CT对恶性和良性胸腔积液鉴别诊断价值

目的 评价胸部CT对恶性胸腔积液(胸水)和良性胸水鉴别诊断的价值。方法 回顾性分析了已确诊的54例恶性胸水和42例良性胸水患者的胸部CT征象。结果 恶性胸水患者CT上常见的胸膜改变为结节状胸膜增厚,纵隔胸膜受累,胸膜增厚>10mm,环状胸膜增厚。此外,肺内肿块与结节灶和纵隔淋巴结肿大多提示为恶性胸水。良性胸水CT上的主要胸膜改变为基底部胸膜受累或基底部胸膜增厚较中上部胸膜明显,脏层胸膜受累,包裹性胸水和胸膜钙化。结论 CT可为恶性和良性胸水的鉴别诊断提供有价值的影像学征象。     

恶性肿瘤胸膜转移的CT诊断

目的 分析胸膜转移的CT影像学特点,探讨胸膜转移与常见病变的鉴别诊断要点.方法收集和汇总有证实的66例胸膜转移临床和影像学资料.结果 66例胸膜转移患者中胸膜结节61例,占92.42%,胸膜不规则增厚和胸腔积液各49例,均占74.24%.结论 胸膜结节、胸膜不规则增厚和胸腔积液是胸膜转移的主要影像学征象.     

肺癌胸膜种植转移的CT表现及其解剖分布

目的 总结胸膜种植转移的CT征象及其解剖分布。方法 回顾分析32例临床、病理确诊为原发性肺癌伴胸膜种植转移患者的CT表现。结果 本组患者的胸部CT征象主要表现为胸腔积液(24例)、脏层胸膜转移结节(10例)、壁层胸膜转移结节(16例)及胸膜增厚(3l例)。脏层胸膜转移结节中，分布于肺表面脏层胸膜9处，叶间胸膜l0处。壁层胸膜转移结节分布在膈胸膜、肋胸膜、纵隔胸膜、肺韧带，共45处。结节小至2—5mm的粟粒，大至5～10mm。胸膜增厚中因直接侵犯造成者10例，间接转移者2l例，后者中9例表现为增厚≤10mm，4例一侧胸膜环状增厚，5例纵隔胸膜增厚，3例肺韧带增厚。结论 肺癌胸膜转移最常见的CT征象为胸腔积液，其次为胸膜转移结节及胸膜增厚。转移结节最常分布在隔胸膜、肋胸膜，并可转移至肺韧带；早期表现为粟粒状，在肺窗容易发现。     

胸膜间皮瘤的CT诊断与鉴别诊断

目的探讨CT检查在胸膜间皮瘤患者临床诊断中的价值,以进一步提高影像诊断的准确率。方法收集江苏省肿瘤医院2007年6月至2016年6月经穿刺或手术病理证实的胸膜间皮瘤患者14例的临床资料,总结其CT征象与特点。结果诊断胸膜间皮瘤有意义的影像征象包括:胸膜增厚;胸腔积液;纵隔固定,患侧胸腔体积缩小;肋骨骨质破坏;有石棉接触史者可出现胸膜斑、胸膜钙化;纵隔及肺门淋巴结肿大。CT增强特征有:增厚的胸膜一般有明显强化,肿瘤有囊变、坏死时呈不均匀强化。结论 CT检查在胸膜间皮瘤的诊断中有价值,但影像征象特异性不显著,与其他胸膜病变鉴别仍有难度,临床应结合病史及实验室资料综合判断。     

胸壁、纵隔

胸水急性时相蛋白联合癌胚抗原检测在鉴别良恶性胸水中的价值//电视纵隔镜术在胸部肿瘤诊治中的探讨//恶性局限型胸膜间皮瘤的CT诊断//局限性胸膜间皮瘤的诊断和外科治疗//原发性纵隔肿瘤的诊断及外科治疗//羟基喜树碱(拓僖)联合高聚生治疗恶性难治性胸腔积液     

