腔镜辅助下小切口甲状腺切除术—119例病例回顾

目的:探讨腔镜辅助下小切口甲状腺切除术(minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy,MIVAT)的可行性和临床应用。方法:自2012年1月-2013年12月,回顾性分析119例行MIVAT病人的临床资料,总结临床效果及并发症情况。结果:119例均手术成功,其中甲状腺单叶切除62人,全切除57人,平均手术时间（98.5±26.7）min vs （126.7±37.1）min。术后病理结果:结节性甲状腺肿42人,腺瘤性甲状腺肿32人,腺瘤9人,乳头状癌26人,滤泡状癌6人,桥本氏病4人。暂时性和永久性的喉返神经损伤分别为4人和2人。暂时性的低钙血症单叶和全切术分别为2人和7人。无永久性低钙血症发生。美容效果在术后1月及6月评价为好或非常好的分别为101人（84%）和112人（94%）。4人术后伤口感染。结论:MIVAT是一种安全可行的术式,在美容效果及术后恢复方面有其独特的优势,并发症未增多。     

50例经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺手术临床应用体会

目的:探讨经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺手术的临床应用。方法:回顾性分析2016年7月至2018年9月我科收治的50例经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺手术患者临床病历资料，包括手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后引流量、术后拔管时间、手术并发症、术后疼痛评分及美容满意度评分。结果:50例患者均成功实施经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺手术，其中甲状腺峡部切除术3例，甲状腺腺叶次全切除术39例，甲状腺腺叶切除术6例，甲状腺腺叶切除＋中央区淋巴结清扫术2例。术后病理报告提示结节性甲状腺肿40例，甲状腺腺瘤8例，甲状腺微小乳头状癌2例。平均手术时间（121.30±29.69）min，术中出血量（22.30± 6.16）mL，术后住院时间（2.26± 1.27）天，16例患者术后放置负压引流，术后引流量（16.25± 6.71）mL，拔管时间（1.75± 0.45）天。患者术后第一天疼痛评分为（2.12± 0.92）分，患者术后一月美容满意度评分为（8.92± 0.72）分。术后5例患者出现暂时性下颌区或下唇麻木，随访至4个月后自行恢复。无口腔切口感染，无血肿积液，无声音嘶哑，无饮水呛咳，无低钙血症等并发症发生。结论:经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺手术可达到满意的美容效果，发展前景值得期待。     

逆行性甲状腺腺叶切除术（附162例）

目的:初步探讨甲状腺腺叶切除术的新方法。方法:自2012年1月-2014年1月采用自内向外、自下向上逆行解剖的方法进行甲状腺腺叶切除162例。结果:所有病例均获成功。手术时间(96±18.3)min,术中出血量(26±15.7)ml。术后病理:结节性甲状腺肿97例,微小乳头状癌42例,腺瘤性甲状腺肿17例,腺瘤4例,桥本氏病2例。无术后出血、呼吸困难、呛咳、手足抽搐等并发症。3例术后出现暂时性声音嘶哑,经恢复治疗后发音正常。2例切口下方切缘I°烫伤,1例II°烫伤,后在手术中用凡士林纱布保护切口下缘,再无上述情况发生。随访时间6-30个月,平均随访15个月,均无复发,美容效果满意。结论:逆行性甲状腺腺叶切除术是可行和安全的,特别适用于经中线小切口或者腔镜辅助下行甲状腺腺叶切除,可作为甲状腺外科的一种新方法。     

腔镜辅助手术与开放手术治疗cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌的对比

  目的  比较胸骨切迹入路腔镜辅助下甲状腺手术（minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy,MIVAT）与传统开放手术（open thyroid surgery,OTS）治疗临床淋巴结阴性（clinically node-negative,cN0）甲状腺乳头状癌（papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC）的彻底性、安全性以及术后美容效果的差异。  方法  收集2012年1月至2017年12月间复旦大学附属肿瘤医院行胸骨切迹入路MIVAT的80例cN0期PTC患者,并根据1:2比例使用随机数法抽取160例同期行OTS的PTC患者。患者手术方式为腺叶切除/全甲切除术+预防性中央区淋巴结清扫术。采用χ2检验、Kaplan-Meier生存分析与Log-rank检验对比两种手术方式的差异。  结果  MIVAT组的平均手术时间长于OTS组（P=0.003）,但住院时间明显缩短（P < 0.001）。手术疗效方面,MIVAT组与OTS组患者的术后复发率、淋巴结清扫数目以及淋巴结转移数目的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。手术安全性方面,两种术式术后发生喉返神经损伤、术后血肿和感染等并发症的发生率相近（均P>0.05）。两组患者术后的改良版温哥华瘢痕量表（Vancouver scar scale,VSS）评分亦无显著性差异（P=0.288）,但MIVAT组相比OTS组可以显著缩短颈部瘢痕长度（P < 0.001）。  结论  对于cN0期PTC而言,MIVAT在手术的疗效、安全性上与OTS无明显区别,尽管MIVAT的改良VSS瘢痕评分与OTS类似,但胸骨切迹入路MIVAT可以显著减少颈部切口长度,具有一定的美容效果,同时由于切口位置更低,容易遮盖,美容效果更好。因此,经胸骨切迹入路MI?VAT可在临床实践中进一步推广。      

