共查询到17条相似文献,搜索用时 78 毫秒
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<正>氚(3H tritium)是氢的放射性同位素,衰变过程中可发射出低能β射线,最大能量18.6 keV,平均能量5.68 keV。氚具有易扩散、易氧化、渗透性强、存在同位素交换等性质,且以气体、水蒸气、氚化尘粒或气溶胶等不同放射性形态存在于工作场所中,包括工作场所的空气及被污染的液体(油、水)、设备与材料。氚进入人体的途径主要为吸入、皮肤摄入和食入。氚水进入人体后2~3 h内均匀分布全身,97%混入体内水分,生物半排期10 d; 相似文献
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目的 田湾核电站VVER机组厂房设计、工艺系统与其他压水堆电站存在部分差异性,为保障工作人员的健康,开展了氚相关的剂量监测和评价工作。方法 商运后,通过核岛厂房中空气中氚化水的单位体积内放射性活度监测和工作人员尿氚监测两种监测方式开展。结果 机组解列状态下,反应堆厂房空气中氚浓度未超过12 000 Bq/m3,其余检修节点,反应堆厂房空气中氚浓度未超过4 500 Bq/m3;所有检修节点,其余核岛厂房氚浓度均未超过600 Bq/m3;工作人员历史尿氚剂量监测结果基本低于40 μSv;氚致内照射集体剂量占总集体剂量比例在1%以内。结论 田湾核电站未发生过工作人员意外摄入氚事件,氚致个人剂量和集体剂量都较低,辐射风险较低。 相似文献
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目的 研究重水堆核电站氚内照射的剂量监测和照射防护,为氚内照射个人剂量的监测与氚内照射的防护提供参考。方法 对秦山第三核电厂运行十五年来的氚内照射剂量监测进行总结,介绍核电厂氚内照射监测方法,研究氚内照射个人剂量和集体剂量趋势,对比分析运行、维修、燃料操作、辐射防护等典型受照工种的集体剂量的分布特点。结果 自2003年以来,秦山第三核电厂严格按照国家相关法规标准开展氚内照射个人剂量监测,年均监测人数1 600人,年均监测人次11 000人次,工作人员年度氚内照射集体剂量均值149.62人·mSv,占年均总集体剂量的19.07%。结论 秦山第三核电厂氚内照射个人剂量监测实现了受照人员无遗漏、监测类型无缺项,监测计划最优化,满足国家相关法规标准的要求;工作人员职业氚内照射剂量值低于国家个人剂量限值和电厂管理目标值,其年度平均氚内照射集体剂量远低于国外重水堆核电站数值,氚内照射的防护与控制措施是有效的。 相似文献
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目的通过13例小剂量氚内照射临床医学观察,探讨小剂量氚内照射的毒性效应、辐射损伤特点及临床表现.方法分观察组和对照组进行临床医学各项指标观察,且观察组进行3年定期医学随防.结果观察组和对照组在临床表现、血小板、24h尿肌酸/肌酐比值方面有显著性差异.结论小剂量氚内照射临床表现与文献资料基本一致,但持续时间较长,且对血象、24h尿肌酸/肌酐影响明显.24h尿肌酸/肌酐比值可做为小剂量氚内照射的观察指标之一.氚的个人防护有待研究解决. 相似文献
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酒泉地区是甘肃省西部最主要的工、农,牧业区。为了调查该地区环境水中氚含量及其规律,研究大气层热核试验产生的氛对该地区环境造成的污染状况和对当地居民健康的影响,从1987~1989年底首次系统地进行了酒泉地区环境水中的氚及对居民所致剂量的调查研究工作。 相似文献
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[目的]研制建立核和辐射卫生监测公众内照射剂量估算软件。[方法]使用POWERBUILDER11.5,运用IAEA—TECDOC-1162出版物中有关食入和吸入途径内照射剂量估算方法,结合江苏省田湾核电站周围人群健康背景资料编制软件。[结果]建成核和辐射卫生监测公众内照射剂量估算软件:并运用软件计算2010年度田湾核电站30km半径范围内食品中^137Cs致公众内照射集体有效剂量为5.05人·mSy。2011年应对日本核电站泄漏辐射监测期间,南京地区蔬菜中^137I致公众内照射有效剂量最大为2.2×10~rosy。[结论]该软件可满足核电站正常运行和事故状态下,食入和吸入两种途径公众内照射待积有效剂量的快速计算评价。为保证评价准确性,需要对核电站地区人口结构和饮食结构资料进行定期调查。 相似文献
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L. Alessio M. R. Castoldi O. Monelli F. Toffoletto C. Zocchetti 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1979,44(2):127-132
Summary Chelatable lead (PbU-EDTA) is the best indicator of lead concentration at the critical organ level (indicator of dose). However, since this test is not easily applicable for the biological monitoring of lead-exposed subjects, the current practice is to determine lead in blood (PbB) and/or in urine (PbU). But these tests are indicators of exposure and not of dose. To analyze the reliability of PbB and PbU in estimating lead dose, the relationships between PbU-EDTA and PbB and between PbU-EDTA and PbU were studied in two groups of male lead workers: 48 currently exposed and 45 with past exposure to lead.In currently exposed workers the correlation between PbU-EDTA and PbB and between PbU-EDTA and PbU was very close (r = 0.85, r = 0.74, respectively); in past exposed workers the correlation with PbU-EDTA was decidedly lower for PbB (r = 0.54) and not significant for PbU (r = 0.29). In both cases the relationship between the variables was linear. In the previously exposed men, PbB displayed lower values than those found in currently exposed men.These results indicate that both PbB and PbU allow an indirect estimation to be made of the internal dose in currently exposed subjects, whereas the tests cannot be used for this purpose in subjects who have long since ceased to be exposed. In these cases chelatable lead must be determined. 相似文献
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Toshio Kawai Tomojiro Yasugi Shun'ichi Horiguchi Yoko Uchida Okujo Iwami Hiroshi Iguchi Osamu Inoue Takao Watanabe Haruo Nakatsuka Masayuki Ikeda 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1990,62(5):409-413
