2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白和空腹血糖水平与视网膜病变相关性分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和空腹血糖(FPG)水平与视网膜病变(DR)的相关性.方法 对129例T2DM患者进行眼底检查或眼底血管荧光素造影检查,并依据眼底检查结果分组,确定T2DM无视网膜病变(NDR)组患者77例,DR组患者52例,其中非增生性视网膜病变(NPDR)组患者39例,增生性视网膜病变(PDR)组患者13例.所有研究对象HbA1c和FPG水平采用IE-HPLC法及葡萄糖氧化酶法进行定量测定,各组间进行统计学分析.结果 DR组HbA1c水平与NDR组和正常对照组比较差异有统计学显著性意义(P＜0.01),FPG水平也随着DR病情的发展和病变程度显著升高(P＜0.01).各组FPG与HbA1c相关性分析,DR组(NPDR组和PDR组)呈明显正相关(r=0.792);NDR组也呈明显正相关(r=0.684).结论 T2DM患者HbA1c和FPG水平与视网膜病变的发生、发展及病变程度有显著相关性,是糖尿病和并发症监控的重要监测指标.     

血清胆红素水平与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的相关性

目的 探讨血清胆红素水平与糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）之间的关系。方法 选取2型糖尿病患者293例,依据眼底检查分为糖尿病无视网膜病变组（NDR）（n=146）、糖尿病视网膜病变组（DR）（n=147）,将DR组分为非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变组（NPDR）（n=103）、增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变组（PDR）（n=44）。对NDR、NPDR、PDR 3组患者临床资料进行分析比较。依据总胆红素四分位数分为Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4组,分析总胆红素与DR患病率的关系。结果 与NDR组比较,NPDR组和PDR组中的病程、收缩压均升高（P＜0.05）,且PDR组中的病程、收缩压高于NPDR组（P＜0.05）。与NDR组比较,NPDR组和PDR组中总胆红素（TBIL）、直接胆红素（DBIL）、餐后2小时C 肽（2 h CP）均减低,且PDR组中TBIL、DBIL、间接胆红素（IBIL）、2 h CP低于NPDR组（P＜0.05）。与NDR组比较,PDR组中IBIL低于NDR组（P＜0.05）。与NDR组比较,NPDR组和PDR组中FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c、TC均升高,且PDR组中FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c、γ GGT高于NPDR组（P＜0.05）。与NDR组比较,PDR组中γ GGT高于NDR组（P＜0.05）。多元有序Logistic回归分析：TBIL、2 h CP是DR的保护性因素;病程、收缩压、FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c、γ GGT是DR的危险因素。不同TBIL水平DR的患病率存在差异,随着TBIL水平的升高,DR的患病率呈现下降趋势（P＜0.05）。结论 TBIL水平的降低与DR发病风险增加显著相关,可作为预测DM患者发生DR风险的潜在性生物标志物。对于血清胆红素偏低的患者,密切监测2 h CP水平以及加强监控管理血糖、HbA1c、SBP、γ GGT,对DR的预防具有重要意义。     

2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变与血浆氧化三甲胺水平的相关性分析

目的探讨血浆氧化三甲胺(TMAO)水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的关系。方法选取102例T2DM患者,根据有无DR和DR分期标准将患者分为无DR(NDR)组38例、非增殖性DR(NPDR)组35例、增殖性DR(PDR)组29例,另选取40名同期健康体检者作为对照组。采用同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法检测4组血浆TMAO浓度,比较4组一般资料和实验室指标,分析血浆TMAO浓度与各临床参数的相关性,采用多因素Logistic回归分析筛选DR的主要危险因素,并采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血浆TMAO诊断DR的效能。结果 PDR组的糖尿病病程长于NDR组、NPDR组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。4组空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、C反应蛋白(CRP)和TMAO水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,TMAO与糖尿病病程、FPG、HbA1c、CRP呈显著正相关(P 0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病病程长和FPG、HbA1c、CRP、TMAO水平高均是DR的危险因素(P 0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,TMAO诊断DR的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.833,糖尿病病程、FPG、HbA1c、CRP联合诊断DR的AUC为0.802,糖尿病病程、FPG、Hb A1c、CRP、TMAO联合诊断DR的AUC为0.879。结论血浆TMAO水平升高与T2DM患者DR的发生及其严重程度有关,是DR的主要危险因素之一,TMAO联合糖尿病病程、FPG、Hb A1c、CRP对DR有较高的诊断效能。     

