胸腺瘤168例临床资料分析

目的 探讨胸腺瘤的临床特点、治疗及预后。方法 回顾性分析本院收治的168例胸腺瘤并结合文献对其诊治进行讨论。结果 肿瘤完整切除126例，姑息切除29例，探查活检13例。术后并发肌无力危象7例，其中2例死亡。本组5年生存率为69．1％。结论 恶性胸腺瘤诊断后应尽早手术治疗；预后取决于肿瘤是否外侵及手术的彻底性，术后放疗、化疗有助于改善预后；手术治疗原则是即使不能完整切除也应尽可能多地切除肿瘤，复发的胸腺瘤仍有手术指征。     

恶性胸腺瘤的外科治疗(附28例分析)

恶性胸腺瘤多无特殊临床表现。传统的病理诊断对胸腺瘤良、恶性鉴别帮助不大，而术中检查肿瘤包膜是否完整，是否向周围组织、器官侵犯可为良恶性判断提供重要依据。恶性胸腺瘤均予术后放疗以提高生存率。本组28例恶性胸腺瘤外科治疗经验，其中7例合并重症肌无力，占25％。术后5年，10年生存率分别为63．2％和40％，生存率和分期相关（P＜0．05）。我们认为Masaoka分期法是一种较实用的分期法，其分期情况对指导术后治疗和判断予后有重要参考价值。手术切除虽是胸腺瘤首选治疗，但对于术中发现肿块和大血管关系密切，手术危险性极大时，要行姑息性切除，术后放疗仍可有较好疗效。对于合并重症肌无力者，强调经胸骨正中切口，以达到彻底切除胸腺及全部脂肪组织的目的。     

胸腺瘤综合治疗研究进展

胸腺瘤是前纵隔最常见的原发肿瘤,手术切除是其首选治疗方式。胸腺瘤对化疗比较敏感,对于未切除、复发和转移的胸腺瘤,化疗已显示出显著的抗肿瘤活性。术前放疗、化疗或联合使用放化疗,可提高手术切除率,使一些原不可能切除者获得根治或姑息性切除。术后放疗可有效控制肿瘤组织残留,减少术后复发,减缓晚期肿瘤的发展,延长患者的生存期。多种治疗手段综合应用在提高胸腺瘤的疗效中发挥着重要作用。     

胸腺瘤综合治疗研究进展

胸腺瘤是前纵隔最常见的原发肿瘤,手术切除是其首选治疗方式。胸腺瘤对化疗比较敏感,对于未切除、复发和转移的胸腺瘤,化疗已显示出显著的抗肿瘤活性。术前放疗、化疗或联合使用放化疗,可提高手术切除率,使一些原不可能切除者获得根治或姑息性切除。术后放疗可有效控制肿瘤组织残留,减少术后复发,减缓晚期肿瘤的发展,延长患者的生存期。多种治疗手段综合应用在提高胸腺瘤的疗效中发挥着重要作用。     

术后放疗在I期/II期/III期胸腺肿瘤中的作用--ChART回顾性数据库研究结果

背景与目的胸腺肿瘤术后放疗尚存在争议,此研究目的为评价术后放疗在I期-III期胸腺肿瘤中的作用。方法搜索中国胸腺瘤研究协作组（Chinese Alliance of Research for hTymomas, ChART）数据库中1994年至2012年接受手术切除未行新辅助治疗的I期-III期胸腺肿瘤患者的资料。对临床病理资料进行单因素、多因素分析,Cox比例风险模型用于决定死亡风险比。结果 ChART数据库中I期-III期胸腺肿瘤共1,546例。其中649例（41.98%）接受术后放疗。术后放疗与性别、组织学类型（World Health Organization, WHO）、胸腺切除程度、是否完全切除、Masaoka-Koga分期及辅助化疗相关。手术后辅助放疗患者5年、10年总生存和无瘤生存分别为90%和80%、81%和63%,而单纯手术者5年、10年总生存和无瘤生存分别为96%和95%、92%和90%,两组生存有统计学差异（P=0.001, P<0.001）。单因素表明年龄、组织学分类（WHO）、Masaoka-Koga分期、是否完全切除和术后放疗与总生存相关。多因素分析提示组织学分类（WHO）（P=0.001）、Masaoka-Koga分期（P=0.029）和是否完全切除（P=0.003）是总生存的独立预后因素。单因素分析表明性别、重症肌无力、组织学分类、Masaoka-Koga分期、手术方式、术后放疗和是否完全切除与无瘤生存相关。多因素分析表明组织学类型（P<0.001）、Masaoka-Koga分期（P=0.005）和是否完全切除（P=0.006）是无瘤生存的独立预后因素。亚组分析表明不完全切除患者接受术后放疗可以提高总生存和无瘤生存（P=0.010, P=0.017）。然而,完全切除者接受术后放疗则会降低总生存和无瘤生存（P<0.001, P<0.001）。结论此回顾性研究表明不完全切除I期-III期胸腺肿瘤患者术后放疗可以提高总生存和无瘤生存。但是,对于完全切除患者,术后放疗总体上并未显示出生存获益。     

