乳导管镜联合麦默通在微创切除乳腺管内微小肿物中的应用

目的：探讨超声引导下乳导管镜联合麦默通微创旋切系统在切除乳腺导管内微小肿物中的应用价值。方法：60例于我科就诊的乳头溢液病例,溢液涂片中见到增生细胞,细胞学1—2级。经乳管镜诊断为乳腺导管内微小肿物的女性患者,在超声引导下行乳导管镜联合麦默通微创旋切术,术后随访3—6个月。结果：60例乳腺导管内微小肿块在乳导管镜及彩超指引下麦默通微创旋切完整切除,病理结果阳性率100％,其中2例为导管内原位癌,1例为浸润性导管癌,其余均为导管内乳头状瘤,术后59例患者无手术疤痕。结论：超声引导下乳腺导管镜联合麦默通微创旋切乳腺导管内微小肿物具有定位准确、病理诊断明确、切除完整率高、创伤小、美观等优点。     

乳头乳房楔形切除术治疗乳腺导管内乳头状瘤

目的总结34例乳腺导管内乳头状瘤行乳头乳房楔形切除治疗结果，探讨该术式的意义。方法34例患者均在确定病变范围后做乳头乳房楔形切除，完整切除了乳晕处的肿瘤及壶腹处和乳腺组织内扩张的乳管并切除了乳管在乳头的开口。结果全组34例治愈。乳晕处切口无明显瘢痕，术后随访手术局部无复发。结论乳头乳腺楔形切除术是治愈乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的合理术式。     

乳管内新生物活检联合乳头灌洗液CA153检测早期乳管内病变的研究

目的 探讨乳管镜直视下乳腺导管内活检联合乳头灌洗液CA153检测对早期乳管内病变的诊断价值。方法 收集2012年5月至2014年10月同济大学附属杨浦医院收治的行乳管镜检查的乳头溢液患者123例,对发现乳管内新生物的患者行导管内活检,并与导管切除术后病理诊断进行对照。同时收集行乳管镜活检患者的乳头灌洗液进行CA153检测,并与30例乳管扩张症患者的乳头灌洗液标本进行对照。结果 123例患者中共56例发现乳管内新生物,并行64次乳管镜下乳腺导管内活检及病变导管切除术。乳腺导管内活检显示,56例患者中导管内乳头状瘤28例、多发导管内乳头状瘤7例、导管上皮增生6例、导管上皮重度不典型增生2例和乳腺癌7例。另有6例活检失败,活检成功率为89.3％。病变导管切除术后病理诊断：单发导管内乳头状瘤29例、多发导管内乳头状瘤11例、导管上皮增生8例、导管上皮不典型增生1例、导管内癌4例、浸润性导管癌2例和导管内乳头状癌1例。30例乳管扩张症患者乳头灌洗液的CA153水平为（26.90±2.76）U／ml,低于乳头溢液导管镜检G3级的（31.91±22.95）U／ml,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;与G4级的（52.67±33.63）U／ml和G5级的（85.68±21.13）U／ml比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 乳管镜直视下乳腺导管内活检是微创、安全、方便可行、成功率高的诊断方法,联合乳头灌洗液进行CA153检测对于诊断早期乳管内恶性病变有一定的参考价值。     

乳管镜下乳腺导管冲洗液脱落细胞学检查对乳头溢液的诊断价值

目的:评价乳管镜下乳腺导管冲洗液脱落细胞学检查对乳头溢液的诊断价值.方法:2003年7月至2004年10月对76例乳头溢液患者行脱落细胞学检查,同时在乳管镜下对溢液乳管异常部位搔刮,盐水冲洗,收集导管中洗液行脱落细胞学检查.结果:乳管镜诊断导管扩张或炎症30例,未行手术;乳管隆起性病变46例,行手术活检;病理诊断早期乳腺癌10例,管内乳头状瘤32例,乳腺腺病4例.76例中,导管冲洗液涂片的有效细胞团较乳头溢液明显增加(P＜0.01).10例早期乳腺癌导管冲洗液脱落细胞学检查的准确性明显高于乳头溢液细胞学检查(P＜0.05).结论:乳管镜下乳腺导管冲洗液涂片能获得更多的有效细胞团,使导管冲洗液细胞学检查诊断乳腺恶性病变的准确性明显提高.     

