中晚期非小细胞肺癌不同放疗方式协同化疗的疗效和预后分析

目的比较中晚期非小细胞肺癌普通X线模拟定位、CT定位以及PET/CT定位三维适形放疗（3DCRT）协同化疗的疗效、副反应和预后。方法回顾性分析10年间Ⅲ～Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌共645例,分别接受普通X线模拟定位（普放组）、CT定位（适形组）和PET/CT定位（PET/CT组）放疗;后加速超分割放疗为放疗40 Gy后缩野针对残存病灶1.5 Gy/次,2次/d,共21～30 Gy,总剂量为61～70 Gy;协同化疗以铂类为基础联合紫杉醇类、长春瑞滨、依托泊甙等化疗4～6个周期（21～28d为1个周期）;随访并比较各种治疗方法的疗效、副反应和预后。结果 PET/CT组的平均GTV与PTV体积分别比普通CT组小（2.9±1.3）cm3、（9.1±2.8）cm3;适形组与PET/CT组的总有效率均高于普放组（均P〈0.01）;各组中放疗剂量超过65 Gy者疗效优于不足65 Gy者,后加速超分割放疗的有效率高于常规分割放疗,适形组的咽和食管、肺和气管的1～2级早期放射反应均高于PET/CT组（均P〈0.05）;适形组与PET/CT组的1～3年局部控制率与生存率均高于普放组（均P〈0.01）;普放组死于原发灶未控、复发以及放射性肺炎的比例高（均P〈0.05）;PET/CT组的肺门和纵隔淋巴结复发率最低（均P〈0.01）。结论 CT定位与PET/CT定位三维适形放疗可提高局部控制率、降低副反应,剂量超过65 Gy、后加速超分割放疗疗效好,以PET/CT定位为最优。     

术后复发性食管癌18FDG PET/CT定位三维适形放疗的疗效分析

目的:对比研究18FDG PET/CT定位三维适形常规分割放疗术后复发性食管癌的疗效、副反应及失败原因。方法:对58例术后复发性食管鳞癌患者用信封法随机分为18 FDG PET/CT定位三维适形放疗组(PET/CT组)和普通CT定位三维适形放疗组(普通CT组)。PET/CT组用PET/CT扫描定位,经PET/CT扫描后将扫描数据输入治疗计划系统,将PET图像和CT图像融合后进行靶区和重要脏器勾画、三维重建,制定治疗计划后进行常规分割三维适形放疗40Gy左右,然后适当缩野针对残存肿瘤病灶放疗至总剂量60Gy-70Gy;普通CT组用普通CT定位设野,三维适形放疗至相同剂量。结果:PET/CT组的平均GTV与PTV体积、左肺、右肺、心脏、胸胃、脊髓照射体积均比普通CT组小(P均<0.05);PET/CT组和普通CT组的1、2、3年生存率分别为93.0%、59.9%、20.4%和86.7%、54.6%、20.9%(P均<0.01);PET/CT组早期气管、食管、胃肠道、肺的1、2级副反应均低于普通CT组(P均<0.05);卡氏评分高、进食情况良好、病变长度≤5cm、标准摄入值低的病变预后较好。结论:PET/CT定位三维适形放疗术后复发性食管癌可以优化放疗计划,减轻正常组织的放射副反应,早期病变预后好。     

局限期小细胞肺癌不同定位方式放疗联合化疗的疗效和预后分析

目的:比较局限期小细胞肺癌普通X线模拟定位、CT定位以及PET/CT定位三维适形放疗(3DCRT)协同化疗的疗效、不良反应和预后。 方法:回顾性分析12年间局限期小细胞肺癌患者共148例,分别接受普通X线模拟定位（普放组）、CT定位（适形组）和PET/CT定位（PET/CT组）放疗。所有病例均用EP方案（顺铂40mg,d1～3;VP16 100mg/m2,d1～5）化疗4～6周期;随访并比较各种治疗方法的疗效、不良反应和预后。 结果:PET/CT组的平均GTV与PTV体积均比适形组小,PET/CT组的左肺与右肺V20、心脏、食管与脊髓V40均比适形组小（P均＜0.05）;近期总有效率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。普放组的早期与晚期放射反应均高于适形组与PET/CT组;PET/CT组中I、II级肺和气管的早期与晚期放射损伤发生率低于适形组（P均＜0.05）。PET/CT组的1、2、3年局部控制率与生存率均高于适形组（P均＜0.01）。PET/CT组纵隔淋巴结复发率低于适形组,放化疗后手术切除残存病灶者预后好;治疗失败的主要原因为远处转移。 结论:PET/CT定位可以优化局限期小细胞肺癌的放疗设野计划,减少正常组织的照射体积与纵隔复发率。放化疗后手术切除残存病灶预后好,远处转移为主要失败原因。     