胸腺瘤术后辅助放疗的现状及进展

手术切除是胸腺瘤最重要的治疗手段,然而,术后辅助放疗的作用一直存在不同争议。二维放疗时代多数获益不明显,精准放疗技术已使肿瘤放疗发生了较大的变化,胸腺瘤术后放疗价值也可能在改变。目前,放疗在手术切缘阳性或无法行手术切除者的作用是肯定的;在完整手术切除者中,Masaoka-Koga分期Ⅰ期患者无需术后辅助放疗,Ⅱ期患者术后辅助放疗作用争议较大,如果放疗宜考虑Ⅱb期、大体积、B2/B3型等因素;Ⅲ期术后辅助放疗也存在争议,但是多数结果倾向行术后放疗。术后辅助放疗宜采用精准放疗技术,照射范围建议瘤床三维外扩0.5 cm,肿瘤累及的纵隔胸膜及沿纵隔胸膜前后、头脚方向0.5～1.0 cm,肺侧纵隔胸膜为0.5 cm以内,以及肿瘤周血管壁和部分血管间隙,避免包括过多的正常组织。剂量在完全切除时为45~50Gy,非完全切除为54~60Gy或稍高,可能会使放疗获益增加和风险下降。质子、重离子等新型放疗技术的应用可获得剂量学方面的优势,是否能转化为临床获益还需进一步探究。     

26例胸腺瘤外科治疗经验

目的回顾总结26例胸腺瘤外科治疗经验。万法全鄙米用胸骨正中切口，完整训际22例，姑思性切除2例，单纯活检2例。17例接受术后放射治疗，3例术后同时接受放疗及化疗。结果本组无手术死亡，术后无肌无力危象发生，症状明显缓解／消失21例。除3例病人失访外，1例姑息性切除者术后3月肿瘤复发，3例术后1月重症肌无力症状复发或加重。结论患者易有多种伴瘤症状而使临床表现呈现多样化，手术有望改善或消除这些症状。手术治疗是目前治疗胸腺瘤的首选方式，完整切除肿瘤是提高手术疗效的关键。伴发重症肌无力症状者要重视围手术期处理。多学科综合治疗在胸腺瘤的治疗中日益受到重视。     

恶性胸腺瘤的外科治疗

恶性胸腺瘤多无特殊临床表现。传统的病理诊断对胸腺瘤良、恶性鉴别帮助不大，而术中检查肿瘤包膜是否完整是否向周围组织、器官侵犯可良恶性判断提供重要依据。恶性胸腺瘤均予术后放疗以提高生存率。本组２８例恶性胸腺癌外科治疗经验，其中７例合并重症肌无力，占２５％。术后５年，１０年生存率分别为６３．２％和４０％，生存率和分期相关，我们认为Ｍａｓａｏｋａ分期法是一种实实用的分期法，其分期情况对指导术后治疗和判断予     

胸腺瘤的外科治疗

目的：总结１９８５年至１９９８年胸腺瘤外科治疗的经验。方法：对手术治疗的１０９例胸腺瘤患者作回顾性分析。结果：肿瘤完整切除７６例,姑息切除１９例,探查活检１４例。按Ｍａｓａｏｋａ分期：Ⅰ期２７例,Ⅱ期４１例,Ⅲ期３２例,Ⅳａ期９例。术后并发肌无力危象１１例,２例死亡。５年生存率为６４．５％。结论：手术切除范围、临床分期、术后放疗是影响预后的重要因素。术后肌无力危象是围术期死亡的首要原因。外科治疗应     

