甘草对大鼠离体输精管的影响

去甲肾上腺素、乙酰胆碱、组胺均可引起大鼠离体输精管的收缩，此作用可被甘草提取液（667μg／ml）所拮抗，提示甘草的解痉作用可能与α，M和H受体有关。     

可乐定镇痛与中枢胆碱能系统关系的研究

本文通过小鼠光辐射热甩尾实验证明毛果芸香碱对可乐定镇痛具有增强作用,而阿托品则具有拮抗作用。阿托品对可乐定镇痛的拮抗可能不是通过竞争受体的机制,因阿托品只有达10~(-4)M/L时方可减少(~3H)-可乐定的特异性结合。给大鼠侧脑室注射密胆碱(30μg/只)明显减弱可乐定(2mg/kg,S·C)的镇痛效应。结果提示可乐定镇痛效应的充分发挥需要中枢胆碱能系统功能的完整。     

鞘内注射荷包牡丹碱和L-烯丙基甘氨酸对氯胺酮脊髓镇痛的影响

目的　在体研究脊髓GABAA 受体和氯胺酮(Ket)脊髓镇痛的关系 ,并初步探讨突触前、后机制在其中的作用。方法　用热水甩尾法和醋酸扭体法 ,观察鞘内注射 (ith)Ket(2 5 ,5 0 ,10 0 μg)对小鼠痛阈的影响。并用热水甩尾法观察GABAA 受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱 (Bic ,0 .0 5 ,0 .1,0 .2 μg ,ith) ,GABA合成酶抑制剂L 烯丙基甘氨酸 (AG ,2 0 0mg·kg- 1,ip)及两药合用对小鼠基础痛阈和Ket(10 0 μg ,ith)脊髓镇痛的影响。结果　Ket可产生剂量依赖性的镇痛作用。Bicith对小鼠痛阈无明显影响 ,但可明显减弱Ket的脊髓镇痛作用。ipAG或合用Bic(0 .0 5 ,0 .1μg,ith)对小鼠痛阈都无明显影响 ,而预先AGip可明显减弱Ket脊髓镇痛作用 ;且AGip后 ,Bic(0 .1μg ,ith)对Ket脊髓镇痛无明显拮抗作用。 结论　脊髓是Ket的镇痛部位之一 ,Ket的镇痛作用可能和Ket促进脊髓释放GABA有关。     

侧脑室或鞘内注射烟碱对恩氟烷催眠和镇痛作用的影响

目的初步分析恩氟烷的催眠和镇痛作用与神经元烟碱受体之间的关系。方法催醒实验:小鼠ip恩氟烷2.2mL.kg-1,翻正反射消失1min后,分别脑室注射烟碱10,20和40μg(5μL),记录翻正反射恢复时间(即睡眠时间)。镇痛实验:①甲醛实验:小鼠ip恩氟烷0.5mL.kg-1,5min后分别鞘内注射烟碱5,10和15μg(5μL),再5min后于足底皮下注射2%甲醛溶液20μL,记录60min内小鼠舔被注射足的累积时间。②热板实验:给药方法同甲醛实验,于注射烟碱后5,10,15,20和25min记录小鼠足部接触热板至开始添后足的时间作为后足痛阈。结果脑室注射烟碱能明显减少恩氟烷催眠小鼠的睡眠时间;鞘内注射烟碱不能拮抗甲醛实验中恩氟烷的镇痛作用,但可拮抗热板实验中恩氟烷的镇痛作用。结论神经元烟碱受体可能是恩氟烷催眠作用的重要靶位之一;也可能是恩氟烷对热刺激镇痛作用的重要靶位之一,而非对化学、炎性刺激镇痛作用的靶位。     

鞘内注射纳洛酮对小剂量丙泊酚抗内脏伤害作用的影响

目的研究丙泊酚内脏痛镇痛机制是否与脊髓阿片受体有关。方法56只成年雄性SD大鼠蛛网膜下腔埋入导管后随机均分为8组，分别鞘内预注生理盐水（NS）或纳洛酮2μg／只、4μg／只或8μg／只，再腹腔注射NS或丙泊酚10mg／kg，随后采用结直肠扩张的内脏痛实验动物模型，以腹壁明显收缩变平的最小扩张压力值作为内脏痛反应（VMR）阈值，观察大鼠60min内内脏痛阈的变化。结果单纯腹腔注射小剂量丙泊酚后，5～25min内大鼠内脏痛阈显著升高（P〈0．01），10min达高峰（％MPE=37．2％）；单纯鞘内预注不同剂量纳洛酮大鼠内脏痛阈无明显变化（P〉0．05）；先鞘内预注不同剂量纳洛酮再腹腔注射丙泊酚后，丙泊酚所致抗内脏伤害作用被不同程度的减弱。结论（1）小剂量丙泊酚对内脏伤害刺激具有抑制作用；（2）纳洛酮剂量依赖、时间依赖地拮抗丙泊酚的抗内脏伤害作用，其作用机制与脊髓阿片受体有关。     