术后复发性食管癌18^FDG PET/CT定位三维适形放疗的疗效分析

目的：对比研究18^FDG PET/CT定位三维适形常规分割放疗术后复发性食管癌的疗效、副反应及失败原因。方法：对58例术后复发性食管鳞癌患者用信封法随机分为18 FDG PET/CT定位三维适形放疗组（PET/CT组）和普通CT定位三维适形放疗组（普通CT组）。PET/CT组用PET/CT扫描定位,经PET/CT扫描后将扫描数据输入治疗计划系统,将PET图像和CT图像融合后进行靶区和重要脏器勾画、三维重建,制定治疗计划后进行常规分割三维适形放疗40Gy左右,然后适当缩野针对残存肿瘤病灶放疗至总剂量60Gy-70Gy;普通CT组用普通CT定位设野,三维适形放疗至相同剂量。结果：PET/CT组的平均GTV与PTV体积、左肺、右肺、心脏、胸胃、脊髓照射体积均比普通CT组小（P均〈0.05）;PET/CT组和普通CT组的1、2、3年生存率分别为93.0%、59.9%、20.4%和86.7%、54.6%、20.9%（P均〈0.01）;PET/CT组早期气管、食管、胃肠道、肺的1、2级副反应均低于普通CT组（P均〈0.05）;卡氏评分高、进食情况良好、病变长度≤5cm、标准摄入值低的病变预后较好。结论：PET/CT定位三维适形放疗术后复发性食管癌可以优化放疗计划,减轻正常组织的放射副反应,早期病变预后好。     

贲门癌患者采用PET-CT定位三维适形放疗的疗效及预后分析

目的对比研究18FDG PET/CT定位三维适形常规分割放疗贲门癌的疗效、副反应及失败原因。方法对46例贲门癌患者采用信封法随机分为18FDG PET/CT定位三维适形放疗组(PET/CT组)和普通CT定位三维适形放疗组(普通CT组)。PET/CT组采用PET/CT扫描定位,经PET/CT扫描后将扫描数据输入治疗计划系统,将PET图像和CT图像融合后进行靶区和重要脏器勾画、三维重建,制定治疗计划后进行常规分割三维适形放疗40 Gy,然后适当缩野针对残存肿瘤病灶放疗至总剂量60～70 Gy。普通CT组采用普通CT定位设野,三维适形放疗至相同剂量。结果PET/CT组的平均大体肿瘤靶区(GTV)和计划治疗靶区(PTV)体积、左肺、右肺、左肾与右肾V20、胃、心脏、食管与脊髓V40均比普通CT组小(均P<0.05);PET/CT组的局部控制率和1、2、3年生存率均比普通CT组高(均P<0.01);PET/CT组早期气管、食管、胃肠道、肺的1、2级不良反应均低于普通CT组(均P<0.05)。多因素分析表明,年轻、病变长度≤5 cm、病变T分期早是影响预后的主要因素(均P<0.01)。结论 PET/CT定位三维适形放疗贲门癌可以优化放疗计划,减轻正常组织的早期放射不良反应,年轻、病变分期早的患者预后较好。     

18FDG PET/CT定位三维适形放疗食管癌的疗效和预后分析

目的对比研究18FDG PET/CT定位三维适形常规分割放疗食管癌的疗效、副反应及失败原因。方法对60例食管鳞癌患者用信封法随机分为18FDG PET/CT定位三维适形放疗组（PET/CT组）和普通CT定位三维适形放疗组（普通CT组）。PET/CT组用PET/CT扫描定位,经PET/CT扫描后将扫描数据输入治疗计划系统,将PET图像和CT图像融合后进行靶区和重要脏器勾画、三维重建,制定治疗计划后进行常规分割三维适形放疗40 Gy左右,然后适当缩野针对残存肿瘤病灶放疗至总剂量60～70 Gy;普通CT组用普通CT定位设野,三维适形放疗至相同剂量。结果 PET/CT组的平均GTV体积、左肺照射体积、右肺照射体积、脊髓照射体积分别比普通CT组小（5.1±1.1）cm3、（27.7±24.6）cm3、（27.9±42.3）cm3、（0.4±0.4）cm3,两者差异均有显著性（P均〈0.01）;随访8～37个月,PET/CT组和普通CT组1,2,3年局部控制率分别为70.0%、56.7%、43.3%和66.7%、53.3%、36.7%,两者差异无显著性（χ2=0.65,P=0.421）;PET/CT组的中位复发时间10.4个月,普通CT组的中位复发时间11.0个月,两者差异无显著性（t=0.41,P=0.682）;PET/CT组和普通CT组1,2,3年生存率分别为76.7%、60.0%、46.7%和73.3%、56.7%、36.7%,两者差异无显著性（χ2=1.37,P=0.244）;PET/CT组早期气管、食管、肺的Ⅰ、Ⅱ级副反应低于普通CT组（P均〈0.05）;晚期放射反应相近,两组差异无显著性。多因素分析表明,在年龄、性别、病变长度和部位等因素中,病变位于胸上段、髓质型和蕈伞型、病变长度≤5 cm、无淋巴结转移、T早分期病变预后较好（P均〈0.01）。结论 PET/CT定位三维适形放疗食管癌可以优化放疗计划,减轻正常组织的早期放射副反应,胸上段以及髓质型或蕈伞型的早期病变预后好。     

