运用团体心理咨询方法改善大学生抑郁情绪的调查研究

目的探索运用团体心理咨询的方法、改善或缓解大学生抑郁情绪的有效性,促进其心理健康成长。方法从浙江医学高等专科学校、金华职业技术学院医学院学生中共抽取40人作为团体成员,进行为期一个半月的团体心理咨询,以田纳西自我概念量表、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、抑郁量表(SDS)为评估工具,在实验前、后对团体成员进行测查。结果团体咨询后:(1)团体成员SDS总分下降,与咨询前比较差异非常显著(P<0.01)。(2)E(外倾)分(50.83±8.91)高于咨询前(47.32±7.50),P(精神质)分(44.15±5.26)低于咨询前(46.33±7.24),差异有显著性(P<0.05)。(3)SDS、田纳西自我概念两种量表的相关性分析表明,TSCS的9个正向因子与SDS的总分均呈负相关,TSCS的负向因子(“自我批评”因子)与SDS总分呈正相关,且自我概念与抑郁在总体上属于较高相关(P<0.01)。结论通过团体心理咨询的方式纠正大学生自我概念上的认知偏差,建立积极的自我评价,在短期内能有效改善或缓解大学生的抑郁情绪。     

团体辅导在大学生人际交往训练中的应用研究

目的通过团体辅导提高大学生人际交往的能力。方法选取大学生13名,采取团体训练,并用卡氏16种人格因素测验(16PF)、主观评估量表等方法评估效果。结果团体训练后,所有成员的10个自我评估项目均发生正向变化,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),并对此训练有满意的评价;16PF次元人格因素在训练后较训练前有改善,但训练前后比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论团体辅导可以改善大学生的人际关系、提高大学生的人际交往能力,是一种有效的活动。     

团体训练克服大学生人际敏感效果评价

目的了解人际交往团体训练克服大学生人际敏感的效果,探讨克服大学生人际敏感的有效方法。方法选取10名人际敏感的大学生为咨询对象,进行为期8周的人际交往团体训练。结果团体训练前后比较,SCL-90人际敏感因子得分分别为(2.60±0.38)和(1.90±0.26)分,差异有显著性(t=8.10,P<0.001);主观评价显示团体成员发生了积极、显著的变化。结论人际交往团体训练能有效克服大学生人际敏感。     

团体辅导在大学生人际交往训练中的应用研究

目的通过团体辅导提高大学生人际交往的能力。方法选取大学生13名,采取团体训练,并用卡氏16种人格因素测验（16PF）、主观评估量表等方法评估效果。结果团体训练后,所有成员的10个自我评估项目均发生正向变化,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,并对此训练有满意的评价;16PF次元人格因素在训练后较训练前有改善,但训练前后比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论团体辅导可以改善大学生的人际关系、提高大学生的人际交往能力,是一种有效的活动。     

自我意识团体辅导克服大学生焦虑情绪研究

目的探讨克服大学生焦虑情绪的有效途径,提高大学生心理健康水平.方法选取10名有焦虑情绪的大学生作为辅导对象,进行为期8周的自我意识团体辅导.结果团体辅导前后,焦虑自评量表(SAS)得分分别是(55.9±3.59)和(44.7±3.95)分,差异有非常显著性(P<0.001);症状自评量表(SCL-90)焦虑因子得分分别是(2.70±0.34)和(1.89±0.30)分,差异有非常显著性(P<0.001);问卷调查显示,辅导对象认为辅导效果很好或较好.结论通过自我意识团体辅导,能缩小"应该自我"与"实际自我"的差距,有效克服大学生的焦虑情绪.     

团体训练对D型人格医学生心理健康的影响

目的 探讨团体训练对D型人格医学生心理健康的影响,为有针对性开展心理健康教育提供一定依据。方法 采用14条目D型人格量表(Type D Personality Scale-14,DS14)对某医学院医学生人格类型进行诊断,并开展为期8周、每周1次的团体训练,进一步采用症状自评量表(Symptom Check List 90,SCL-90)对D型人格医学生团体训练前后的心理健康情况进行对比。结果 团体训练后,D型人格医学生在SCL-90的躯体化、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对性、恐怖及偏执8个单因子得分低于团体训练之前,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);在SCL-90的精神病性1个单因子得分高于团体训练之前,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 团体训练可在一定程度上改善D型人格医学生的心理健康状况。     

