新生儿慢性肉芽肿病 1 例临床及基因分析

目的了解新生儿慢性肉芽肿病(CGD)的临床特征和诊断。方法回顾分析1例新生儿CGD的临床资料。结果患儿系新生儿期起病,除反复发热外,临床症状及体征不明显,接种疫苗后出现皮疹,曾有小脓疱性皮疹;中性粒细胞呼吸爆发功能检测提示刺激指数(SI)明显下降,曲霉菌抗原阳性,结核抗体、PPD实验及T-SPOT均阴性,肺部CT影像学可见多处结节实变影。抗感染及对症治疗效果不佳,后期出现巨噬细胞活化表现,自动出院后不久死亡。CYBB基因分析发现1个半合子突变:c.845_855del(缺失),导致氨基酸改变p.E283Afs*61(移码突变)。该变异不属于多态性位点,在人群中发生频率极低,为自发突变。结论对于新生儿期起病,存在疫苗接种后反应或皮肤感染、反复发热、中性粒细胞呼吸爆发功能检测SI下降、肺部CT影像学特征性多发结节实变影者,要高度怀疑CGD,CYBB基因突变是其常见致病原因。     

新生儿X-连锁慢性肉芽肿病4例分析暨文献复习

目的了解X-连锁慢性肉芽肿病（X-CGD）患儿的临床特点、治疗方法及基因突变类型。方法选择我科2013年4-12月经基因检测明确诊断为X-CGD的病例,总结患儿起病时间、症状、影像学表现、病原学检查、治疗及转归情况,了解基因突变类型。结果研究期间共收治4例X-CGD患儿,均为男婴,起病日龄13~17天,诊断日龄24-34天,1例有家族史。首发症状发热3例,咳嗽1例。肺CT表现为结节、不规则、球形或类圆形高密度灶。痰培养1例为烟曲霉菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,1例为白色念珠菌,2例阴性;血培养均阴性;血清半乳甘露聚糖（GM）试验阳性3例。应用抗细菌联合抗真菌治疗2-3周,4例均好转出院,随访6个月3例未复发,1例出院后未按医嘱服药生后5个月因反复严重感染死亡。CYBB基因突变分析示缺失突变1例,插入突变1例,错义突变2例,患儿母亲均为携带者。结论本病在新生儿期呼吸道症状及体征相对较轻,但影像学显示肺部病变严重,肺CT表现为多发结节或团块影,常规体液和细胞免疫功能正常的新生儿应考虑X-CGD。CYBB基因突变分布广泛,异质性明显,基因突变分析将成为产前诊断的重要工具。     

儿童侵袭性肺真菌病9例临床分析

目的探讨儿童侵袭性肺真菌病的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年9月河北省儿童医院呼吸科确诊及临床诊断为侵袭性肺真菌病的9例患儿临床资料。结果 9例患儿确诊3例,临床诊断6例;5例念珠菌感染,2例曲霉菌感染,1例毛霉菌感染,1例新型隐球菌感染;7例存在基础疾病,8例有发热,7例咳嗽,1例咯血;5例痰真菌培养阳性,3例血真菌培养阳性,1例肺泡灌洗液镜检阳性;6例肺CT可见多发团块状或球形高密度影,1例可见晕轮征,1例呈弥漫性粟粒性结节影,1例片状磨玻璃影;分别给予氟康唑、伏立康唑、两性霉素B脂质体抗真菌治疗,6例临床痊愈,3例死亡。结论长期发热可能为侵袭性肺真菌病患儿惟一症状,胸痛、咯血对肺毛霉菌病诊断有重要参考价值;侵袭性肺真菌病CT特点不同于细菌性及病毒性肺炎,多表现为多发团块、球形结节,肺隐球菌病CT可出现类似粟粒性肺结核影。     