老年2型糖尿病患者BNP、HbA1c的变化与视网膜病变的关系

目的探讨血浆B型钠尿肽(BNP)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)与2型糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)的关系。方法分别应用Nycocard READERⅡ分析仪及Dxpress德帕思心梗心力衰竭快速检测仪检测167例老年2型糖尿病患者[包括2型糖尿病无视网膜病变(NDR)患者65例、2型糖尿病伴非增生性视网膜病变(NPDR)患者59例、2型糖尿病伴增生性视网膜病变(PDR)患者43例]及50名无糖尿病及严重心血管疾病的老年人血浆HbA1c和BNP水平。分析各组间BNP、HbA1c水平变化及其与视网膜病变的关系。结果NPDR及PDR组HbA1c水平高于NDR组(P<0.05),且HbA1c水平越高,DR发生率越高(P<0.01)。NPDR组BNP水平与NDR组比较无明显差异(P>0.05),而PDR组血浆BNP水平高于NDR组及NPDR组,并且随病变程度加重,其血浆浓度也增加(P<0.01)。结论PDR患者BNP及HbA1c水平均较高,因此二者联合检测可以间接反映老年DR发生和发展的程度以及是否伴有其他糖尿病性并发症。     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者尿微量清蛋白与血清C-反应蛋白水平的变化及意义

目的探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者尿微量清蛋白(UMA)和血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平的变化及意义。方法选取2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者152例,分为无糖尿病视网膜病变组(NDR组)65例、非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变组(NPDR组)53例、增生性糖尿病视网膜病变组(PDR组)34例;另选取40例健康体检者为健康对照组(NC组),检测UMA和血清CRP水平及相关临床参数。结果 UMA及血清CRP水平在NC组、NDR组、NPDR组及PDR中依次升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);Spearman相关分析显示,T2DM患者UMA与CRP呈显著正相关(r=0.311,P0.05);UMA与病程、空腹血糖(FBG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、糖化血红蛋白A1c(HbA1c)及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)呈正相关(P0.05),CRP与病程、FBG、HbA1c及HOMA-IR呈正相关(P0.05)。结论 DR的发展与肾损害联系密切,慢性炎症与高糖血症及胰岛素抵抗可能通过影响T2DM患者的肾功能参与DR的发生与发展。     

老年2型糖尿病患者BNP、HbA1c的变化与视网膜病变的关系

目的探讨血浆B型钠尿肽（BNP）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）与2型糖尿病性视网膜病变（DR）的关系。方法分别应用Nycocard READER11分析仪及Dxpress德帕思心梗心力衰竭快速检测仪检测167例老年2型糖尿病患者[包括2型糖尿病无视网膜病变（NDR）患者65例、2型糖尿病伴非增生性视网膜病变（NPDR）患者59例、2型糖尿病伴增生性视网膜病变（PDR）患者43例]及50名无糖尿病及严重心血管疾病的老年人血浆HbA1c和BNP水平。分析各组间BNP、HbA1c水平变化及其与视网膜病变的关系。结果NPDR及PDR组HbA1c水平高于NDR组（P〈0．05）,且HbA1c水平越高,DR发生率越高（P〈0．01）。NPDR组BNP水平与NDR组比较无明显差异（P〉0．05）,而PDR组血浆BNP水平高于NDR组及NPDR组,并且随病变程度加重,其血浆浓度也增加（P〈0．01）。结论PDR患者BNP及HbA1c水平均较高,因此二者联合检测可以间接反映老年DR发生和发展的程度以及是否伴有其他糖尿病性并发症。     