纤维乳管镜对乳腺导管内占位性病变的诊断及辅助手术治疗的应用价值

目的评价纤维乳管镜（FDS）对伴有乳头溢液的乳腺导管内占位性病变的诊治的应用价值。方法2005年9月至2009年12月本院采用FDS检查乳头溢液患者523例,发现乳腺导管内占位性病变209例（39．96％）。209例乳腺导管内占位性病变患者中,193例良性病变,均行手术治疗;16例恶性病变（乳头状瘤恶变6例,导管原位癌3例,浸润性导管癌6例,乳腺导管内乳头状瘤伴钙化、乳腺腺病重度非典型增生、局部癌变1例）分别行保留乳房手术5例,单纯乳腺切除术3例,乳腺癌改良根治术4例,乳腺癌改良根治术加假体即时置入术4例;所有手术采用FDS结合扩张探针定位法。所有病例均经病理证实。随访时间5～56个月（中位随访时间25月）。结果193例良性病变患者全部治愈,除2例患者失访外,其余无复发。16例恶性病变患者经治疗后,未发现复发、转移及死亡。结论应用FDS诊断乳腺导管内占位性病变有临床参考价值,辅助手术定位准确,有助于获得满意的手术治疗效果。     

乳管镜在病理性乳头溢液诊治中的应用价值

目的探讨乳管内窥镜(FDS)在病理性乳头溢液疾病诊治中的临床应用价值,为其诊断和治疗提供依据。方法回顾2012年7月至2014年2月在宁夏医科大学总医院肿瘤医院行乳管镜检查的106例病理性乳头溢液患者的临床资料,对乳管内窥镜下所见和术后病理结果进行统计学分析。结果 106例均检查成功,乳管镜诊断乳腺导管扩张症42例(39.6%),导管内乳头状瘤58例(54.7%),导管内癌6例(5.7%)。共有68例乳头溢液患者接受了手术治疗。术后病理诊断符合率:导管内乳头状瘤84.5%(49/58),导管内癌83.3%(5/6),总符合率为84.4%。结论乳管镜是病理性乳头溢液最有效的检查方法,乳管镜能直接观察到乳管内病变,提高早期乳腺癌的检出率。     

纤维乳管镜对乳腺导管内肿瘤的诊断价值

目的：探讨纤维乳管内窥镜（简称“纤维乳管镜”）对乳腺导管内肿瘤的诊断价值。方法：66例单侧单孔血性乳头溢液的患者入院行手术治疗,术前均同时行纤维乳管镜检查及超声检查,回顾性分析其术前检查诊断与病理符合情况。结果：66例血性乳头溢液患者,病理证实乳腺导管内肿瘤59例（其中导管内乳头状瘤47例,导管内乳头状瘤伴上皮非典型增生4例,导管内癌8例）,导管内肿瘤发生率89．39％（59／66）,导管内肿瘤伴非典型增生（癌前病变）及导管内癌发生率18．18％（12／66）;单纯导管扩张症7例,发生率10．61％（7／66）。59例病理所示导管内肿瘤的患者乳管镜检查阳性57例（包括导管内乳头状瘤伴上皮非典型增生4例,导管内癌8例）,阴性2例,导管内肿瘤诊断率96．61％（57／59）。超声检查阳性30例（包括导管内乳头状瘤伴上皮非典型增生1例,导管内癌3例）,阴性29例,导管内肿瘤诊断率50．85％（30／59）,二者比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：血性乳头溢液患者乳腺导管内肿瘤发生率较高,纤维乳管镜检查显著提高乳腺导管内肿瘤（包括导管内癌）的诊断率,对乳腺导管内肿瘤的诊断具有重要价值。     

乳管镜用于乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的临床诊治研究

目的:评价纤维乳管镜对乳管内乳头状瘤类疾病的诊断及治疗作用。方法:选取我科2009年8月-2011年8月经乳管镜诊断为导管内乳头状瘤患者144例,其中血性溢液78例,褐色溢液51例,深黄色溢液15例。回顾性分析其术前诊断及治疗过程。结果:所有病例在乳管镜下可见导管内肿物,并经镜下定位行病变腺叶切除,术后病理132例诊断为乳管内乳头状瘤,7例诊断为原位癌,3例为早期浸润性癌。结论:纤维光导乳管镜可准确诊断乳管内乳头状瘤,并进行定位切除。对此类疾病的诊治有重要应用价值。     

