手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位、关节突交锁伴脊髓损伤32例。结果：经3～26个月平均11个月的随访,临床效果按（A-SIA）神经功能评分,平均提高1～2级。骨折脱位节段完全复位,颈椎序列与曲度恢复正常,无节段性不稳,前路植骨融合均于术后12周获骨性融合。结论：采用后路复位减压植骨内固定再行前路减压内固定是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,具有创伤小、手术时间短的优点。     

后路植骨融合内固定治疗齿状突骨折术后骨不连

目的 探讨后路植骨融合内固定治疗齿状突骨折术后骨不连的临床疗效.方法 采用后路植骨融合内固定治疗齿状突骨折术后骨不连6例.结果 随访13～20个月,所有伤口愈合,植骨融合时间为3～8个月,平均4.5个月.融合率达100%.术后JOA评分为11.5～16分,平均13.5分.术后平均改善率为75.7%.无严重并发症发生.结论 对齿状突骨折术后骨不连患者早期实施后路融合手术可缓解症状,稳定脊柱,避免后期发生迟发性脊髓损伤而导致严重后果.     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的外科治疗

目的探讨手术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的临床疗效。方法对80例无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤采用手术治疗,随访观察术后治疗效果。结果本组随访12～30个月,平均22.5个月。术后JOA评分较术前改善明显,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤根据颈脊髓的受压部位和损伤节段,选择合理的手术方式及正确操作,前、后路手术治疗均能获得较好的脊髓功能恢复。     

零切迹椎间融合器与微型钢板在颈椎管狭窄症一期前后路联合手术中应用的疗效观察

目的 研究颈椎前路零切迹椎间融合器与后路单开门椎管减压微型钢板内固定在颈椎管狭窄症一期前后路联合手术中应用的疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析自2017-03—2021-02采用一期前后路联合手术治疗的64例颈椎管狭窄症,颈椎前路采用零切迹椎间融合器固定,颈椎后路行单开门椎管减压微型钢板内固定。比较术前与术后1年颈椎JOA评分、疼痛VAS评分、NDI指数、手术节段椎间隙高度、颈椎曲度。结果 64例均获得随访,随访时间12～60个月,平均25个月。术后所有患者脊髓功能明显改善,未出现颈前不适感、吞咽困难、颈后轴性疼痛等症状。术后3个月MRI显示颈椎管扩大良好,脊髓前后压迫均完全解除。术后1年颈椎CT显示手术节段椎间隙融合良好,椎板单开门状态维持良好,无再关门现象发生。术后1年X线片显示颈椎生理曲度维持良好,未出现内固定松动、断裂。术后1年神经功能JOA评分、疼痛VAS评分、NDI指数、手术节段椎间隙高度、颈椎曲度较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 颈椎前路零切迹椎间融合器与后路微型钢板的应用有利于颈椎管狭窄症一期前后路联合手术更广泛开展,手术安全性提高,可以有效避免...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.