血清脂类物质、胱抑素C、同型半胱氨酸在糖尿病视网膜病变中的临床意义

目的观察2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者血清脂类物质、胱抑素C(Cys-C)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平变化情况,探讨其在疾病发生和发展中的临床应用价值。方法选取2018年5月至2019年3月淮滨县人民医院眼科和内分泌科收治的糖尿病患者308例作为研究对象,依据眼底病变情况分为糖尿病无视网膜病变(NDR)组(95例)、非增生期糖尿病视网膜病变组(NPDR)组(117例)和增生期糖尿病视网膜病变组(PDR)组(96例);另选取同期健康体检者120例作为对照组。采用乳胶增强免疫比浊法检测血清Cys-C水平,采用酶法检测血清Hcy和血脂指标[三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)]水平,采用免疫比浊法检测血清糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平。结果 NDR、PDR、NPDR组均存在血脂异常表达,TG、TC、LDL水平明显升高,HDL水平降低,增生期血脂异常程度加重,但血压仅表现在PDR组患者舒张压异常。所有糖尿病患者均出现CRP、Cys-C、HbA1c高表达,糖尿病患者视网膜病变后Hcy才表达异常。与NDR组比较,PDR组患者CRP、Hcy、Cys-C、HbA1c均高表达,NPDR组仅Hcy、Cys-C高表达,增生期CRP、Cys-C和Hcy异常程度明显增强。结论 2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者存在血脂异常,检测血脂、Hcy、Cys-C水平有助于预测疾病的发生和发展。     

血脂代谢异常、C反应蛋白与2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的关系临床研究

目的研究血脂代谢异常、C反应蛋白(CRP)与2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的关系。方法 167例糖尿病患者分为糖尿病无视网膜病变组(NDR)48例,非增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变组(NPDR)63例,增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变组(PDR)56例,并以同期健康体检人群38例为对照组,比较4个组CRP、空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c),甘油三脂(TG),胆固醇(Tc)差异性,并研究糖尿病患者血清CRP与各指标的相关性。结果 4个组各检测指标比较,PDR组、NPDR组、NDR组血清FPG高于对照组(P0.05),PDR组、NPDR组、NDR组3个组间血清FPG无统计学差异(P0.05);4个组HbA1c、CRP比较,PDR组、NPDR组、NDR组、对照组依次降低,组间两两比较均有有统计学差异(P0.05);4个组TG、TC比较,PDR组、NPDR组、NDR组均高于对照组(P0.05),PDR组、NPDR组高于NDR组(P0.05),PDR组、NPDR组无统计学差异(P0.05);糖尿病患者血清CRP与HbA1c(r=0.626)、TG(r=0.412)、Tc(r=0.468)均成正相关,均有统计学意义(P0.05),CRP与FPG无相关性(P0.05)。结论 CRP、高TG、TC与糖尿病患者视网膜病变密切相关。     

RBP4、Hcy与糖尿病视网膜病变的关系研究

目的探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者视黄醇结合蛋白4(RBP4)与同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平变化及相关性。方法自内分泌科接诊2型糖尿病患者中选取124例,将其分为糖尿病伴非增值型视网膜病变(NPDR)组40例,糖尿病伴增值型视网膜病变(PDR)组41例,糖尿病无视网膜病变(NDR)组43例,另选取健康志愿者组(NC组)40例进行比较,取空腹静脉血,测定各项指标并行相关性与多元回归分析。结果 PDR组RBP4、Hcy水平均高于NPDR组、NDR组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);NPDR组RBP4、Hcy均高于NDR组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);RBP4与空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)、Hcy均呈正相关(P0.05),与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)呈负相关(P0.05);Hcy与FPG、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C、RBP4均呈正相关(P0.05),与HDL-C呈负相关(P0.05);多因素回归分析,DR与Hcy、RBP4、HbA1c均呈正相关(P0.05)。结论 DR患者Hcy、RBP4水平呈现为高表达,且随着病情进展表现为逐步升高,即与DR发生、发展呈正相关,可作为重要危险因素。     