乳管镜在乳腺导管隆起性病变中的诊断价值

目的：评价纤维乳管镜在乳头溢液中诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变的价值。方法：应用BladeFVY-780型纤维乳管镜,配备FVS检查系统对115例乳头溢液病人进行检查诊断,手术病例与术后病理诊断作比较。结果：115例乳头溢液病人发现乳管内隆起性病变53例,导管内乳头状瘤28例,导管内乳头状瘤病24例,乳腺癌1例。术后病理证实导管内乳头状瘤26例,导管内乳头状瘤病21例,乳腺导管内癌1例。2例导管内乳头状瘤诊断为导管扩张。3例导管内乳头状瘤病诊为单发乳管内乳头状瘤,乳腺癌1例。结论：乳管镜能明确乳头溢液病因,确定病变部位,在诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变中准确率高,是诊断以乳头溢液为症状的乳腺导管隆起性病变的首选检查方法。     

导管内恶性肿瘤的乳管镜下表现分析

目的初步总结、分析、探讨导管内恶性肿瘤的乳管镜下表现类型,以提高认识,指导临床乳管镜检查时病变性质的判定。方法回顾性总结我院2005年12月～2007年6月内行乳管镜检查的273例乳头溢液患者临床及镜下表现资料,诊断导管内恶性肿瘤13例（乳头状瘤恶变4例）,对镜下表现分析、归类。结果13例导管内恶性肿瘤镜下表现可分为三种类型：①球形、桑椹形或草莓形,与良性乳头状瘤不易鉴别,本组4例;②不规则形,伴有水泡样改变或葡萄样改变,本组5例;③管壁不规则隆起,本组4例。全组多发肿瘤7例,单发6例。结论①导管内癌镜下表现多样,部分肿瘤与良性病变镜下鉴别困难;②水泡样或葡萄样改变,以及不规则隆起增厚伴周围管壁僵硬在导管内癌诊断中有一定意义,值得进一步的探讨研究;③对乳管镜发现的导管内占位病变,应积极手术;④乳管镜发现乳管内多发占位性病变,应积极手术。     

Study of Benign and Malignant Intraductal Lesions of the Breast by Fiberoptic Ductoscopy

OBJECTIVE To observe and subtype the appearance of intraductal papilloma (lesions) and of infiltrating ductal carcinoma or early infiltrating ductal carcinoma using a fiberoptic ductoscope (FDS) examination, and to discuss the differentiation and diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors by FDS.METHODS The characteristics of FDS images and diagnostic data for 229patients with intraductal papilloma (lesions) and 50 patients with ductal carcinoma, who were confirmed by surgical pathology from October 1998 to December 2003, were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS The appearance of the lesions observed by FDS were grouped into 4 types: a monothelia (type Ⅰ), polythelia (type Ⅱ), superficies (type Ⅲ)and a mixture (type Ⅳ). Intraductal papillomas (lesions) were more commonly seen in type Ⅰ and Ⅱ, and intraductal carcinomas or early infiltrating ductal carcinomas were more commonly seen in type Ⅲ and Ⅳ;there was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of the ductoscopic types, except in type Ⅱ, between the two types of lesions, P＜0.001. The focal detection rate by FDS for intraductal papilloma and papillomatosis was 99.6% (228/229) and for breast cancer was 96.0% (48/50). The diagnostic accuracy was 97.8% (224/229) and 82.0% (41/50),respectively.CONCLUSION FDS can be a guide for the treament of benign and malignant intraductal tumors, with early discovery and accurate diagnosis.     

乳管内乳头状瘤的现代诊治--附89例报告

目的研究纤维乳管内视镜诊断乳管内乳头状瘤的价值及合理的治疗模式.方法分析我院1996年8月-2001年12月不同方法诊治的乳管内乳头状瘤89例,总结乳头状瘤的诊断、易发部位、定位方法以及治疗评价.结果乳管内乳头状瘤表现以血性及浆液性溢液最常见,占98.7%,1、2级导管多发,占88.6%.纤维乳管内视镜检查乳头状瘤有特征性图象,诊断准确率可达91.7%,可以术前定位病变.导管和区段切除治疗效果满意.结论乳管内视镜是目前导管内乳头状瘤的最佳检查手段,治疗有向微创手术发展的趋势.     

