3040例妊娠期孕妇血脂检验结果的回顾性分析

目的回顾性分析我院健康孕妇血脂检验结果,为临床准确评估孕妇血脂水平异常提供参考。方法收集2015年10月~2016年10月该院产科门诊和住院的3 040例健康孕妇为健康妊娠组,用西门子ADVIA2400全自动生化分析仪检测三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A1(APO-A1)和载脂蛋白B(APO-B)水平,与同期体检的1045例未孕健康育龄妇女的血脂6项值作对照。结果与正常对照组相比,孕早期TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、APO-A1、APO-B差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而TG差异有统计学意义(P0.05),高于对照组。孕中期和孕晚期组血脂6项水平均高于对照组和早孕组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);孕晚期与孕中期相比TG、TC、LDL-C、APO-B差异有统计学意义(P0.05),高于孕中期;孕晚期与孕中期相比HDL-C、APO-A1差异有统计学意义(P0.05),低于孕中期。结论孕妇血脂水平在孕期随妊娠进展出现不同程度的生理性升高,早、中、晚孕期之间存在明显差异。因此建立正常孕妇早、中、晚孕期的血脂参考值范围有临床意义。     

533例健康孕妇血脂4项结果分析及探讨

目的探讨健康妊娠妇女在妊娠各期三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）的变化规律。方法用Olympus 5400全自动生化分析仪检测533例不同孕期正常妊娠妇女血脂4项的值,同期体检的103例未孕健康育龄妇女的血脂4项值作对照。结果健康孕妇在孕早期血脂4项与同龄段非孕健康妇女相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,孕中期TG、TC分别为（1.88±0.63）、（5.05±1.24）mmol/L,与孕晚期的（2.43±1.22）、（7.02±1.79）mmol/L相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论健康孕妇的血脂四项在孕中随孕期的增加而有所提高是正常的妊娠生理现象。     

妊娠中晚期血脂检测及临床意义

目的通过孕前及妊娠中、晚期血脂检测及比较,了解孕期血脂变化。方法选择在该院进行孕前保健、年龄在22～35岁妇女775例,及同期在该院进行孕期保健的怀孕24～35周、年龄在22～35岁775例健康孕妇,检测空腹血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量。结果孕前TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C分别为(4.76±0.52)、(1.66±0.91)、(1.72±0.28)、(1.98±0.75)mmol/L。妊娠、中晚期血脂检测分别为(5.95±0.94)、(2.99±0.98)、(2.49±0.40)、(2.76±0.74)mmol/L。血脂检测观察到妊娠期妇女血脂高于非妊娠妇女,以TC、TG升高为主,高TC为80.8%,高TG为92.8%;且随妊娠时间的增加,血脂水平亦随之增高,尤其中、晚期妊娠的血脂水平显著高于妊娠早期。结论妊娠期妇女血脂高于非妊娠妇女,且随妊娠时间的增加而增高。重视孕妇血脂水平的监测,可提高孕妇及胎儿生存质量,达到优生优育。     

正常孕妇不同孕期甲状腺功能参考范围的分析研究

目的建立并探讨汉中地区正常孕妇不同孕期的甲状腺功能测量结果正常参考值范围。方法收集2012年7月~2015年12月汉中地区常住妊娠妇女4 031例,按NACB纳入标准,采用随机、分层、整群抽样相结合的方法,使用全自动化学发光分析仪及其配套试剂进行甲状腺激素水平检测,并据不同孕期分为:早孕(T1)998例,中孕(T2)1 543,晚孕(T3)1 490例,同时选取年龄相仿的未妊娠育龄期妇女(T0)105例作为对照组。结果①妊娠三期甲状腺激素水平不同,TSH于早、中、晚三期分别为0.25~5.32,0.42~6.26和0.61~7.68 mIU/L;FT3分别为3.54~6.04,3.57~5.94和2.93~5.40 pmol/L;FT4分别为7.11~16.88,6.78~16.94和6.03~16.87 pmol/L,妊娠期妇女的甲状腺激素水平与未孕妇女相比较,TSH(X~2=233.183,P0.05),FT4(X~2=388.12,P0.05),FT3(X~2=558.795,P0.05))。②TSH在孕早期相对于未孕妇女减低,孕中晚期相对增高;FT3和FT4的变化是一致的,与非孕妇女相比均是减低的,且随孕期延长下降越明显。结论妊娠妇女甲状腺功能水平不同于非孕妇女,需建立当地妊娠特异性甲状腺激素正常参考范围。     