糖化血红蛋白水平与2型糖尿病老年患者视网膜病变相关性分析

目的探讨糖化血红蛋白A1(HbA1c)水平与老年2型糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的相关性。方法 78例确诊的2型糖尿病无DR病变(NDR)老年患者纳入NDR组,42例2糖尿病合并DR患者纳入DR组,60例体检健康老年人纳入健康对照组,检测各组受试对象HbA1c水平。结果 DR组HbA1c水平高于NDR组,而NDR组HbA1c水平高于健康对照组(P<0.05)。结论 HbA1c测定可作为监测2型糖尿病及其并发症DR发生、发展的重要指标。     

葛根素对早期糖尿病肾病的治疗作用

目的 探讨葛根素对2型糖尿病(DM)并发早期糖尿病肾病(DN)的影响及机制。方法 将60例伴早期DN的DM患者随机分为常规治疗组(RTG)和葛根素治疗组(PTG)，进行治疗观察。治疗前、后检测尿饭量白蛋白(UAER)、空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、内皮素-1(ET-1)及一氧化氮(NO)水平。结果 葛根素可显著减少DN患者的尿白蛋白，降低血TG、TC、MDA、ET-1及NO的水平，提高HDL-C、SOD水平。结论 葛根素对早期DN具有治疗作用，机制与其改善脂质代谢紊乱、保护抗氧化酶活性、抑制ET-1及NO的生成有关。     

Incorporating foot care education into diabetic foot screening.

Rehabilitation nurses care for patients with diabetes who have strokes, orthopedic surgery, and spinal cord injuries; therefore, they should be knowledgeable about foot screening technique and foot care education so that they can identify patients who are at risk for foot skin breakdown. The objectives of diabetic foot screening are to identify foot problems, determine a foot risk category and management category for patients, and to instruct patients with diabetes and their families in proper foot care. The screening technique is simple and can be used in clinic settings or at the bedside. Incorporating foot care education into the foot screening process increases or reinforces patients' knowledge of self-care. Such knowledge empowers patients to join with their healthcare teams to decrease the incidence of ulceration and amputation.     

Amadori-albumin correlates with microvascular complications and precedes nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients

BACKGROUND: Amadori-albumin, a major glycated protein, is involved in experimental hyperglycaemia-induced microvascular complications, and is associated with advanced nephropathy in Type I diabetic patients in humans. Our aim was to assess the association of Amadori-albumin with early nephropathy and with retinopathy in Type I diabetic patients and the involvement of chronic low-degree inflammation therein. DESIGN AND METHODS: Amadori-albumin, the Amadori product of haemoglobin (HbA1c), C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels were measured in the EUCLID study, a 2-year randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lisinopril in 447 Type I diabetic patients. Retinal photographs were taken in 341 patients at baseline and 294 at follow up. RESULTS: Amadori-albumin was positively associated with albumin the excretion rate and retinopathy status (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.02 for trend, respectively) and with the progression from normoalbuminuria to (micro)albuminuria (38.6 U mL(-1) in nonprogressors, 44.3 U mL-1 in progressors; P = 0.02), but not with the development or progression of retinopathy during a 2-year follow up. Amadori-albumin levels at baseline were associated with C-reactive protein and fibrinogen (P = 0.0007 and P = 0.0001, respectively). C-reactive protein and fibrinogen were also associated with albumin excretion rates (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively) and retinopathy status (P = 0.02 and P = 0.0006, respectively). Adjustment for these inflammatory markers did not markedly attenuate the association between Amadori-albumin and the albumin excretion rate, while adjustment for fibrinogen, but not C-reactive protein, abolished the association between Amadori-albumin and retinopathy. Lisinopril had no impact on the association between the levels of Amadori-albumin and albumin excretion rates or retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Amadori-albumin was associated with early nephropathy and with retinopathy in Type I diabetic patients and preceded an increase in albumin excretion rate, but not retinopathy. A chronic low-degree inflammation does not appear to be involved in Amadori-albumin-associated microvascular complications in Type I diabetes.     