苯乙胺类新化合物抗前列腺增生作用研究

目的：探讨具有α1-肾上腺素受体（α1-AR）拮抗作用的XBM系列苯乙胺类新化合物的体外生物活性及体内药效作用。方法：SD大鼠离体肛尾肌等张力试验,观察XBM系列新化合物的拮抗作用;流式细胞术检测XBM-21的α1-AR亚型选择性;采用大鼠前列腺增生模型,观察XBM-21的抗前列腺增生作用。结果：大部分XBM系刳新化合物具有α1-AR拮抗作用,XBM-21的pA2值为8．42。钙流筛选测得XBM-21在α1A-AR、α1B-AR和α1D—AR上的IC50值分别为71．5mmol／L、1．03μmol／L、65nmol／L,且XBM-21能明显改善大鼠前列腺增生模型的干湿重指数。结论：新化合物XBM-21具有明显的α1-AR拮抗作用,且亚型选择性较强,提示该新化合物对良性前列腺增生所引起的症状将有较好的改善作用。     

金丝桃甙中枢镇痛作用及其机制的研究

金丝桃甙5μg/只(20g)侧脑室注射,经小鼠甩尾试验,热板法测痛,证实其有显著的中枢镇痛作用,其作用效价强度约等吗啡的1/20;相当于外周给药(腹腔给药)的100倍。用放射免疫法测得各脑区亮氨酸脑啡肽与金丝桃甙镇痛作用无关,纳络酮亦未能拮抗金丝桃甙的镇痛作用,但侧脑室注射CaCl_2和EGTA可分别拮抗和增强金丝桃甙的镇痛作用,并用原子吸收光谱法测得金丝桃甙产生镇痛作用时,小鼠脑内Ca~(2+)含量显著地减少。提示金丝桃甙中枢镇痛作用可能与降低脑内Ca~(2+)含量有密切关系。     

刺槐素对乳腺癌T47D细胞增殖的影响

目的研究刺槐素对乳腺癌T47D细胞增殖的影响,探究刺槐素雌激素样作用的主要介导受体。方法磺酰罗丹明B(SRB)法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞周期的变化,q PCR检测雌激素受体-α(ERα)、雌激素受体-β(ERβ)、细胞增殖抗原标记物(Ki67)mRNA表达,Western blot法检测ERα、ERβ蛋白表达。结果刺槐素浓度为0.001~10μmol·L~(-1),能促进T47D细胞增殖,使S和G_2/M期的细胞比例明显增加,增殖指数升高,同时增加Ki67 mRNA的表达,此作用可被雌激素受体拮抗剂ICI 182.780所拮抗。刺槐素及17β-雌二醇(E2)均可上调ERα和ERβ的表达,刺槐素联合ERα受体拮抗剂(MPP)可逆转刺槐素的促增殖作用,使S和G_2/M期的细胞比例明显降低,减少Ki67mRNA的表达;但刺槐素联合ERβ受体拮抗剂(PHTPP)处理虽可抑制细胞增殖效应,使S和G_2/M期的细胞比例降低,减少Ki67 mRNA的表达,但作用不明显。结论刺槐素具有雌激素样作用,在0.001~10μmol·L~(-1)浓度范围内,可通过调节ERα受体表达来促进T47D细胞的增殖。     

纳洛酮临床应用的研究进展——神经精神、内分泌、代谢和心血管系统方面

1960年Fishman 首先合成了纳洛酮(N-Allylynorexy Morphone;Naloxone 缩写N_x)。其结构虽似吗啡,但不成瘾,故不属麻醉药物禁限范围。N_x与具有双向激动-拮抗作用的药物如烯丙甲吗啡(Nalorphin);丙烯左吗喃(Levallorphan)和镇痛新(Pentazocine)等不同,N_x只具有拮抗中枢性麻醉药的作用。它极易通过血脑屏障,能较快地与内源性μ、K和σ三种阿片受体起竞争性拮抗作用,其中与μ受体亲合力最强。1961年Blumberg 报导N_x对镇痛有拮抗作用。近年来由于镇痛原理的研     

卡巴胆碱对脂多糖刺激巨噬细胞释放炎症细胞因子的影响及其受体研究

目的在体外脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞炎症模型中观察拟胆碱药卡巴胆碱对炎症细胞因子释放的影响,并研究其受体途径。方法采集大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,先给予M样胆碱能受体拮抗剂阿托品或N样胆碱能受体α7亚基特异性拮抗剂α-银环蛇毒素,15min后给予卡巴胆碱或N样胆碱能激动剂烟碱,15min后再给予LPS刺激,4～6h后取细胞培养上清液,ELISA法检测促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6水平和抗炎细胞因子IL-10水平。大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞制作细胞爬片,用高浓度烟碱和卡巴胆碱处理15min后加入异硫氰酸荧光素标记的α-银环蛇毒素(FITC-α-Bgt),在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察结果并摄片。结果卡巴胆碱与烟碱均能抑制LPS刺激后TNF-α、IL-6的释放,对IL-10的释放无影响。阿托品预处理后,卡巴胆碱与烟碱对TNF-α、IL-6释放的抑制作用无明显变化(P>0.05);α-银环蛇毒素预处理后,卡巴胆碱与烟碱对两种促炎细胞因子释放的抑制作用明显减弱(P<0.01)。激光共聚焦显微镜结果显示烟碱和卡巴胆碱处理后,FITC-α-Bgt与细胞的结合被减弱。结论卡巴胆碱在LPS刺激大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞模型中具有抗炎作用,此作用不能被阿托品阻断,可以被α-银环蛇毒素拮抗。表明卡巴胆碱的抗炎作用与烟碱相似,都是通过N样胆碱能受体α7亚基实现的。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.