61例恶性胸腺瘤患者治疗分析

目的：探讨恶性胸腺瘤的治疗方法及其疗效。方法：回顾分析61例恶性胸腺瘤的临床资料。按治疗方法分为完全切除组32例，部分切除组26例和探查组3例，每组中均有放疗和非放疗患者。以术后5年复发率和生存率做为疗效指标进行分析。结果：术后放疗患者5年复发率低于同组未放疗患者，5年存活率高于未放疗患者，大部切除结合放疗组与完全切除结合放疗组的5年复发率（P=0．926），生存率（88．9％VS86．4％）之间无显著差异。结论：胸腺恶性肿瘤因浸润性生长，多不能完全切除，术后结合放疗有助于控制局部复发和提高存活率。     

Surgical,Radiation, and Systemic Treatments of Patients With Thymic Epithelial Tumors: A Systematic Review

IntroductionThymic epithelial tumors are rare and are classified as thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic neuroendocrine tumors. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the treatment options for patients with thymic epithelial tumors.MethodsThis systematic review was developed by Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario)’s Program in Evidence-Based Care and by the Lung Cancer Disease Site Group. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies comparing surgical, radiotherapy, or systemic treatments against any combination of these treatments in patients with thymic epithelial tumors. Meta-analyses were conducted with clinically homogenous studies.ResultsA total of 106 studies were included, mainly from observational studies. There was an overall survival benefit with postoperative radiotherapy for patients with thymic carcinoma (hazard ratio = 0.65, 95% confidence interval: 0.47–0.89) and for patients with thymoma (hazard ratio = 0.70, 95% confidence interval: 0.59–0.82), especially for those with a high risk for mortality. Patients with thymic carcinoma or thymoma had a response to chemotherapy. Selection bias affected the results for studies that evaluated neoadjuvant chemotherapy or minimally invasive surgical techniques. Furthermore, the overall survival benefit found for adjuvant chemotherapy may have been confounded by the administration of postoperative radiotherapy.ConclusionsFor patients with thymoma or thymic carcinoma, the literature is of low quality and subject to bias. There were overall survival benefits with postoperative radiotherapy. The results of this systematic review were used to inform treatment recommendations in a clinical practice guideline. Future large-scale prospective studies that control for confounders are needed.     

胸内巨大实质性肿瘤的诊断与外科治疗

目的 探讨胸内巨大实质性肿瘤的诊断与外科治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析经手术治疗的36例胸内巨大肿瘤患者的临床资料.其中肿瘤彻底切除34例,同期行上腔静脉成形术3例,左无名静脉结扎术2例.6例患者术后加用放射治疗.结果 36例患者中,围术期死亡2例,占5.6%.术后平均住院时间为14.2 d.症状明显改善者32例,术后出现复张性肺水肿6例.随访1～22年,良性肿瘤患者平均存活时间为10.0年,恶性肿瘤患者平均存活时间为2.1年.结论 对胸内巨大实质性肿瘤患者尽可能采取手术治疗,即使不能彻底根治,术后加用放射治疗也能取得良好疗效.选择正确的麻醉方法与合适切口,结合具体情况采取不同的切除方式和止血方法是成功的关键.     

Postoperative radiotherapy in localized non-small cell lung cancer

Surgery alone can cure 40-85% of patients with localized non-small cell lung cancer, depending on tumor stage and metastatic lymph-node involvement. As local failure rates occur in up to 50% of the cases, postoperative radiotherapy as an adjuvant treatment option has been evaluated in several trials. This review briefly summarizes the published data mainly from randomized trials. While most of the studies showed a decrease in local recurrence rate, especially in stage-III/N2 tumors after postoperative radiotherapy, no impact could be shown on overall survival. In early stages a detrimental effect of postoperative radiotherapy has been postulated, but those findings have to be interpreted with caution as radiation techniques used were suboptimal and probably not today's state of the art. A carefully designed randomized trial using modern radiotherapy techniques is warranted to define the impact of irradiation on completely resected NSCLC.     