团体训练对大学生抑郁情绪的干预效果评价

目的评价团体训练对大学生抑郁情绪的干预效果,探索高校开展团体训练的有效形式。方法采用实验组与对照组前后测准实验设计,选取40名有抑郁情绪的大学生进行为期7周的认知应对团体训练,以抑郁自评量表(SDS)、归因方式问卷(ASQ)和简易应对方式量表(SCSQ)为测量工具,在团体训练实施前、后1周对被试者进行测量,并在6个月后再次进行SDS回访测量。结果①实验组干预后抑郁得分有明显改善,前测(60.54±8.34)分,后测(49.64±8.66)分,差异有统计学意义(t=3.44,P=0.003);对照组前测得分(48.82±13.04)分,后测得分(51.63±11.42)分,差异无统计学意义(t=0.65,P=0.552)。②实验组干预后应对方式有改善,积极应对得分前测(1.63±0.48)分,后测(2.08±0.37)分,差异有统计学意义(t=3.90,P=0.001),对照组前后两次应对方式的测评得分差异均无统计学意义。③实验组干预前后词频自评与自信心评价均有较大改善。④6个月后回访显示干预效果保持良好。⑤实验组干预前后抑郁程度分布情况发生改变,干预后抑郁程度均有所降低。结论团体训练对大学生抑郁情绪干预效果比...     

孕产妇焦虑和抑郁与产后抑郁症的关系

目的探讨孕产妇焦虑和抑郁情绪与产后抑郁症的关系。方法用医院焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)调查59例孕妇,比较孕妇在孕期、产时的焦虑与抑郁评分,并以艾迪产后抑郁量表(EPDS)跟踪调查至产后42 d,EPDS≥13分为阳性,即可确诊为产后抑郁症。结果产时SAS评分(46.02±9.12)和SDS评分(53.24±9.45)明显高于孕期SAS评分(36.12±11.51)和SDS评分(45.00±12.03),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);EPDS≥13分(产后抑郁症)9例,阳性率为15.25%。9例产后抑郁症患者产时焦虑与抑郁评分较高。结论产时焦虑和抑郁情绪比孕期重;产时焦虑和抑郁情绪与产后抑郁症的发生有关。     

正念训练对大学生睡眠和焦虑抑郁情绪的干预效果

  目的  探究线上、线下正念训练对改善新冠肺炎疫情后大学生焦虑抑郁情绪和睡眠质量的效果评价,为提高大学生心理健康程度提供参考。  方法  于2020年9月,采用随机整群抽样法选取华北理工大学1 203名大学生进行抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)筛查,符合入组标准者103名,随机分为线上组(64名)和线下组(39名),干预后评估大学生焦虑抑郁情绪和睡眠质量改善程度。  结果  线上线下正念训练干预后大学生SAS、SDS、PSQI得分均低于干预前,差异均有统计学意义（t值分别为5.57,5.31,3.99;4.88,5.02,5.88,P值均 < 0.01）。线上、线下两种干预训练,对睡眠质量改善程度差异有统计学意义（t=-2.55,P < 0.05）。大学生焦虑、抑郁、睡眠3种症状合并越少,正念干预症状缓解率越高,3种症状并存缓解率≤25%,2种症状并存缓解率 < 40%,仅有1种症状缓解率100%。  结论  线上、线下正念训练皆可作为干预睡眠、焦虑和抑郁情绪的有效手段;线下正念训练对于改善大学生睡眠质量优于线上;正念训练对于单一症状者缓解效果更为明显。     

不同心理素质训练方式对军人心理健康与个性的影响

目的研究不同心理素质训练方式对军人心理健康和个性的影响,为部队的心理健康教育和素质训练方式提供依据。方法以《军人心理素质训练》为训练教材,将1 011名军人分为系统训练组、单纯阅读组和空白对照组,进行为期8个月不同方式的心理素质训练,采用卡特尔16项个性因素问卷(16PF),于训练后对参加心理素质训练和对照组的军人进行团体心理测试。结果(1)3组间的16PF一级因素得分,聪慧性、兴奋性、忧虑性、紧张性得分差异非常显著(P<0.01),幻想性和世故性得分差异显著(P<0.05)。训练组聪慧性、幻想性和忧虑性得分依次为5.03±1.66、5.20±1.46和5.12±1.55,空白组3因素得分依次是4.26±1.79、5.48±1.25和5.66±1.34,组间比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05);阅读组的聪慧性、兴奋性得分均明显升高(P<0.05),世故性得分明显降低(P<0.05);训练组聪慧性得分明显高于阅读组(P<0.01)。(2)3组间的16PF次级因素得分,适应与焦虑因素、心理健康因素及新环境成长能力因素差异均非常显著(P<0.01)。训练组心理健康因素、新环境成长能力因素、适应与焦虑因素得分依次为5.64±1.47、4.62±1.21、5.25±1.37,空白组的3因素得分依次是5.29±1.13、4.31±1.18、5.53±1.02,组间比较差异显著(P<0.05);训练组新环境成长能力因素得分明显高于阅读组(4.35±1.22,P<0.05)。阅读组和空白组之间,各次级因素得分差异均无显著性。结论不同的心理素质训练方式对军人心理健康和个性产生不同的影响,通过系统训练可以取得较好的效果。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.