Intraductal approach to the detection of intraductal lesions of the breast

Bloody nipple discharge is a clue in the detection of ductal carcinoma of the breast that do not display a mass. Since sensitivity of discharge cytology is not sufficiently high and mammary ductendoscopy (MS) contributes to the diagnosis of intraductal lesions. We set out to determine whether the intraductal approach is effective for detection of ductal carcinoma. We performed 445 MS procedure in 323 patients who had nipple discharge but no overt mass. The diagnostic accuracy rates of discharge cytology and intraductal breast biopsy (IDBB) were studied in detecting malignancy. The therapeutic value of IDBB for intraductal papillomas was studied in 73 patients. Out of 323 patients, 80 had breast cancer and 155 had intraductal papilloma. MS detected intraductal tumors in 47 cases (58.8%). IDBB was performed in 35 of these 47 cases. The sensitivity was 37.1% by touch cytology, 68.6% by IDBB, and 82.8% by directed ductal lavage cytology. Of the 73 intraductal papilloma patients who were followed for more than 3 years, the therapeutic effectiveness of IDBB was recognized in 57 (78.1%). Directed ductal lavage cytology was the most sensitive method in detecting malignancy. MS and IDBB were benefit in the treatment of intraductal papilloma.     

Intraductal biopsy for diagnosis and treatment of intraductal lesions of the breast

BACKGROUND: Bloody nipple discharge is a significant clue in the detection of ductal carcinoma of the breast. In the past, pathologic diagnoses were obtained exclusively via excision, but recently developed mammoscopic techniques have been found to yield valuable information relating to the diagnosis of intraductal lesions. METHODS: Mammary duct endoscopy (i.e., mammoscopy) was performed a combined total of 407 times for 295 patients who experienced nipple discharge. Intraductal breast biopsy (IDBB) under mammoscopic observation was performed in 193 intraductal papillomas (from a total of 107 patients) and 30 ductal carcinomas (from a total of 27 patients); IDBB was performed a combined total of 36 times in the 27 patients who had breast carcinoma and yielded 21 diagnostic specimens (58.3%). In addition, the therapeutic value of IDBB was assessed in 70 patients with intraductal papilloma who had undergone more than 3 years of follow-up; these 70 patients harbored a combined total of 75 intraductal papillomas. RESULTS: IDBB correctly identified the presence of carcinoma in 9 of 27 patients (33.3%); 7 other lesions (25.9%) were placed in the suspected carcinoma (i.e., atypical papillary lesion) category, and 5 (18.5%) were identified as intraductal papillomas. Using IDBB, it was difficult to collect diagnostic specimens from patients with breast carcinoma, because of the location and weak tissue cohesiveness of these lesions compared with intraductal papillomas. The 193 intraductal biopsies performed on intraductal papillomas yielded only 20 specimens that were insufficient for diagnosis. IDBB exhibited therapeutic efficacy in 54 of 70 patients with intraductal papilloma (77.6%) who had more than 3 years of clinical follow-up. Therapeutic results tended to be less favorable for patients who had intraductal lesions in multiple duct lobular units. CONCLUSIONS: Mammoscopy can contribute not only to the diagnosis of cases of nipple discharge but also to the treatment of intraductal papilloma.     

Mammary ductoscopy for diagnosis and treatment of intraductal lesions of the breast

BACKGROUND: Mammary ductoscopy (mammoscopy) is an ideal diagnostic method for intraductal lesions. The usefulness of mammoscopy for intraductal lesions was evaluated. METHODS: Mammoscopy was performed in 315 cases with nipple discharge. The mammoscopic findings of 46 breast cancer cases (47 lesions) and 109 intraductal papilloma cases (119 lesions) were compared with pathological findings. RESULTS: Carcinoma was recognized by mammoscopy in 38 of 47 lesions (80.9%). Intraductal masses were detected by mammoscopy in 115 of 119 intraductal papilloma lesions. The shape of the mass was classified as hemispheric, papillary, or flat protrusion. The hemispheric and papillary shapes were most common in cases of intraductal papilloma and the flat protrusion type was most common in cases of carcinoma. The amount of material collected by intraductal biopsy under mammoscopic observation was smaller in carcinoma than in intraductal papilloma because the carcinoma lesions were usually located in peripheral duct-lobular units and had weak tissue cohesion compared with that of intraductal papilloma. Of 133 intraductal biopsies performed for 69 intraductal papillomas, 17 biopsies yielded material insufficient for diagnosis in. The effectiveness of treatment by intraductal biopsy was recognized in 38 of 46 intraductal papillomas in which clinical follow-up continued for more than two years (82.6%). The therapeutic results of biopsy were poor in cases of multiple intraductal masses in multiple duct-lobular units. CONCLUSIONS: Mammoscopy contributes not only the diagnosis in cases of nipple discharge, but is also of benefit in the treatment of intraductal papilloma.     

