新疆克拉玛依市2000~2006年孕产妇及儿童保健指标完成情况分析

为全面贯彻<中国妇女发展纲要>、<中国儿童发展纲要>,提高妇女儿童健康水平,提高出生人口素质,降低孕产妇、婴儿死亡率,全面完成妇幼卫生各项指标要求,近年来,我市采取一系列措施加强了孕产妇及儿童保健工作,取得了一定的工作成效.     

实施“两纲”妇幼保健指标分析报告

目的 通过“两纲”中妇幼保健指标的分析，了解我市妇幼卫生工作现状及全市妇女儿童健康水平。方法对全市妇女保健指标、儿童保健指标、孕产妇病死原因、婴儿死亡原因及病死率变化趋势进行分析。结果妇女保健、儿童保健指标已达到全省及全国水平，但孕产妇病死率、5岁以下儿童死亡率、婴儿死病死率仍高于全省、全国水平。结论产科出血仍是我市孕产妇死亡的主要原因，急性呼吸道感染仍为我市婴儿死亡的主要原因，要降低孕产妇、婴儿死亡率需加大《母婴保健法》宣传及贯彻力度，需增加妇幼经费投入，健全妇幼保健网，加强业务培训，提高产科质量，提高住院分娩率。     

农村围产保健管理模式初探

围产保健是指围绕生产前后即产前、产时、产后，以保护母婴安全、提高出生质量为目的的对孕产妇和胎婴儿进行的预防保健。提高围产保健和医疗质量，降低孕产妇和婴儿死亡率，是实现《北京市十五时期妇女、儿童发展规划》中围产保健指标的关键环节。我区自2000年起进行了围产保健工作管理模式的探索，收到了较好的效果。     

中国妇幼健康的进展与成效

中国高度重视妇幼健康,将妇女儿童健康作为优先发展领域。党的十八大以来,妇幼健康事业迎来了新的历史时期,妇幼健康工作取得了长足进步和显著成就。2021年,中国孕产妇死亡率下降至16.1/10万,婴儿死亡率下降至5.0‰,5岁以下儿童死亡率下降至7.1‰,妇幼健康核心指标已降至历史最低水平。妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌防治、预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙型肝炎母婴传播、儿童保健及出生缺陷防治等重点工作取得了积极成效,为促进世界妇女儿童健康发展做出了重要贡献。     

贫困县妇幼保健服务

贫困县妇女及儿童健康状况差,孕产妇死亡率及婴儿死亡率高,妇幼健康服务需求也高,而妇幼保健工作远不能满足客观要求。贫困县要加强妇幼保健工作包括:普及新法接生,提高住院分娩率,孕产妇及新生儿保健,计划免疫,计划生育宣教及服务,普及妇幼保健知识。为了加强贫困县的妇幼保健服务,需要加强政府领导,增加妇幼保健经费,建立与健全农村妇幼保健服务体系。要以降低孕产妇死亡率及婴儿死亡率为目标,针对重点,集中力量进行突破。要通过合作医疗保健制度,用减免费的办法,保障广大妇女及儿童得到必要的预防保健服务。     

兰州市安宁区妇幼保健工作现状分析

目的:分析2005～2010年兰州市安宁区妇幼保健工作取得的成效,探讨强化政府行为,履行保健职责,发挥保健作用对提高妇女儿童健康水平的重要性。方法:回顾性分析2005～2010年兰州市安宁区妇幼保健人员结构、基础保健服务指标及妇幼保健《两纲》终期目标完成情况。结果:2005～2010年兰州市安宁区婚前医学保健、孕产妇系统化保健、儿童系统化保健及育龄期妇女保健等主要指标均稳步提高,孕产妇、婴儿及5岁以下儿童死亡率均呈较低水平。结论:随着国家对基层妇幼保健工作扶持力度的增加,基层妇幼保健机构采取有效措施,发挥保健职能作用,有效地提高了妇女儿童的健康水平。     

天河区产科发展现状分析

围产保健成为妇女五期保健的重要内容之一，产科质量情况为围产保健工作提供了宏观决策。孕产妇死亡率是一个地区经济、文化、医疗、保健的综合反映，为分析产科干预措施在降低孕产妇死亡率方面所起的作用，本文就2005年产科的现状进行分析，并提出建议与对策。     

延安市实施《妇女儿童纲要》终期监测评估

目的:掌握延安市2000年末妇女、儿童健康状况,全面评价全市妇女、儿童的健康水平,为制定延安市2001~2010年的《妇女儿童发展规划》提供客观依据。方法:对1990年、1995年、2000年的数据进行监测分析。结果:妇女儿童的生命指标(婴儿死亡率、5岁以下儿童死亡率、孕产妇死亡率)都大幅度下降而且已达到《纲要》目标。但是妇女儿童疾病指标和卫生基础服务指标只有60%达到了《纲要》目标要求,仍有40%未达到目标要求。结论:要实施《两个纲要》中的目标指标,切实为广大妇女儿童提供优质的医疗保健卫生服务,必须加大资金投入;建全三级妇幼保健网络;以“母婴保健法”规范医疗、保健行为;加强监测、评估、督导工作。     

武定县2001年至2010年“两纲”主要妇幼保健指标分析

目的通过对武定县"两纲"中主要妇幼卫生指标分析,提出今后工作建议。方法将武定县10年来《两纲》主要妇幼工作指标况进行对比、分析。结果武定县孕产妇死亡率、婴儿死亡率和5岁以下儿童死亡率稳中有降,孕产妇及儿童系统管理率、住院分娩率逐年上升,婚前医学检查率大幅滑坡,出生缺陷率有上升趋势。结论加强健康教育宣传,提高婚检率,降低出生缺陷发生率;加强基层妇幼卫生队伍建设及设备投入,提高孕产妇及儿童保健服务质量;依托国家基本公共卫生服务项目,建立长效工作机制,抢抓机遇,创造性开展工作,为提高我县妇女儿童健康水平和促进经济与社会全面、协调、可持续发展做出新的贡献。     

库尔勒市妇幼保健院2001年-2006年妇幼卫生“两纲”监测指标分析评估

“两纲”和《中华人民共和国母婴保健法》的颁布实施，充分体现了党和政府对广大妇女儿童的关心和爱护，对妇女儿童健康的高度重视。“两纲”中妇女儿童健康指标、工作指标是“两纲”指标体系的重要组成部分。其中，孕产妇死亡率、婴儿死亡率、5岁以下儿童死亡率更是体现社会发展，进步的重要指标，我市在“两纲”实施以来，采取积极措施，贯彻落实“两纲”提出的目标，促进了妇幼卫生工作的发展。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.