慢性肉芽肿病基因型与感染病原体的相关性

目的探讨19例慢性肉芽肿病(CGD)患儿临床特点,了解其发病特点、影像学改变、常见感染病原体及基因突变类型。方法对2012年12月至2018年12月在香港大学深圳医院诊断的19例CGD患儿临床表现、实验室检查、治疗及预后资料进行总结分析。结果通过呼吸爆发检查及基因分析明确诊断19例CGD,均为男童。发病年龄≤1个月13例,诊断年龄为2个月~10岁,母亲为携带者16例。临床主要表现为肺部真菌感染(19/19例)、卡介苗病(14/19例)、淋巴结炎(14/19例)、肛周脓肿(9/19例)、皮肤脓肿(5/19例)和溃疡性结肠炎(2/19例)。微生物培养阳性共59例次,其中真菌9例次,肺炎克雷伯杆菌8例次,分枝杆菌7例次,草绿色链球菌5例次,大肠埃希菌3例次,革兰阳性细菌3例次,金黄色葡萄球菌3例次,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌2例次。19例明确基因诊断,其中CYBB 17例、CYBA 1例、NCF21例。无义突变6例,缺失突变5例(大片段缺失2例),剪接突变3例,错义突变5例。其中5种突变类型目前未见报道。本研究中3例剪接突变患儿皮肤、肛周脓肿及淋巴结炎常见,2例大片缺失突变患儿感染较其他患儿严重。结论在国内,CGD主要表现为肺部感染与播散性卡介苗病。感染谱中,分枝杆菌感染较常见;真菌感染占主要部分,呼吸道是最常感染部位;肛周脓肿以肺炎克雷伯杆菌及大肠埃希菌为主,基因突变类型与临床表型关系有待大数据进一步验证。     

CYBA突变所致儿童常染色体隐性遗传性慢性肉芽肿病二例临床特点和突变分析

目的 报道2例由细胞色素b,α亚单位(CYBA)突变所致常染色体隐性遗传性慢性肉芽肿病(A22CGD)患儿的临床表现及基因突变特点.方法 针对经DHR123流式细胞分析和CYBA基因突变分析明确诊断的2例A22CGD患儿,回顾其临床资料,总结与感染及炎症并发症相关的临床特点.结果 例1,女,2岁11个月,以肝脾脓肿入院,既往有新生儿脓疱疹,反复化脓性淋巴结炎病史.有2例同胞兄长生后早期高热夭折病史.DHR123流式细胞分析结果示佛波酯(PMA)刺激后阳性吞噬细胞为84.61％.CYBA基因突变分析为杂合的35T＞C,Q3X及IVS-2A＞G.例2,男,4岁1个月,以败血症(沙门菌D)入院,既往有肺炎,败血症,肛周脓肿和皮肤感染病史.有1例同胞姐姐婴儿早期不明原因夭折病史.DHR123流式细胞分析结果示PMA刺激后阳性吞噬细胞数为96.13％.CYBA基因突变分析为纯合的35T＞C,Q3X,父母均为携带者.2例患儿均有卡介苗接种相关的腋下淋巴结钙化.结论 A22CGD患儿具有反复化脓性感染(肝脾,皮肤,淋巴结,血流,肺,肛周)病史,DHR123流式细胞分析结果显示PMA刺激后阳性吞噬细胞数百分比可减低,CYBA突变分析结果分别显示杂合的外显子1的无义突变同时伴内含子1的致病性拼接区突变及外显子1的纯合突变.     

早发型新生儿李斯特菌病临床特征和治疗分析

目的探讨新生儿李斯特菌病的临床特征、抗生素治疗及预后。方法回顾分析2010年1月到2018年3月经血培养确诊的9例早发型新生儿李斯特菌病患儿的临床资料。结果 9例患儿中男6例、女3例;早产7例,平均胎龄(37.1±2. 8)周(29+2～39+3周);平均出生体质量(2 400±596)g(1 370～3 300 g)。患儿母亲产前发热8例、羊水污染8例、胎儿宫内窘迫6例。9例患儿均有发热,因窒息或呼吸窘迫行气管插管6例,全身斑丘疹6例,惊厥5例。血白细胞计数增多7例,单核细胞比例增多7例,血小板计数减少5例;心肌酶及肝酶升高7例;8例送检血C反应蛋白(CRP)均显著升高;6例行脑脊液检查中5例细胞数升高、葡萄糖降低。9例血培养均示革兰阳性杆菌生长。合并脑室扩大1例,Ⅲ级颅内出血1例。起始多用头孢三代联合青霉素或万古霉素治疗,入院24小时内血培养回报后调整为美罗培南联合青霉素或万古霉素,1例因反复发热和CRP持续不降换用美罗培南联合利奈唑胺治疗。治愈6例,死亡3例。结论新生儿李斯特菌败血症多见于早产儿,可呈暴发式感染,易合并多脏器损伤。体外细菌药敏试验与体内并不完全一致,抗生素联合应用效果更好。     