乳头溢液的影像学诊断

目的：评价乳腺导管造影和钼靶X线平片摄影在乳头溢液患者诊断中的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析50例乳头溢液患者的钼靶X线检查资料，所有病例均经临床检查，钼靶X线平片摄影、乳腺导管造影检查及病理学检查确诊。结果：良性病变47例，其中乳腺导管内乳头状瘤35例，乳腺囊性增生病7例，导管扩张5例；乳腺导管癌3例；乳头溢液伴肿块者19例。乳腺钼靶X线平片摄影发现14例乳头溢液伴肿块者X线表现异常，乳腺导管造影发现导管内乳头状瘤28例（28／35），乳腺增生病2例（2／7），导管扩张症4例（4／5），乳腺导管癌1例（1／3）。结论：乳腺导管造影用于诊断乳腺导管系统疾病较为准确可靠，乳腺钼靶X线平片摄影对乳头溢液的诊断价值不大，一定条件下两者可联合应用。     

Fiberoptic ductoscopy for patients with nipple discharge

BACKGROUND: Breast carcinoma and precancer are thought to start in the lining of the milk duct or lobule, yet until recently, we have not had direct access to this area other than by blindly removing tissue by core biopsy or fine-needle aspiration. Fiberoptic ductoscopy (FDS) is an emerging technique allowing direct visual access to the ductal system of the breast through nipple orifice exploration. METHODS: We applied ductoscopy to 259 women who had nipple discharge, and we analyzed the visual findings, the cytological washings, and the subsequent histopathology. RESULTS: In 92 (36%) of these women, fiberoptic ductoscopy was successful in detecting an intraductal papillary lesion. Of these observed lesions, 68 (74%) were single papilloma, 21 (23%) were multiple discrete papillomas, and 3 (3%) were diffuse intraductal thickening which corresponded to diffuse papillomatosis on histopathological analysis. The overall positive predictive value of FDS screening was 83%. Of the lesions observed, 29.8% were located in the main (segmental) duct, 43.9% lesions in the first branch, 17.5% lesions in the second branch, 7.9% in the third branch, and 0.9% in the fourth branch. These lesions had an overall average distance of 2.7 cm from the nipple orifice. Ductal washings performed at the time of ductoscopy were effective at obtaining representative exfoliated ductal cells which could be evaluated for the presence of clumps (> 50 cells), clumps with atypia or single ductal cells. The presence of clumps with positive FDS increased the positive predictive value to 86%. CONCLUSIONS: Fiberoptic ductoscopy currently offers a safe alternative to ductography in guiding subsequent breast surgery in the treatment of nipple discharge.     

全数字化乳腺摄影及定位活组织检查在触诊阴性乳腺癌诊断中的应用

目的探讨全数字化乳腺摄影（FFDM）及定位活组织检查在触诊阴性乳腺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析42例临床触诊阴性,乳腺常规摄片提示有可疑乳腺癌征象,行定位活组织检查后经病理证实的乳腺癌病例的影像学表现。结果42例中,5例显示微小结节,8例显示局限性致密浸润,11例显示结构紊乱,18例显示微小钙化。病理类型为导管内癌23例,小叶原位癌2例,导管内癌伴早期浸润12例,浸润性导管癌3例,乳头状瘤癌变2例。全部病例均在定位导丝指引下行病灶切除,切除标本摄片确认属目标病灶。结论FFDM能清晰显示乳腺癌的直接和间接征象,结合定位活组织检查对临床触诊阴性乳腺癌的诊断具有重要价值。