术后化疗胸腺肿瘤中的应用及对其预后的影响

背景与目的探讨术后化疗在胸腺肿瘤中的应用及术后化疗对Masaoka III期/IV期预后的影响。方法1994年3月至2012年12月,中国胸腺瘤研究协作组（Chinese Alliance of Research for hTymomas, ChART）数据库共纳入2,306例胸腺肿瘤病例,资料相对完整1,700例患者纳入本研究,对其中Masaoka III期/IV期665例患者进行进一步分析,初步评估术后化疗的临床价值,采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制不同亚组患者生存曲线,Cox回归进行多因素分析影响预后的因素。采用倾向值匹配研究（propensity-matched study, PSM）,评估化疗的临床价值。结果1,700例患者中未行术后化疗1,406例（82.7%）,术后化疗294例（17.3%）,随着Masaoka分期的增加,术后化疗患者的比例也随之增高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。对Masaoka III期/IV期患者665例进行进一步分析,其中未术后化疗组444例,术后化疗组221例。两组患者在有无重症肌无力、WHO病理类型、病理分期、手术根治性、有无术后放疗等方面分布有差异（P<0.05）。其中C型胸腺瘤、不完全切除和术后放疗明显影响患者术后复发和生存（P<0.05）。术后化疗组5年和10年无病生存率分别为51%、30%,5年和10年复发率分别为46%、68%,而未术后化疗组5年和10年无病生存率分别为73%、58%。5年和10年复发率分别为26%、40%,两组无病生存率和复发率均有明显统计学差异（P=0.001, P=0.001）。对有无重症肌无力,病理类型,病理分期,手术根治性状态,术后放疗等因素进行倾向值匹配筛选出其中158例未术后化疗和158例术后化疗共316例患者,生存分析显示：未术后化疗组和术后化疗组两组5年生存率并无明显统计学差异（P=0.332）。结论病理学类型、手术的根治性和术后放疗是影响进展期胸腺肿瘤患者术后生存和复发的主要因素。术后化疗并未给Masaoka-Koga III期/IV期胸腺瘤患者带来生存获益。     

Treatment and prognosis of thymic carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 40 cases

BACKGROUND: Thymic carcinomas are rare neoplasms, and information regarding the results of treatment and possible prognostic factors in patients with these tumors is limited. METHODS: The records of 40 patients with histologically confirmed thymic carcinoma who were treated between 1984 and 1998 were reviewed. Twenty-seven patients were treated with surgical resection followed by radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy, and the remaining 13 patients were treated with radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. The median follow-up time for the 13 surviving patients was 87 months (range, 44-193 months). RESULTS: The 5-year and 10-year actuarial overall survival rates in all patients were 38% and 28%, respectively. On univariate analysis, complete resection, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), histology, and Masaoka stage at the time of diagnosis were found to have a significant impact on overall survival, whereas on multivariate analysis, complete resection, KPS, and histology were found to be significant prognostic factors. With regard to the degree of resection, 12 of 16 patients (75%) treated with complete resection were alive and free of disease at the time of last follow-up whereas 1 of 24 patients (4%) treated with incomplete resection or biopsy still was alive. Among 12 surviving patients treated with complete resection, 8 with resectable tumors at the time of presentation all had low-grade histology (squamous cell carcinoma) and were treated successfully with complete resection and postoperative radiotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. The remaining four patients with unresectable tumors at the time of presentation were treated successfully with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, complete resection, and postoperative radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study indicate that multimodal treatment, especially complete resection and postoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy, is a curative therapy for thymic carcinomas.     

颅后窝髓母细胞瘤的治疗(附89例临床分析)

目的　对近几年收治的儿童髓母细胞瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析 ,旨在提高对该疾病的认识和治疗效果。方法　 89例全部采用手术切除加术后放疗。结果　手术全切除 72例、次全切除 17例 ;术后 2例死于脑干功能衰竭 ,2例术后 2月出现脑积水 ,3例出现缄默症 ,2例上消化道出血 ,所有患者均有不同程度的发热 ;随访 5 2例 ,术后 3年无瘤生存 49例 ,桥小脑角 1例术后 7年原部位复发。结论　手术应尽量全切并注意保护脑干及蛛网膜下腔 ,若肿瘤较大者应首先分块切除中心部位 ,减少体积后再沿边界切除 ,以减少术后并发症 ;术后放疗应作为常规治疗手段 ,放疗范围及剂量应视患者年龄而定。     