胸骨后甲状腺肿经颈部低领切口切除的诊治体会（附33例）

目的:探讨经颈部低领切口行胸骨后甲状腺肿切除的诊治体会。方法:回顾性分析我院33例经颈部低领切口行胸骨后甲状腺肿切除的临床资料。结果:本组病例全部经颈部低领切口入路顺利完成手术,无围手术期死亡、呼吸道阻塞及大出血病例,无永久性喉返神经损伤和甲状旁腺功能低下病例。并发症发生率为15.15%(5/33),2例（6.06%）出现暂时性声音嘶哑,术后3周恢复正常,3例（9.09%）出现手足麻木,给予补钙处理后,出院时症状消失。结论:应用一定的手术技巧,经颈部低领切口行Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型胸骨后甲状腺肿切除是安全可行的。     

甲状腺切除术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生情况及相关因素分析

目的：探讨甲状腺切除术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生率及相关危险因素,为临床制定有效的预防干预措 施提供依据。方法：选取 ２０１９年 １月至 ２０２０年 １２月四川省遂宁市中心医院收治的 １４２例行甲状腺切除术患者作 为研究对象,收集手术前、后血清甲状旁腺素（ｐａｒａｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｈｏｒｍｏｎｅ,ＰＴＨ）水平值及其他临床资料,计算甲状旁腺功能 减退及低钙血症的发生率,进一步根据术后是否发生暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退分为病例组和对照组,采用单因素及 多因素 Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型分析甲状腺切除术后发生暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退的相关危险因素。结果：术后随访 ６个 月,发生甲状旁腺功能减退２８例（１９．７２％）,其中有５例（３．５２％）为永久性甲状旁腺功能减退、２３例（１６．２０％）为暂 时性甲状旁腺功能减退;出现低钙血症者有 ２２例,发生率为 １５．４９％（２２／１４２）。永久性和暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退 患者术前 ＰＴＨ、血钙值均处于正常值范围,在术后 ２４ｈ降至最低,术后 ６个月逐渐升高,时间主效应均有统计学意义 （均 Ｐ＜０．００１）。多因素 Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析显示：合并桥本氏甲状腺炎（ＯＲ＝３．３１３）、行甲状腺全切术（ＯＲ＝１．２８３）、 甲状旁腺误切（ＯＲ＝１．９３５）、肿瘤直径大小（ＯＲ＝２．０１６）、甲状腺恶性肿瘤（ＯＲ＝１．７２３）是甲状腺切除术后发生暂 时性甲状旁腺功能减退的独立危险因素（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：甲状旁腺功能减退是甲状腺切除术后常见并发症,发生率较高;合并桥本氏甲状腺炎、行甲状腺全切、甲状旁腺误切、肿瘤直径大小、甲状腺恶性肿瘤是甲状腺切除术后发 生暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退的独立危险因素。     

峡部甲状腺乳头状癌120例临床病理学特征分析

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨峡部甲状腺乳头状癌的临床病理学特征,以指导其手术方式的选择。［方法］回顾性分析2000年1月至2016年12月浙江省肿瘤医院收治的120例病理证实为峡部甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床病理学资料。［结果］ 120例患者中,50例行甲状腺全切术,70例行非甲状腺全切术。74例（61.67%）为微小癌,64例（53.33%）存在多个病灶,75例（62.5%）累及甲状腺被膜,60例（50%）存在颈部淋巴结转移,其中17例（14.17%）为双侧中央区淋巴结转移。31例出现术后暂时性并发症（声嘶、饮水呛咳及低钙）,无患者存在永久性术后并发症。全切组中1例（2%）患者术后脑转移死亡,非全切组中8例（11.43%）发生局部复发或远处转移。［结论］ 全甲状腺切除术联合双侧中央区颈淋巴结清扫术宜作为峡部甲状腺乳头状癌的常规术式。术中应注意保护双侧喉返神经及甲状旁腺以降低术后并发症的发生率。     