恶性胸膜间皮瘤19例临床分析

目的 经病理证实的19例恶性胸膜间皮瘤的诊断经验。方法 分析19例恶性胸膜间皮瘤的临床资料,包括石棉接触史、临床表现、影像学检查、特殊检查、胸水检测和转移情况,并对比15例手术结果。结果 7例工种与石棉有关,占恶性胸膜间皮瘤36.8%(7/19),18例（94.7%)有胸痛,其中16例（84.2%)伴胸腔积液,1例出现Homer‘s综合症并影响臂丛神经,3例（15.8%)CT下穿刺找到间皮瘤细胞,2例（10.8%)胸水中找到间皮瘤细胞,1例锁髓上淋巴结穿刺找到间皮瘤细胞,15例CT发现胸膜增厚或胸膜上结节样病灶,占恶性弥漫性胸膜间皮瘤78.9%,15例手术病例中11例胸膜广泛增厚或胸壁上广泛不规则大小不等结节融合成片,侵犯肺组织或纵隔胸膜、横膈胸膜。结论 石棉接触史是恶生胸间皮瘤主要病因,胸痛、胸腔积液是胸膜间瘤的主要临床表现,CT对诊断胸膜间皮瘤有重要参考价值。CT下活检能提高诊断率。     

肺磨玻璃结节的胸部CT影像特征及其对结节良恶性的诊断价值

目的:观察肺磨玻璃结节（GGN）的胸部CT征象,分析其在结节良恶性诊断中的价值。方法:回顾性分析2019年1月至2019年9月解放军总医院收治的65例具有GGN的CT影像征象的患者,根据病理结果分为良性组（26例）、恶性组（39例）,收集整理相关临床及影像资料,分析良、恶性GGN不同CT影像特点及诊断价值。结果:良、恶性肺GGN在病变直径、形状、边界、分叶征、毛刺征、空泡征、支气管充气征、血管集束征、胸膜凹陷征和密度具有差异,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 其中胸膜凹陷征的诊断灵敏度和特异度最高,分别为76.92％和73.08％;而粗糙边界的诊断灵敏度和特异度最低,分别为25.64％和26.92％。分叶征、胸膜凹陷征的AUC值分别为0.718、0.75,对恶性GGN有较高的预测价值。结论:肺GGN的胸部CT征象（病变直径、形状、边界、分叶征、毛刺征、空泡征、支气管充气征、血管集束征、胸膜凹陷征、密度）有助于鉴别诊断良、恶性肺GGN。     

CT在恶性胸膜间皮瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值

目的 分析恶性胸膜间皮瘤的CT表现,提高对该病的诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析60例恶性胸膜问皮瘤的CT表现及临床资料.结果 60例中,59例表现为不同程度的胸膜增厚,其巾弥漫性胸膜增厚42例,局限性胸膜增厚17例;结节状胸膜增厚12例,肿块状胸膜增厚37例,环状增厚10例;胸膜增厚<1 cm者8例,≥1 cm者51例.38例出现胸腔积液.结论 恶性胸膜间皮瘤的CT表现有一定的特征性,CT在恶性胸膜间皮瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断中有重要的价值.     

胸腔镜检查对少见疑难恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的评价胸腔镜检查对少见疑难恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值.方法对5例经常规检查病因未明的可疑恶性胸腔积液者进行胸腔镜检查.结果发现胸膜多处结节或菜花样肿物,于胸膜病变处活检,病理确诊为胸膜转移性滑膜肉瘤、恶性纤维肉瘤、恶性组织细胞病各1例,恶性黑色素瘤2例.结论结果表明胸腔镜检查对少见疑难恶性胸腔积液是一种准确有效的诊断手段.     

MAGE基因mRNA在良、恶性胸腔积液中的表达

背景与目的MAGE基因是肿瘤特异性基因。本研究的目的是探讨检测MAGE基因诊断良、恶性胸腔积液的可能性。方法采用RT-PCR方法，检测MAGE-1、-2、-3、-4基因mRNA在40例良、恶性胸腔积液中的表达。结果18例良性胸腔积液中MAGE表达均为阴性。在22例恶性胸腔积液患者中，8例瘤细胞学检查阳性的胸腔积液标本中MAGE表达均为阳性（8／8）；14例胸腔积液查瘤细胞阴性但胸膜活检为阳性者中，11例胸腔积液和胸膜活检标本中MAGE均表达为阳性，另外3例胸腔积液和胸膜活检标本中MAGE均为阴性。结论检测胸腔积液中MAGE基因mRNA的表达，可成为鉴别诊断良、恶性胸腔积液的有效方法之一。     