不同定位方式放疗联合化疗治疗胰腺癌的疗效和预后分析

目的：比较各期胰腺癌普通x线模拟定位、CT定位以及PET／CT定位三维适形放疗（3DCRT）协同化疗的疗效、不良反应和预后。方法：回顾性分析12年间各期胰腺癌患者共136例,分别接受普通x线模拟定位（普放组）、CT定位（普通CT组）和PET／CT定位（PET／CT组）放疗。各组放疗中、放疗后均配合口服卡莫氟治疗或以铂类为基础联合氟尿嘧啶类或紫杉醇类等化疗4—6周期（21—28d为1周期）。随访并比较各种治疗方法的疗效、不良反应和预后。结果：PET／CT组的平均GTV和PrV体积,以及胃、肝、左肾、右肾、脊髓平均照射体积均比普通CT组小,两者差异均有显著统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。PET／CT组与普通CT组早期胃肠道反应均低于普放组（P均〈0．05）。普放组死于原发灶未控、复发的比例高（P均〈0．05）。多因素分析表明,T分期和治疗前GTV是独立的预后因子（P〈0．01）。结论：PET／CT定位及三维适形放疗治疗胰腺癌可以优化放疗计划,减轻胃肠道的早期放射不良反应,分期早的病变预后好。     

术后复发性膀胱癌PET/CT定位三维适形放疗的疗效分析

目的:对比研究术后复发性膀胱癌经18FDG PET/CT定位适形放疗的疗效、不良反应及失败原因。方法:对46例术后局部复发性膀胱癌患者随机分为18FDG PET/CT定位适形放疗组(PET/CT组)和普通CT定位适形放疗组(普通CT组)。PET/CT组用PET/CT扫描定位,将扫描数据输入三维治疗计划系统,将PET图像和CT图像融合后进行靶区(GTV与PTV)和重要脏器勾画、三维重建,制定计划后常规分割适形放疗40Gy左右,然后缩野放疗至总剂量60-66Gy;普通CT组用普通CT定位设野,三维适形放疗至相同剂量。结果:PET/CT组的平均PTV体积、膀胱V40、直肠V40分别比普通CT组小13.2cm3、5.8cm3、7.6cm3(P<0.01);放疗后6个月,两组CEA平均值分别下降为10.8ng/ml、11.7ng/ml(P<0.01);PET/CT组的中位复发时间11.2个月,普通CT组的中位复发时间9.1个月(P<0.01);PET/CT组的胃肠道与膀胱放射性不良反应低于普通CT组(P<0.05);疗前GTV≤50cm3者预后好。结论:PET/CT定位三维适形放疗术后复发性膀胱癌可以优化放疗计划,联合化疗可以延长中位复发时间,分期早者预后好。     

中晚期前列腺癌PET/CT定位三维适形放疗的疗效和预后分析

目的:探讨中晚期前列腺癌经¹⁸FDG PET/CT定位适形放疗的疗效、副反应及失败原因。方法:对68例中晚期前列腺癌患者随机分为¹⁸FDG PET/CT定位适形放疗组（PET/CT组）和普通CT定位适形放疗组（普通CT组）。PET/CT组用PET/CT扫描定位,将扫描数据输入三维治疗计划系统,将PET图像和CT图像融合后进行靶区（GTV与PTV）和重要脏器勾画、三维重建,制定计划后常规分割适形放疗40Gy左右,然后缩野放疗至总剂量60Gy～70Gy;普通CT组用普通CT定位设野,三维适形放疗至相同剂量。结果:PET/CT组的平均PTV体积、膀胱V40、直肠V40均小于普通CT组（P均<0.01）;两组放疗后PSA均明显下降（P均<0.01）;PET/CT组的中位复发时间12.1个月,普通CT组的中位复发时间9.2个月,两者差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;PET/CT组的胃肠道与膀胱放射性副反应低于普通CT组（P均<0.05）;疗前GTV≤50cm³者预后好。结论:PET/CT定位三维适形放疗中晚期前列腺癌可以优化放疗计划,减少放射副反应,分期早的病变预后好。     