腔镜辅助甲状腺切除术中喉返神经的显露及保护

 目的　探讨腔镜辅助甲状腺切除术（MIVAT）中定位喉返神经的解剖标志及避免神经损伤的操作技巧。方法　2008年8月至2010年8月 开展 MIVAT 106例,其中8例中转为开放手术。术中以"气管、颈动脉间隙"结合"气管外侧壁中、后份"作为解剖标志定位喉返神经。结果　术中共需探测喉返神经98条,其中97条（98.98 %）喉返神经通过上述解剖标志顺利探查到,未探查到的1例为右侧非返性喉返神经;1例（1.02 %）术后出现一过性喉返神经麻痹,无永久性喉返神经麻痹发生。结论　MIVAT术中,"气管、颈动脉间隙"结合"气管外侧壁中、后份"是安全有效的喉返神经解剖定位标志     

开放性锁骨上入路在甲状腺肿瘤切除术中的临床应用

  目的  分析开放性锁骨上入路在甲状腺肿瘤切除术中的临床应用。  方法  通过比较传统颈前低位弧形切口入路甲状腺切除术同开放性锁骨上入路甲状腺切除术，术后患者美观满意度、手术效果、手术时间等，探讨开放性锁骨上入路甲状腺肿瘤切除术的临床实用性。  结果  22例行开放性锁骨入路甲状腺切除术（B组）较29例行传统切口入路甲状腺切除术（A组）具有良好的美观满意度（P < 0.05），与传统切口具有同样手术疗效。开放性锁骨上入路甲状腺切除术具有良好的美观满意度，与传统切口持有同样手术疗效。  结论  开放性锁骨上入路甲状腺肿瘤切除术对于需单侧叶切除的甲状腺良性肿瘤以及部分恶性肿瘤具有良好的临床推广价值，甚至对于大于切口直径的肿瘤仍适用，其在保证手术治疗疗效同时具有较佳的美观度。      

甲状腺癌手术后不留置引流管的安全性和可行性分析

目的:探讨甲状腺癌根治术后不留置引流管的安全性和可行性。方法:选择从2013年09月到2019年07月在我院行甲状腺癌根治术后未留置引流管的75例患者。根据手术时间分为三个阶段:第一阶段,包括15例行单侧腺叶切除术的患者;第二阶段,包括14例患者,其中9例行单侧腺叶切除术,3例行单侧腺叶切除+颈中央组淋巴结清扫术,2例行全甲状腺切除+颈中央组淋巴结清扫术;第三阶段,包括46例患者,其中44例行单侧腺叶或全甲状腺切除+单侧或双侧颈中央组淋巴结清扫术,2例行单侧腺叶切除术。收集患者的一般资料,并进行随访。结果:75例患者中有分化型甲状腺癌74例（乳头状癌72例,滤泡状癌2例）,髓样癌1例。第一、二和三阶段手术平均时间分别为（116.67±28.07）分钟、（129.29±36.31）分钟和（153.91±35.84）分钟,术中平均出血量分别为（34.33±47.09） mL、（29.29±24.09） mL和（28.70±15.03） mL,术后平均住院时间分别为（1.80±0.77）天、（2.29±1.64）天和（2.30±1.41）天。仅有第一阶段和第三阶段在手术平均时间方面存在显著性差异,其余各组间无明显统计学差异。术后血肿形成、喉返神经损伤和甲状旁腺损伤分别发生1例（1.3%）、2例（2.7%）和30例（40.0%）。均无因术后并发症需再次手术的情况。术后随访12~76个月,其中对侧甲状腺新发肿瘤1例,淋巴结转移癌2例,死亡1例,死因为脑血管意外。结论:分化型甲状腺癌的患者行单侧腺叶切除或全甲状腺切除术加颈中央组淋巴结清扫术后不放置引流管是安全和有效的。     

Total thyroidectomy: the treatment of choice in differentiated thyroid carcinoma?

A review of 46 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, diagnosed and treated in the St. Radboud Hospital from 1977 till 1984, is presented. The age of the patients ranged from 16 to 80 years. There were 39 women and 7 men. Thirty of 31 patients with papillary carcinoma and 13 of 15 patients with follicular carcinoma underwent total thyroidectomy. If less than total thyroidectomy had been performed, 13 (43%) patients with papillary cancer and 2 (15%) with follicular cancer would have had cancer left in the residual lobe. The complication rate was acceptable, two cases of permanent hypoparathyroidism, one recurrent nerve palsy. During a short follow-up period of 7 years maximum already 6 patients older than 60 years with papillary carcinoma had died, 5 of widespread cancer (16.6%) and one of an unrelated disease. Three patients developed local recurrences, on in the trachea and 2 outside the thyroid bed. One patient with follicular carcinoma, who had undergone a lobectomy, developed recurrent disease. These figures plus the increased risk of complications in a second neck exploration suggest that total thyroidectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Total thyroidectomy can be done without mortality and without significant morbidity.     