胸水脱落细胞DNA含量及VEGF,p53和CEA表达在良恶性胸腔积液鉴别中的意义

目的：探讨检测胸水细胞的DNA倍体以及VEGF、p53、CEA表达鉴别良恶性胸腔积液的价值。方法：73例胸腔积液患者，良性组13例，恶性组60例。图像细胞光度技术（image cytometry，ICM）进行DNA含量检测，免疫组化Envision法检测VEGF、p53、CEA。结果：良性胸水DNA异倍体率仅占23．1％。恶性胸水的异倍体率占77．8％，两者有统计学差异（P=0．001）。良性胸腔积液患者VEGF、p53、CEA表达率分别为12．5％、0、0。恶性胸腔积液VEGF、p53、CEA表达率分别为17．5％，17．5％和68．4％，与良恶性胸腔积液中CEA的表达相比有统计学差异（P〈0．001），VEGF和p53的表达无显著差异（P=0．722，P=0．198）。经DNA倍体联合VEGF、p53、CEA检测，敏感率可达90．4％，特异度87．5％，符合率90％。结论：ICM检测胸水细胞的DNA倍体联合VEGF、p53、CEA表达值得进一步探讨．有可能成为鉴别良恶性胸腔积液的又一方法。     

Microsatellite DNA analysis does not distinguish malignant from benign pleural effusions

Distinguishing malignant from benign pleural effusions using routine cytology is a common diagnostic problem. Recently, genetic alterations, including microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH), have been described in malignant pleural effusions and proposed as methods improving diagnostics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a panel of molecular markers for the detection of genetic alterations of cells in pleural effusions and to determine their diagnostic value as an additional test to cytologic examination. Pleural fluid and peripheral blood from 48 patients (36 male and 12 female, median age 71 years) were analyzed. Twenty-six patients had malignant pleural effusion, including 23 lung cancer and three metastatic non-pulmonary carcinoma. The control group consisted of 22 patients with benign pleural effusions. Only 14 malignancy-associated pleural effusions were cytology-positive for malignant cells (54%), whereas all benign pleural effusions were negative. DNA was extracted from all the samples and analysed for MSI and/or LOH using the following microsatellite markers: D3S1234, D9S171, D12S363, D17S250, D5S346 and TP53Alu, located at five chromosomal regions: 3p, 9p, 12q, 17q, 5q. Microsatellite analysis of the pleural fluid pellet exhibited genetic alterations in two neoplastic pleural fluid cases and in one inflammatory case. Two out of 26 (7.6%) patients with malignant pleural effusion showed genetic alterations. One exhibited MSI in three different microsatellite markers (D17S250, D9S171, D3S134) and the other showed LOH in marker D3S134. One out of 22 (4.5%) patients with benign pleural effusion showed LOH in marker D3S134. In conclusion, genetic alterations at the level of microsatellite DNA, were detected only in very few cases of malignant pleural effusions, and in one case of benign pleural effusion. Thus, our data suggest that microsatellite DNA analysis does not facilitate the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion.     

DNA倍体联合肿瘤标志物检测在胸腔积液诊断中的应用

目的探讨DNA倍体分析联合肿瘤标志物在良、恶性胸腔积液诊断中的价值。方法将108例胸腔积液分为恶性组（68例）和良性组（40例）。除常规细胞学检查外,以流式细胞术（flowcytometry,FCM）检测患者胸腔积液中的DNA倍体,采用化学发光法测定胸腔积液中CEA、CA199、NSE、CYFRA211、SCC、CA125等肿瘤标志物含量。比较DNA倍体联合肿瘤标志物诊断与细胞学诊断的优劣。结果DNA倍体诊断恶性胸腔积液的敏感性、特异性分别为70．6％、95．0％,Youden’s指数为0．656,敏感度稍高于细胞学诊断的65．1％,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。除NSE外,其他5种肿瘤标志物在恶性胸腔积液中浓度均高于良性,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。CYFRA211、CEA、CAl99、CAl25、SCC、NSE的AUC分别为：0．893,0．828,0．759,0．691,0．524及0．490;COV分别为：149．2ng／mL,53．6ng／mL,78．2IU／mL,1559．0IU／mL,48．72ng／mL及78．3ng／mL;敏感性分别为：44．1％,44．1％,35．3％,29．4％,13．2％,5．9％,特异性均为100％。4种肿瘤标志物联合检测＋DNA倍体检测的敏感性为88．2％（60／68）,特异性95％,显著高于细胞学诊断。结论DNA倍体联合CEA、CA199、CYFRA211和CA125检测诊断恶性胸腔积液有较高敏感性,具有定量、快速、价廉、易标准化的特点,且操作简单。     