非胰腺炎高脂血症孕妇不同孕期血淀粉酶水平变化及其与血脂水平的关系

目的探讨非胰腺炎高脂血症孕妇处于不同孕期时外周血淀粉酶水平的变化及其与血脂水平的关系。方法采用横断面研究分析法将986名孕妇按孕期分为早、中、晚孕期3组,同时选取非孕体检健康女性200名为对照组,同时检测总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)及α-淀粉酶(α-AMY)的水平,对检测结果进行统计分析。结果中、晚孕组TG水平分别为(2.17±0.62)、(2.73±0.58)mmol/L,高于对照组(1.16±0.54)mmol/L;晚孕组α-AMY水平为(78.42±19.41)U/L,与对照组(50.92±18.93)U/L相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),外周血中α-AMY的水平与TG水平具有相关性(r=0.56,P0.05)。妊娠期妇女外周血晚孕组α-AMY水平为(78.42±19.41)U/L,与中孕组(57.19±17.62)U/L相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。其中,晚孕组2名孕妇并发急性胰腺炎。妊娠期妇女外周血α-AMY与TG这两个变量之间存在中度正相关关系(r=0.56,P0.05)。结论孕晚期妇女外周血α-AMY水平的升高可能是由高脂血症导致胰腺高负荷引起,对于妊娠后期高血脂孕妇建议产前检查血淀粉酶水平,可以对妊娠期急性胰腺炎进行早期诊断,正确评估病情并尽早采取干预措施,提高母婴预后。     

正常妊娠妇女血脂及载脂蛋白水平的变化

目的:观察不同孕周正常妊娠妇女的血脂及载脂蛋白水平的变化。方法:采用酶学直接测定法测定310例不同孕周正常妊娠妇女和40例正常育龄未孕妇女的TC、TG、HDL-C及LDL-C的水平,ApoAI和ApoB采用免疫透射比浊法测定。结果:正常孕妇组TC和TG从孕9周起迅速升高,与对照组比较,差异有显著性(P均<0.05),TG持续升高至孕末期,TC于第30周到达最高值,此后处于高水平状态。HDL-C和ApoAI于妊娠前半期迅速升高(P<0.05),后半期变化不大,LDL-C和ApoB早孕阶段无明显改变,分别于第16周和第14周后明显上升(P<0.05,P<0.01)至第30周达到稳态。结论:正常妊娠妇女所有脂代谢指标均值于妊娠20周后均高于正常参考值范围,孕妇处于生理性高血脂状态。     

妊娠期甲状腺激素参考值范围的建立与分析

目的确定妊娠期血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)的正常参考值范围。方法随机选取2013年1~8月西安市第四医院产科收治的2 314例孕妇作为观察组,其中早孕期768例,中孕期784例,晚孕期663例;非妊娠健康妇女768例作为对照组。用电化学发光法检测TSH、FT3、FT4水平。结果对照组早、中、晚孕期甲状腺激素的参考值范围分别是:TSH(0.84~4.03、0.37~4.12、0.48~4.43、0.84~5.69μU/mL);FT3(3.51~5.84、3.66~5.93、3.50~5.70、2.53~4.92pmol/L);FT4(12.44~20.27、12.00~19.53、10.46~17.44、8.64~15.99pmol/L)。随着妊娠进展,TSH逐渐升高,FT3、FT4逐渐降低。早、中、晚孕期组与对照组比较,TSH、FT4差异有统计学意义(P0.01);血清FT3在早孕期组与对照组差异无统计学意义(P=0.674),而中、晚孕期组与对照组别之间差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。妊娠各期组别之间相比较,TSH、FT3、FT4差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论妊娠各期甲状腺激素水平与非妊娠妇女存在明显差异,建立不同地区、不同实验室健康孕妇各期甲状腺激素参考值范围有利于甲状腺疾病的诊断与治疗。     