骨肿瘤规范化治疗与研究展望

近30年来,骨与软组织肿瘤的治疗在整个骨科领域中所占的比重虽然不大,但其进步是非常显著的。随着化疗的引入,手术技术的提高,综合治疗和规范化治疗的倡导,骨与软组织肿瘤的诊治水平和策略有了长足的发展。对于常见的骨与软组织原发肿瘤,治疗的总体方案归结为以手术为主导,放化疗为辅助的综合治疗,患者的生存率较前大大提高,复发率明显降低,功能评定显著改善。在当前的总体治疗策略上,我们仍然一贯地推崇骨肿瘤的规范化治疗,并不遗余力地在全国进行推广。倡导规范化、推动规范化、推崇创新研究,是目前骨肿瘤学科的鲜明特点。     

Ⅳ期直肠癌盆腔放疗疗效和预后因素分析

目的 回顾分析Ⅳ期直肠癌患者盆腔放疗疗效和预后因素。方法 2000—2010年接受盆腔放疗和(或)直肠手术的Ⅳ期直肠腺癌患者6l例,包括转移灶及原发灶均切除19例,转移灶未切除但原发灶切除19例,转移及原发灶均未切除但盆腔放疗23例。Kaplan-Meier法生存分析并Logrank法检验和单因素分析,分类资料间比较Fisher’s 精确概率法。结果 5年OS、PFS率分别为26%、17%。预后分析显示T₄期、N (+)、年龄>65岁、肝外转移、原发灶未切除与OS相关, T₄期、N (+)和与原发灶未切除与PFS相关。转移灶切除患者中直肠根治性切除后是否盆腔放疗的5年OS率分别为67%和32%(P=0.119),转移灶未切除患者中直肠原发灶是否切除的2年OS率分别为52%和27%(P=0.057)。直肠原发灶单纯盆腔放疗者中仅4例需要手术造瘘。结论 转移灶可切除Ⅳ期直肠癌术后盆腔放疗的价值有待研究。转移和原发均不可切除Ⅳ期直肠癌原发部位行盆腔放疗疗效确切。     

Role of postoperative radiotherapy in resected non-small cell lung cancer: a reassessment based on new data

In completely resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with pathologically involved mediastinal lymph nodes (N2), administration of adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy is now considered the standard of care, based on level 1 evidence. The role of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) in this group of patients remains controversial. The PORT meta-analysis published in 1998 concluded that adjuvant radiotherapy was detrimental to patients with early-stage completely resected NSCLC, but that the role of PORT in the treatment of tumors with N2 involvement was unclear, and that further research was warranted. Recent retrospective and nonrandomized studies, as well as subgroup analyses of recent randomized trials evaluating adjuvant chemotherapy, provide evidence of the possible benefit of PORT in patients with mediastinal nodal involvement. The role of PORT is also a valid question in patients with proven N2 disease who have undergone only induction chemotherapy followed by surgery, because the local recurrence rate for such patients varies in the range of 20%-60%. Based on the currently available data, PORT should be discussed for fit patients with completely resected NSCLC with N2 nodal involvement, preferably after completion of adjuvant chemotherapy. There is a need for new randomized evidence to evaluate PORT using the modern three-dimensional conformal radiation technique, with attention paid to reducing the risk for, particularly, pulmonary and cardiac toxicity. A new large multi-institutional randomized trial evaluating PORT in this patient population is needed and now under way.     

胸腺类癌(附13例报告)

目的：探讨胸腺类癌临床表现、治疗及预后.方法：对天津市肿瘤医院自1960年1月～2006年6月间共收治胸腺类癌13例.本组男11例,女2例,年龄36～59岁,平均48.8岁,病期1～14个月,平均5.3个月.结果：完整切除3例,2例生存超过8年,7年后失访,1例生存7年半死亡,5例不完全切除,1年左右均死亡,探查2例,1例术后放疗生存13年,1例有异位上腔静脉综合征,探查后3个月死于广泛转移,3例放化疗,2例1年死亡,1例放化疗有效,目前生存5个月,仍在治疗中.结论：胸腺类癌病理分为典型与不典型类癌,不典型者预后差,电镜示胸腺类癌在细胞浆内有致密核心颗粒,大小由600～5 000埃（angstromes）,可有细胞间桥小体,宽阔张力丝及基底层在胸腺癌内缺如,电镜可作鉴别诊断,有利胸腺类癌诊断,手术彻底切除预后好,尤其典型者,不彻底切除,放疗、化疗均较差.