糖尿病肾病并心肌损害的危险因素

目的 :探讨糖尿病肾病 (DN)并心肌损害的危险因素。方法 :比较糖尿病肾病伴或不伴心肌损害的临床特征及其心肌损害的危险因素。结果 :DN伴心肌损害组病程长 (P <0 0 5 ) ,空腹血糖及糖化血红蛋白高(P <0 0 1) ,高血压发生率高 (P <0 0 1) ,且肾脏损害重 ,死亡率越高。DN与糖尿病性心肌病的发生时间无并行关系。结论 :糖尿病病程长、血糖控制不住、高血压和肾功损害是DN伴心肌损害的危险因素 ,临床对DN伴心肌损害者应早期加强血糖和血压的控制。     

糖尿病足患者足部自护能力及健康需求的调查

目的探讨糖尿病足患者足部自护能力及健康需求情况。方法采用自行设计的问卷调查表,对80例糖尿病足患者进行足部自护能力及健康需求调查。结果患者对糖尿病基本知识、对糖尿病足的认识、足部保健知识、正确的穿鞋袜知识、正确的修剪指甲知识等了解甚少,93.8%的患者希望接受糖尿病足知识教育。结论医护人员应加强对糖尿病患者糖尿病足知识的健康教育,提高患者的自护能力。     

Influence of digoxin-like immunoreactive factor on late complications in patients with diabetes mellitus

Abstract. The aim of this study was to compare the intensity of typical late complications in diabetic patients (n = 65, 28 type I, 37 type II) who were not on glycoside drugs with low vs. high serum levels of digoxin-like immunoreactive factor (DLIF: group I, n = 42, DLIF ≤ the detection limit of 0·2 ng ml^?1; and group II, n = 23, mean ± SEM: 1·17 ± 0·31 [0·25–4·96] ng ml^?1). For detection of nephropathy, urinary albumin excretion (24 h) and creatinine clearance tests were used. For coronary heart disease a questionnaire and standard ECG; for peripheral occlusive vascular disease a questionnaire; for eye disease a fundoscopy; for neuropathy a neurological score system; and for autonomic neuropathy a standardized test battery was employed. Patients with high DLIF levels showed better test results in vibratory perception (95·7 ± 1·5 vs. 82·8 ± 3·8%, normal finding = 100%, 2p = 0·016), had better percentile localizations concerning maximal pupillary area in darkness (28·4 ± 6·6 vs. 8·1 ± 1·8%, 2p = 0·0004), contraction velocity at 1 s (21·5 ± 5·8 vs. 8·0 ± 2·2%, 2p = 0·012), and dilation velocity at 6 s (23·0 ± 6·8 vs. 10·5 ± 2·5%, 2p = 0·041), had less retinopathy (with retinopathy: 26·1% vs. 64·3%, 2p = 0·0028), and better percentile localizations in the respiratory sinus arrhythmia test (68·4 ± 7·3 vs. 44·1 ± 4·9%, 2p = 0·0064). There was no difference concerning nephropathy, blood pressure, coronary heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. Separate analysis according to the type of diabetes confirmed the results in each group. This would indicate that DLIF is a possible protective endogenous substance for eye disease, and peripheral (large sensory fibres) and autonomic neuropathy in diabetic subjects independent of the type of diabetes.     