Lymph node dissection in papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Prospective randomized studies aimed at evaluating the different therapeutic protocols for the treatment of papillary or follicular carcinoma are lacking at the moment. Although total thyroidectomy is widely accepted, indication to locoregional lymphadenectomy is strongly debated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four patients with papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma (45 papillary and 9 follicular) underwent functional evaluation of the gland before intervention, FNAB included Surgical management was carried out as follows: 41 total thyroidectomy, 6 lobectomy with further totalization in 5, 6 total thyroidectomy plus central compartment lymphadenectomy and 1 left laterocervical lymphadenectomy (papillary carcinoma, treated elsewhere through total thyroidectomy plus central and right laterocervical lymphadenectomy). All operated patients were submitted to whole body scintigraphy and treated thereafter by radiometabolic therapy and chronic hormone suppressive therapy. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients are currently alive, 3 died from non-related causes; surgical complications included 1 permanent impairment of inferior laryngeal nerve function and 1 case of hypoparathyroidism. The follow-up was from 1 to 139 months. DISCUSSION: The optimal treatment of lymph node metastases, especially for papillary carcinomas, has not yet been defined. Two trends are evident concerning lymphadenectomy: the first one suggests routine lymphadenectomy, the second supports lymphadenectomy by necessity. In follicular carcinoma lymphadenectomy is recommended only in the presence of clinical evidence of lymph node involvement. Occult differentiated carcinoma does not require any further treatment of lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: Considering the high efficacy of radiometabolic treatment after total thyroidectomy combined with chronic TSH inhibition through L-tyrosine administration, lymphadenectomy is suggested only by necessity.     

Prognosis and morbidity after total thyroidectomy for papillary,follicular and medullary thyroid cancer

The prognosis and the morbidity results after total thyroidectomy are reported for 148 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Ninety-two patients (62%) had papillary cancer, 27 (18%) had follicular cancer and 29 (20%) had medullary cancer. In the latter group, 16 patients had no clinical signs of a tumour and underwent total thyroidectomy after elevated calcitonin levels were found in a family screening programme. The mean follow-up period was 9.7 years in the present series. The 5- and 10-year overall survival in the patient group with papillary cancer was 97% and 95% respectively, in the group with follicular cancer it was 78% and 50% respectively and in the group with medullary cancer it was 91% and 82% respectively. Significantly associated with reduced disease-free survival were: extrathyroidal growth (P < 0.0001), distant metastases at diagnosis (P < 0.0001), follicular histology (P <0.0001), age over 40 (P < 0.001) and male sex (P < 0.05). In patients with papillary cancer, recurrences were in most cases located in the neck, while recurrences at distant sites were encountered more frequently in patients with follicular or medullary cancer. Accidental permanent unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy were registered in 1.4% of the nerves at risk; all on the side of the tumour. Permanent hypoparathyroidism was present in 4% of the patients.     

多灶甲状腺乳头状癌的临床特点分析

目的:比较多灶甲状腺乳头状癌（MPTC）与单灶甲状腺乳头状癌（SPTC）的临床和病理特点。方法:回顾性分析我院经手术治疗且病理证实的43例MPTC和78例SPTC患者的临床及病理资料。结果:两组间性别、年龄分段、合并桥本甲状腺炎及结节性甲状腺肿、微小癌比例、病理分期,无统计学差异（P＞0.05）;MPTC组年龄、腺外浸润发生率、淋巴结转移率、手术并发症发生率及术后低钙发生率均高于SPTC组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论:MPTC年龄多较大,更易发生腺外浸润和淋巴结转移,建议行全甲状腺切除+患侧颈中央区淋巴结清扫。     

Three-dimensional minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy: preliminary report

Three-dimensional (3D) minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT) was carried out with a 4-mm, 3D 0-degree stereoscopic endoscope. The procedure was applied on 3 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and data were prospectively collected. Operative time for total thyroidectomy ranged from 72 to 90 minutes. Neither intra-nor post-operative complications were reported during the study.The surgical team noticed a good perception of depth and easy recognising of anatomic structures, especially concerning the upper and lower vascular pedicle, the parathyroids, the superior and inferior laryngeal nerves. Preliminary impression emerging from this study seems to suggest that 3D MIVAT is safe and effective. Future studies with larger case series are required to determine the role of this procedure.     

Early onset of tetany following thyroidectomy: report of two cases

The most common complication of total thyroidectomy is hypocalcemia. Following thyroidectomy, especially total thyroidectomy, the serum calcium usually falls gradually and patients do not usually require supplementary medication before 24 hours. Two cases of total thyroidectomy are presented in which the preoperative serum calcium levels were normal and hypocalcemic tetany developed in the recovery room immediately after the operation. The hypocalcemia was a temporary phenomenon, and neither patient requires supplementary calcium at the present time. There is no good explanation for this precipitous drop in the serum calcium levels in these two patients.