KMT2D基因突变所致的Kabuki综合征6例报告并文献复习

目的：探讨KMT2D突变引起的Kabuki综合征（KS）的临床、遗传学特点及其在新生儿期的临床特征。方法：采用全外显子组测序（WES）和临床panel的二代测序技术,结合复旦大学附属儿科医院分子诊断中心建立的数据分析流程,行相关基因测序和数据分析,对6例KMT2D基因突变患儿的临床及分子生物学特征进行总结。计算机检索 PubMed、中国知网、维普、中国生物医学文献和万方数据库,收集KS相关文献,检索时间从2012年4月至 2017年4月,对描述新生儿期临床特征的文献进行提取、归纳和总结。结果：6例KS患儿,男4例,女2例。其中3例在婴儿期均因KS相关临床表现,家属要求行家系WES确诊,1例新生儿经临床panel检测后确诊,2例因家属要求对患儿进行WES测序确诊。6例KS患儿共检测到7个KMT2D基因的杂合突变,分别位于11、39、51和53号外显子,包括1个终止、4个错义和2个移码突变。其中c.12697C>T（p.Q4233X）、c.16498C>T（p.R5500W）、c.16273G>A（p.E5425K）为人类基因突变数据库(HGMD)已收录的致病突变位点。c.12696G>T(p.Q4232H)、c.3495delC (p.Pro1165LeufsTer47)、c.10881delT（p.Leu3627ArgfsTer31）、c.12560G>A（p.G418E）为新发突变位点。经SIFT、Polyphen 2和MutationTaster 软件预测为有害突变。纳入18篇KS新生儿期起病文献加上本文2例（34例）,新生儿期表现为喂养困难（19例）,心脏发育异常（20例）,特殊容貌（17例）,骨骼发育异常（15例）,低血糖（10例）和肌张力低下（9例）等。结论：KS的典型临床表型在新生儿期还未完全呈现,当新生儿有喂养困难、心脏发育异常、特殊容貌等临床特征时需考虑KS,并尽早完善相关基因检测,实现早诊断、早干预。     

败酱草治疗新生儿脓疱疹及痱子疗效观察

脓疱疹是新生儿期一种常见病”、多发病,易引起新生儿败血症,长期以来应用抗生素治疗,时间长、治疗费用高。痱子在夏秋季发病高,易使患儿烦躁,并发局部感染。应用痱子粉治疗时间长、效果差。我科从1995年至1996年对150例脓疱疹及50例痱子患儿采用了中药败酱草清洗治疗取得了显著疗效,总结如下:临床资料1.选择对象:1.1日龄均为2-28天的新生儿。1.2150例临床疹断新生儿脓疱疹(诊断标准见于实用新生儿学)1.350例痱子,夏季全身或局部尤其在皮肤皱折处有较多红色丘疹。以上患儿均吃奶好,精神反应佳,不伴发热,血培养阴性。2.方法:2.1药液制作方法:…     

极低出生体重儿抗生素使用情况分析

目的 分析我院极低出生体重儿的抗生素使用情况,指导临床正确使用抗生素.方法 选择2012年1 ～12月我院新生儿重症监护病房收治的极低出生体重儿,依据卫生部2004年颁布的《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》及预防性使用抗生素指征,对患儿抗生素使用情况进行回顾性分析.结果 69例极低出生体重儿发生感染59例,共76例次.抗生素使用剂量及用法均符合规定,但在治疗时间及药物选择方面有54例次存在不合理使用现象,主要表现在：延长预防性用药时间19例次,占35.2％;预防性用药选用第三代头孢菌素16例次,占29.7％;无指征预防性用药7例次,占13.0％;碳青霉烯类不合理使用9例次,占16.6％;无指征治疗性使用抗生素3例次,占5.5％.未发现不合理应用万古霉素的情况.结论 依据《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》等规定,极低出生体重儿不合理使用抗生素现象严重.     

新生儿先天性重度肾积水诊疗分析

目的 探讨产前超声诊断的重度肾积水胎儿出生后围新生儿期的诊断、手术治疗及疗效.方法 对新生儿期入院的肾积水患儿7例进行分析,超声提示存在4级肾积水,行IVP或ECT 及 MRU检查后提示重度UEJ0肾积水.6例直接行离断式肾盂成型术（Anderson-Hynes术）.另1例行肾穿刺造瘘术.引流38 d后再行肾盂成形术.结果 7例患儿均无近期手术并发症.术后随访6个月至2年.尿常规未见明显泌尿系统感染.超声提示肾盂分离值较术前明显改善,肾皮质厚度较术前增厚.结论 肾积水围新生儿期手术治疗安全而有效,新生儿重度肾积水,明确诊断即可积极手术治疗,以保存患肾功能.超声检查对于肾积水患儿术前诊断及术后随访有重要意义.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.