HPLC法测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片中可可碱、盐酸麻黄碱、茶碱和咖啡因的含量

建立HPLC法测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片中可可碱、盐酸麻黄碱、茶碱和咖啡因的含量。采用D iamonsil C18色谱柱,以0.05mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾-甲醇-三乙胺(77∶23∶0.2)为流动相,检测波长为215nm。线性范围为可可碱:0.1011~0.9097μg(r=0.9998);盐酸麻黄碱:0.0418~0.3758μg(r=0.9999);茶碱:0.0973~0.8759μg(r=0.9999);咖啡因:0.0614~0.5522μg(r=0.9999),平均回收率为可可碱:99.8%(RSD=0.6%,n=9);盐酸麻黄碱:100.4%(RSD=0.9%,n=9);茶碱:99.6%(RSD=0.5%,n=9);咖啡因100.1%(RSD=0.3%,n=9)。本方法简便、快速,专属性强,可有效地控制复方茶碱麻黄碱片中可可碱、茶碱、咖啡因和麻黄碱的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片中4组分的含量

目的:用高效液相色谱法同时测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片中可可碱、盐酸麻黄碱、茶碱和咖啡因的含量。方法:采用Diamonsil C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-三乙胺(25:75:0.1);流速:0.8 ml·min-1;检测波长:210nm。结果:可可碱进样量在0.06～0.39μg(r=0.999 6)、盐酸麻黄碱进样量在0.03～0.16μg(r= 0.999 6)、茶碱进样量在0.06～0.38μg(r=0.999 6)、咖啡因进样量在0.04～0.23μg(r=0.999 6)范围内呈良好的线性关系。平均回收率分别为100.3%(RSD=0.3%);100.2%(RSD=0.6%);100.2%(RSD=0.6%);100.7%(RSD=0.5%)。结论:本方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于同时测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片中4组分的含量。     

梯度洗脱HPLC同时测定鼻腔洗剂Ⅱ号中3种有效成分含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定鼻腔洗剂Ⅱ号中甲硝唑、氯霉素和氢化可的松含量.方法采用高效液相色谱法.Intersil C18分析色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为8%乙腈-乙腈梯度洗脱,流速1.6mL·min-1,检测波长245nm.结果甲硝唑、氯霉素和氢化可的松的理论板数分别为16000,12000,5000;回归方程分别为Y=-7.769+3.734×10-6×(r=0.9995),Y=13.97+4.111×10-6×(r=0.9999),Y=8.433+1.046×10-6×(r=0.9999);线性范围分别为52.00～416.0μg·ml-1,131.8～659.0μg·ml-1,21.40～107.0μg·ml-1;平均回收率(±RSD)分别为99.2%(±2.6%),100.4(±1.1%),100.3%(±0.85%);最低检出浓度分别约为0.6,0.6,0.3μg·ml-1.结论用高效液相色谱法同时测定鼻腔洗剂Ⅱ号中甲硝唑、氯霉素和氢化可的松含量,操作简便,结果准确.     

HPLC法同时测定防风通圣颗粒中6种成分的含量

摘要：目的:建立采用HPLC法同时测定防风通圣颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱、栀子苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、甘草酸含量的方法。方法:采用Welch Ultimate Phenyl-Ether色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸（含0.1%NH4Cl）,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 ml·min-1;柱温为30℃;检测波长分别为210 nm（盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱）、238 nm（栀子苷）、278 nm（黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷）、252 nm（甘草酸）;进样量10μl。结果:盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸伪麻黄碱、栀子苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、甘草酸分别在2.07～20.67μg·ml-1（r=0.999 6）、1.14～11.37μg·ml-1（r=0.999 4）、3.13～31.33μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）、20.73～207.30μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、4.95～49.55μg·ml-1（r=0.999 8）、7.98～79.76μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）范围内呈良好的线性关系;6种成分加样回收率的平均值分别为98.79%、98.12%、99.24%、102.26%、96.66%、100.57%,RSD分别为2.42%、2.12%、2.47%、2.36%、2.34%、1.93%（n=6）。结论:所建立的方法准确、重复性好,可用于防风通圣颗粒中6种成分的同时测定,并为质量控制体系的完善提供依据。     

HPLC测定新复方大青叶片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量

建立测定新复方大青叶片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量的HPLC。采用反相ODS色谱柱 ,甲醇 -水(2 0∶80 )为流动相 ,检测波长为 2 80nm。对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的线性范围分别在 2 0～ 60 μg·ml-1(r =0 9998) ,2～ 6μg·ml-1(r =0 9997) ;平均回收率分别为 98 82 % (RSD =1 74 % ) ,99 4 5 % (RSD =2 0 4 % ) ,n =5。HPLC测定新复方大青叶片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量 ,方法准确、灵敏、回收率高     