Summary The relationship of the intensity of occupational vapor exposure to isopropyl alcohol (IPA) with urinary excretion of acetone and unmetabolized IPA was studied in 99 printers of both sexes, who were exposed to up to 66 ppm IPA (as time-weighted average), together with toluene, xylenes, methyl ethyl ketone and/or ethyl acetate. Acetone and IPA concentrations in urine were studied also in 34 non-exposed subjects. Acetone was detectable in the urine of most of the non-exposed, and the urinary acetone concentration increased in proportion to the IPA exposure intensity (r = 0.84 for observed, non-corrected values), whereas the correction for creatinine concentration or specific gravity of urine did not give a larger correlation coefficient. IPA itself was not found in the urine of the non-exposed, and was detectable in urine of only those who were exposed to IPA above a certain level, e.g. 5 ppm. The present study results suggest that urinary acetone is a valuable index for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to IPA as low as 70 ppm.A part of this work was presented at 62nd Annual Meeting of Japan Association of Industrial Health, held in Hirosaki, Japan, on 27th–30th, April, 1989 相似文献
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目的 调查孕妇妊娠期饮水消毒副产物三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid,TCAA))内暴露水平及影响因素,并探讨其与妊娠结局的关系.方法 选择湖北省孝感市某医院2012年11月-2013年3月入院分娩的327名孕妇进行问卷调查,并测定其晨尿中TCAA的含量,采用Logistic回归模型分析探讨妊娠期TCAA内暴露水平和妊娠结局的关系.结果 孕妇尿中TCAA含量的平均值为10.96μg/g cr,P1、P10、P25、P50、P75、P90、P100分别为1.83、3.39、5.20、8.63、12.71、20.19、150.42 μg/g cr.饮水煮沸的孕妇尿TCAA含量明显低于未煮沸者(P<0.05).经混杂因素校正后,P51~P75的TCAA暴露与胎龄减少有统计学关联(OR=2.947,95%CI:1.504~5.776);未发现TCAA暴露与新生儿出生体重有关.结论 饮水煮沸可能减少TCAA内暴露水平,妊娠期TCAA暴露可能与早产风险增加有关联. 相似文献
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Relationship between external and internal parameters of exposure to manganese in workers from a manganese oxide and salt producing plant 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
H Roels R Lauwerys P Genet M J Sarhan M de Fays I Hanotiau J P Buchet 《American journal of industrial medicine》1987,11(3):297-305
In a plant producing manganese (Mn) oxides and salts, 11 different workplaces were identified. The current exposure to airborne Mn (total dust, personal sampling, n = 80) varied from 0.07 to 8.61 mg/m3. The geometric mean and median values amounted approximately to 1 mg/m3 and the 95th percentile was 3.30 mg/m3. The concentration of Mn in blood (Mn-B) in a group of 141 Mn-exposed male workers ranged from 0.10-3.59 micrograms/100 ml compared to 0.04-1.31 micrograms/100 ml in a group of 104 control subjects. The ranges of the concentrations of Mn in urine (Mn-U) were 0.06-140.6 and 0.01-5.04 micrograms/g creatinine for the exposed and control groups, respectively. The average level of Mn-B in the Mn group was more than twice as high as in the control group (arithmetic mean, 1.36 vs 0.57 microgram/100 ml) and that of Mn-U was ten times higher in the Mn group (geometric mean, 1.56 vs 0.15 microgram/g creatinine). The Mn-B level did not change significantly after 8 h of Mn exposure, whereas the Mn-U level dropped rapidly when exposure ceased (half-life less than 30 h). On an individual basis, neither Mn-B nor Mn-U correlated with the current levels of Mn-air or duration of Mn exposure. There was also no relationship between Mn-B and Mn-U. On a group basis, there was no correlation between the mean Mn-B levels and the current levels of Mn-air at each workplace.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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目的 分析2018—2020年北京某三甲综合医院介入放射工作人员外照射个人剂量监测结果,为保障工作人员健康和医院放射防护管理提供依据。方法 选取北京市某医院321名介入放射工作人员作为研究对象,收集2018—2020年介入工作类型、岗位、个人剂量监测结果等信息,用SPSS 22.0对个人剂量监测结果进行分析。结果 2018—2020年每年有效监测率分别为78.82%、81.65%和96.85%,呈上升趋势(χ2趋势=16.134,P <0.001);人均年剂量当量分别为0.142 mSv、0.142 mSv和0.265 mSv,2020年人均年有效剂量高于2018年(H=24.562,P <0.001)和2019年(H=39.378,P <0.001),差异有统计学意义;2020年人均年有效剂量介入临床医生组>介入护理人员>技师组(H=10.699、6.562,P <0.01);2020年心内科介入医生个人年剂量监测结果高于综合介入、神经介入、血管外科3个科室(H=35.530、37.614、35.496,P <0.001... 相似文献