福建省泉州地区甲状腺抗体阴性孕妇不同孕期的甲状腺激素水平正常参考值的建立

目的建立福建省泉州地区甲状腺抗体阴性正常孕妇孕期前、中、后3个月间期甲状腺激素水平正常参考值范围。方法选取福建省泉州地区甲状腺抗体阴性孕4~39周妇女490例,应用电化学发光法检测其妊娠前、中、后3个月间期血清FT4、FT3、TSH、TPOAb水平,另选非孕期妇女51例作为对照,建立甲状腺抗体阴性妇女甲状腺激素水平正常参考值范围。结果不同孕期孕妇TPOAb中位数均在厂家提供参考区间内。其血清FT3、FT4水平在孕期前、中、后3个月呈逐渐降低(P<0.01);血清TSH水平自孕前期3个月至孕末期3个月呈逐渐升高(P<0.01);非孕期妇女甲状腺激素水平明显高于孕前期3个月水平(P<0.01),而低于孕中期和孕后期3个月水平(P<0.01)。在妊娠前、中、后3个月间期,泉州地区甲状腺抗体阴性正常孕妇FT3正常参考值范围分别为3.75~7.23、3.31~4.93和3.16~4.48 pmol/L;FT4分别为12.85~25.3、12.03~20.14和11.02~19.43 pmol/L;TSH分别为0.01~3.79、1.09~4.19和1.08~5.95 mU/L。结论通过本次测定,我们建立了泉州地区甲状腺抗体阴性甲状腺激素水平的孕期前、中、后3个月间期甲状腺激素正常参考值。     

深圳市龙岗区妊娠妇女甲状腺功能指标参考值范围的建立

目的为避免妊娠甲状腺疾病的误诊和漏诊,建立深圳市龙岗区妇幼保健院妊娠期妇女特异性甲状腺功能指标参考值范围。方法选取2015年6~12月在龙岗区妇幼保健院产科门诊建卡的637例正常妊娠妇女及随机抽取的正常体检的未孕妇女201例为研究对象,留取其空腹静脉血,采用化学发光免疫分析法测定三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)及妊娠期促甲状腺激素(TSH)值,运用中位数及95%可信区间统计方法建立妊娠期特异性血清FT3、FT4、T3、T4及TSH正常参考值范围。结果以中位数(M值)及双侧限值(P_(2.5)和P_(97.5))表示甲状腺激素在孕早中晚期及非妊娠妇女的参考值范围。T3及T4在孕早期就有明显升高,随着孕期推进逐渐升高,孕中期开始回落,至孕晚期仍高于孕前水平。FT3及FT4在孕早期稍有升高,之后进行性下降。TSH早期即明显下降,孕中期开始回升,至孕晚期高于非孕水平。结论建立了各孕期妊娠妇女特异性的甲状腺激素参考值范围,为妊娠期甲状腺疾病的诊治提供了临床数据;妊娠妇女的甲状腺激素变化规律也为妊娠期甲状腺疾病的预防提供了理论基础。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者与正常妊娠妇女血脂代谢的特点及饮食护理

目的 观察并分析正常妊娠和妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的血脂代谢特点。方法 选择本院健康非孕妇女30例（对照组，正常孕妇50例（正常对照组），妊娠期糖尿病孕妇30例（GDM组），后两组分别于孕24周，28周，36周抽取空腹静脉血测定各项血脂值；三组妇女均测空腹静脉血浆总胆固醇（TC），甘油三酯（TG），高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL－C），低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL－C）。结果 （1）与对照组比较，正常妊娠组孕28周，孕36周以及GDM组各孕周的TC，TG，LDL－C血脂测定值及TG／HDL－C比值均较对照组明显升高（P＜0．001）；（2）正常妊娠组与GDM组孕妇随着孕周的增加，TC，TG，LDL－C测定值及TG／HDL－C比值明显升高；（3）GDM组孕妇不同孕周的TC，TG，LDL－C测定值及TG／HDL－C比值明显高于正常妊娠组不同孕妇周的测定值（P＜0．001）；HDL－L测定值降低（P＜0．05）。结论 妊娠后各血脂值均随孕周增加而升高，孕晚期各值明显高于孕早中期，更高于非孕期；GDM组孕妇不同孕周的血脂值明显高于正常妊娠组的不同孕周；GDM孕妇存在血脂增高，血脂代谢紊乱。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.