Plasma lipoprotein composition in type 2 diabetic patients

In the present study lipoprotein fractions were studied in clinically well-characterized patients with type 2 diabetes. Apart from the usually isolated fractions (VLDL, LDL and HDL) a subfraction of VLDL was studied. This VLDL-subfraction (VLDL-2) has a similar chemical composition to β-VLDL which has been suggested to be of importance in the development of atherosclerosis. The results shows that obese type 2 diabetic women carry substantial amounts of VLDL-2 (>100% above the level of comparable non-diabetic women), (2p<0.01 for cholesterol and triglyceride amounts in VLDL-2). Furthermore obese diabetic women had total plasma cholesterol values 27% higher than non-diabetic obese women (2p<0.05). Total plasma triglyceride values were found to be significantly higher in diabetic women compared with non-diabetic women (2p<0.01). LDL-cholesterol was found significantly raised in obese diabetic women compared with the corresponding group of non-diabetic women (2p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol showed lower values in ideal-weight diabetic women than in ideal-weight non-diabetic women (2p<0.05). In summary, the results show that obese women with type 2 diabetes carry high concentrations of lipoprotein fractions which have been incriminated as being of importance in the development of atherosclerosis. This is in accordance with the sex ratio of atherosclerotic disease among diabetic patients compared to the sex ratio in non-diabetic patients.     

糖尿病肾病的饮食干预

糖尿病肾病（DN）又称糖尿病性肾小球硬化症,它是糖尿病（DM）最严重和最常见的慢性并发症之一,也是DM患者主要死亡原因。严格的代谢控制,积极治疗高血压,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂的应用,尽早进行饮食干预都是预防和减慢DN进展的良好措施,其中饮食干预是延缓DN不断进展恶化的有效措施。现将DN的饮食干预综述如下。     

Best practice in the assessment and management of diabetic foot ulcers.

Diabetes is an increasingly serious health issue in the rehabilitation population. Foot ulcers develop in approximately 15% of people with diabetes and are a preceding factor in approximately 85% of lower limb amputations. Nurses have significant opportunity to positively influence client outcomes and quality of life by promoting maintenance of healthy feet, identifying emerging problems, and supporting evidence-based self-care and interdisciplinary intervention. Best practice guidelines (BPG), such as those developed by the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario, provide a framework to enhance nursing practice and promote excellence in client care. This article highlights key evidence from the BPG, "Assessment and Management of Foot Ulcers for People with Diabetes," and other relevant diabetes literature. This information better equips rehabilitation nurses to promote ulcer prevention strategies; identifies key factors in ulcer risk; and utilizes current, best evidence for ulcer assessment, management, and evaluation.     

Diabetic Retinopathy –Incidence And Risk Factors In A Community Setting- A Longitudinal Study

Aim: To evaluate the natural history of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in diabetic patients and to assess long term risk for other chronic diseases associated with DR.

Methods: Retrospective, community-based study. Diabetics who underwent their first fundoscopic examination during 2000–2002, and had at least one follow- up examination by the end of 2007 were included. The primary outcome was the development of DR (proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), non PDR (NPDR) or macular edema.

Patients were followed for another 9 years for documentation of new diagnosis of related diseases.

Results: 516 patients' (1,032 eyes) records were included and were followed first for an average of 4.15?±?1.27 years. During follow-up, 28 (2.7%) of the total 1,032 eyes examined were diagnosed with PDR. An additional 194 (18.8%) eyes were diagnosed with new NPDR. The cumulative incidence of NPDR was 310/1,032 (30.0%). All the patients who developed PDR had prior NDPR. By the end of the 9 years extended follow up, patients with NPDR had a greater risk for developing chronic renal failure HR?=?1.71 (1.14–2.56), ischemic heart disease HR?=?1.57 (1.17–2.09), and had an increased mortality rate HR?=?1.26 (1.02–1.57)

Conclusion: DR is associated with a higher rate of diabetes complications. Patients with DR should be followed more closely.

• Key points

• During a mean follow-up of 4.5 years, the cumulative incidence of diabetic retinopathy in a community cohort was 18.8%.

• NDPR (non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy) is a predictor of PDR (proliferative diabetic retinopathy).

• In a real life setting NPDR is a marker of a poorer prognosis.

• Patients with NDPR should be monitored more closely.