HPLC法测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片中四种组分的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法同时测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片中四种组分含量的方法。方法:采用Dismonsil(Dikma)C18(20cm*4.6mm,5μl)色谱柱,0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾-甲醇-三乙胺(77:23:0.02)为流动相,流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长为215nm,柱温:40℃。结果:所选流动相适用范围较广,耐用性好,样品中四种组分均能达到良好的分离度。可可碱、盐酸麻黄碱、茶碱、咖啡因的浓度分别在5.392μg/ml～53.92μg/ml(r=1.0000)、4.894μg/ml～21.24μg/ml(r=1.0000)、2.124μg/ml～48.94μg/ml(r=1.0000)、2.98μg/ml～29.8μg/ml(r=1.0000)范围内线性关系良好。可可碱的平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=0.5%),盐酸麻黄碱的平均回收率为100.5%(RSD=1.0%),茶碱的平均回收率为100.2%(RSD=0.6%),咖啡因的平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=0.7%)。结论:本测定方法简便、准确、精密度高,可有效控制复方茶碱麻黄碱片中四种组分的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定复方诺氟沙星滴鼻液中的诺氟沙星和盐酸麻黄碱

目的　建立一种快速、准确的高效液相色谱法同时测定诺氟沙星 ( NOR)和盐酸麻黄碱 ( EPH)的含量。 方法　使用 C1 8色谱柱 ,流动相为乙腈— 0 .1%磷酸 ( 15 :85 V/V) ,检测波长为 2 5 6nm。结果 　样品测定在 9min内完成。诺氟沙星在 10～ 60μg· ml- 1 浓度范围内 ,r=0 .9999,RSD= 0 .46% ,平均回收率为 99.91% ;盐酸麻黄碱在 2 5～ 12 5 μg· ml- 1浓度范围内 ,r=0 .9992 ,RSD=0 .5 1% ,平均回收率为 10 0 .0 3%。 结论 　方法可快速准确地检测复方诺氟沙星滴鼻液中的诺氟沙星和盐酸麻黄碱含量     

HPLC法测定复方感冒灵片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量

目的 用HPLC法测定复方感冒灵片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量。方法 RP-HPLC法。结果 对乙酰氨基酚在20～60μg·ml-1,咖啡因在2～6μg·ml-1浓度范围呈良好线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.09%(RSD =1.60%)、101.4%(RSD =1.85%)。结论 用HPLC法测定复方感冒灵片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量方法准确、灵敏度高、重现性好。     

HPLC-CAD法同时测定千柏鼻炎片中7个活性成分的含量

摘要：目的:建立高效液相色谱法联合电雾式检测器（HPLC-CAD）同时测定千柏鼻炎片中盐酸麻黄碱、绿原酸、对羟基桂皮酸、金丝桃苷、穗花杉双黄酮、大黄素及大黄酚的含量,为千柏鼻炎片的质量控制提供依据。方法:采用HPLC-CAD法,色谱柱为Dikma Diamonsil C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,甲醇（A）-20 mmol·L-1乙酸铵（乙酸调pH至4.5）（B）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速:0.8 ml·min-1,柱温:35℃,进样量:20μl,CAD雾化器温度:35℃,过滤常数:5.0。结果:盐酸麻黄碱、绿原酸、对羟基桂皮酸、金丝桃苷、穗花杉双黄酮、大黄素及大黄酚的质量浓度分别在1.01～20.20μg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）,1.16～23.20μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）,1.08～21.60μg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）,1.15～23.00μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）,0.10～2.00μg·ml-1（r=0.999 6）,0.12～2.40μg·ml-1（r=0.999 4）及0.13～2.60μg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）范围内线性关系良好。盐酸麻黄碱、绿原酸、对羟基桂皮酸、金丝桃苷、穗花杉双黄酮、大黄素及大黄酚的平均加样回收率分别为98.69%,98.06%,98.21%,98.38%,98.70%,98.04%,97.37%,RSD分别为1.26%,1.58%,1.21%,1.44%,1.65%,0.88%,0.81%（n=6）。结论:本方法准确性好,灵敏度高,简便易行,可用于千柏鼻炎片中多指标成分的质量控制研究。     

HPLC-CAD法同时测定千柏鼻炎片中盐酸麻黄碱、绿原酸、对羟基桂皮酸、金丝桃苷及大黄素5个活性成分的含量

摘要：目的:建立高效液相色谱法联合电雾式检测器（HPLC-CAD）同时测定千柏鼻炎片中盐酸麻黄碱、绿原酸、对羟基桂皮酸、金丝桃苷及大黄素的含量,为千柏鼻炎片的质量控制提供依据。方法:采用HPLC-CAD法,色谱柱为Thermo Hypersil C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,甲醇（A）-20 mmol·L-1甲酸铵（甲酸调p H至4.0）（B）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流量:1.0 ml·min-1,柱温:35℃,进样量:20μl,CAD雾化器温度:35℃,过滤常数:5.0。结果:盐酸麻黄碱、绿原酸、对羟基桂皮酸、金丝桃苷及大黄素的质量浓度分别在1.03～20.60μg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）、1.17～23.40μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、1.10～22.00μg·ml-1（r=0.999 1）、1.17～23.40μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）及0.14～2.80μg·ml-1（r=0.999 4）内线性关系良好。盐酸麻黄碱、绿原酸、对羟基桂皮酸、金丝桃苷及大黄素的平均加样回收率分别为98.21%,99.36%,98.27%,98.28%,98.68%,RSD分别为0.77%,1.82%,0.70%,1.09%,1.68%（n=6）。结论:本方法准确性好,灵敏度高,简便易行,可用于千柏鼻炎片中多指标成分的质量控制研究。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.