18FDG PET/CT定位三维适形放疗结合介入治疗原发性肝癌的疗效和预后分析

目的:研究18FDG PET/CT定位三维适形常规分割放疗结合肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗原发性肝癌的疗效、不良反应及失败原因。方法:对64例原发性肝癌患者用信封法随机分为18FDG PET/CT定位三维适形放疗组(PET/CT组)和普通CT定位三维适形放疗组(普通CT组)。PET/CT组用PET/CT扫描定位,经PET/CT扫描后将扫描数据输入治疗计划系统,将PET图像和CT图像融合后进行靶区(GTV与PTV)和重要脏器勾画、三维重建,制定治疗计划后常规分割三维适形放疗40Gy左右,然后适当缩野放疗至总剂量50Gy-60Gy;普通CT组用普通CT定位设野,三维适形放疗至相同剂量;两组放疗后均结合4-6周期TACE治疗。结果:PET/CT组共有18例显示GTV有改变,其中7例增大,6例缩小,5例GTV形状改变;放疗后全组AFP值显著下降;PET/CT组的中位复发时间11.3个月,普通CT组的中位复发时间10.2个月,两者差异有显著性统计学意义(P=0.001)。两组死于局部未控、复发或转移者比例占总死亡原因的76.7%;多因素分析表明T分期早和疗前GTV≤100cm3者预后好(P均<0.01)。结论:PET/CT定位三维适形放疗原发性肝癌可以优化放疗计划,结合介入治疗可以延长中位复发时间,分期早的病变预后好。     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。     

Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.     

Cell and tissue interactions in carcinogenesis and metastasis and their clinical significance

This review describes a new vision for future directions in the study of metastatic cancer biology and pathology. It is based upon clinical and experimental observations on the constituent cell lineages within a neoplasm and on tumour-host interactions. The vision incorporates information from studies in population biology, developmental biology and experimental pathology as well as investigations upon human malignant disease. The assembled information reveals that invasion and metastasis are supra-cellular manifestations of "emergent behavior" among combinations of normal and malignant cell lineages in vivo. Emergent behavior is a combinatorial interactive process in which a population displays new traits which cannot be achieved by individuals acting separately and which subside when the specific population mix disaggregates. Disruption of such pathological interactions in the field of a developing primary or secondary tumour is, therefore, required to disable the malignant population and arrest progression without tissue destruction. These conclusions originate, in part, from principles which govern the sociobiology and group behavior of bees, ants, fish, birds and human societies. In all these social organisms, external factors can disrupt signaling mechanisms and induce expanding self-perpetuating rogue behavior, leading to social disintegration. These principles also apply to cellular societies composing higher animals, which likewise need intrinsic rules to maintain social order and avoid anarchy, and recognition of this is essential for advancing future research on the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Summarised evidence is presented here to support the conclusion that miscommunications between cells and tissues in the region of the developing tumour and its metastases are the main direct perpetrators of malignant disease. Genetic lesions (mutations, deletions, translocations, reduplications, etc.), commonly seen in cancers, can significantly disrupt important molecular pathways in the networks of communications needed to sustain orderly tissue/organ structure and function. However, genetic lesions can also, themselves, be induced by abnormal cell interactions initiated by extrinsic carcinogenic agents such as chemicals, viruses, hormones and radiation. The evidence shows that, irrespective of the initiating cause, it is this miscommunication in the region of a developing tumour and its metastases that is ultimately responsible for the emergence and progression of the disease. The article describes how this information collectively, provides a framework for designing specific novel therapeutic approaches targeting the cell and tissue interactions driving tumour metastasis and its manifold effects on the whole body.     

Vitamin D and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer risk and prognosis: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis

Vitamin D is formed mainly in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can as well be taken orally with food or through supplements. While sun exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer development, vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro. To clarify the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis, we performed a review of the literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of vitamin D serum levels and dietary intake with cutaneous melanoma (CM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk and melanoma prognostic factors. Twenty papers were included for an overall 1420 CM and 2317 NMSC. The summary relative risks (SRRs) from random effects models for the association of highest versus lowest vitamin D serum levels was 1.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–3.53) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.02–2.65) for CM and NMSC, respectively. The SRR for the highest versus lowest quintile of vitamin D intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.63–1.13) for CM and 1.03 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) for NMSC. Data were suggestive of an inverse association between vitamin D blood levels and CM thickness at diagnosis. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on skin cancer risk in populations with different exposure to sunlight and dietary habits, and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in improving CM survival.