Clinical evaluation of various tumor markers in pleural effusion and in the serum

Various tumor markers and enzymes in the pleural effusion and serum have been measured in 47 patients with carcinoma and in 43 patients with benign disease, by means of a radioimmunoassay and biochemical methods. CEA in the pleural effusion showed a high specificity and sensitivity for the detection of the malignancy. In patients with a lung cancer, measurement of the NSE in the serum was more useful than in the pleural effusion. Further, both CA19-9 and SCC in the pleural effusion showed a high specificity in a differential diagnosis of cancer and benign diseases. On the other hand, CA 125, TPA and IAP in the pleural effusion and in the serum showed a high sensitivity, but a low specificity for diagnosing the malignancy. The levels of ADA were significantly higher in tuberculous pleural effusions than in carcinomatous effusions. Therefore, this suggests that measurement of the various tumor markers in both the pleural effusion and in the serum is useful in achieving a differential diagnosis of malignant and benign diseases.     

Potential diagnostic value of methylation profile in pleural fluid and serum from cancer patients with pleural effusion

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of methylation profiles for discrimination between malignant and benign pleural effusions. A secondary objective was to examine the concordance of methylation in samples of serum and pleural fluid. METHODS: The authors used methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) analysis to examine the promoter methylation status of 4 genes in patients with pleural effusion: death-associated protein kinase (DAPK), Ras association domain family 1A (RASSF1A), retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta), and p16/INK4a. Pleural effusions were collected from 87 patients who had their diagnoses confirmed on cytologic and/or histologic examinations and clinical evolution. Pleural effusions were classified as malignant (n = 53 patients) or benign (n = 34 patients). RESULTS: Methylation was detected in serum from 45.3% of patients with malignant pleural effusions and from 0% of patients with benign pleural effusions, and it was detected in pleural fluid samples from 58.5% of patients with malignant pleural effusions and from 0% of patients with benign pleural effusions (P = .001). The sensitivity of MSP was greater than that of cytologic examination alone (39.1%; P = .001). When MSP was used together with cytologic examination, sensitivity increased to 69.8% (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Cell-free methylated DNA in pleural fluid can be detected in patients with neoplastic malignancy in a single extraction by thoracocentesis. Adequate management of the extracted pleural fluid can provide a rapid and reliable diagnosis in patients with pleural effusions who have suspected malignancy. MSP, used together with cytologic examination, may obviate the need for other invasive diagnostic tests.     

High level of vascular endothelial growth factor in hemorrhagic pleural effusion of cancer

Angiogenic cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and angiogenin, are candidates for the induction of pleural effusions because they have been implicated in the induction of neovascularization, vascular permeability, and hemorrhage both in the inflammatory process and in tumor progression. Thus, we hypothesized that these angiogenic factors in effusion might be involved in the clinical manifestation of malignant pleural disease. We measured the levels of VEGF, bFGF, and angiogenin in pleural effusions and sera from 40 patients. Pleural effusions due to malignancy (1,350 pg/ml) contained significantly higher levels of VEGF than effusions due to inflammatory diseases (102 pg/ml; p = 0.034). Furthermore, hemorrhagic effusions showed significantly higher VEGF levels (1,942 pg/ml) than non-hemorrhagic effusions (202 pg/ml; p = 0.016) in malignant patients. In contrast, neither bFGF nor angiogenin were correlated with any clinical manifestation of pleural effusion. Immunohistochemical study revealed that malignant cells in the pleura were stained with anti-VEGF antibody. Our data suggest that VEGF secreted from tumor cells may be involved in the accumulation of pleural effusion in malignancy, and that increased levels of VEGF may induce hemorrhagic effusion.     

CA125、ADA、NLR和PLR在胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨糖类抗原125（CA125）、腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）、外周血中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）和血小板与淋巴细胞比值（PLR）在胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:选取我院2015年1月至2016年12月住院确诊恶性胸腔积液（A组）患者58例和结核性渗出性胸膜炎（B组）患者62例,收集两组患者血浆CA125、胸水CA125、胸水ADA及血常规的各项指标。采用SPSS 17.0 统计软件对数据进行统计学分析。结果:A组患者血浆CA125、胸水CA125、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数均明显高于B组,A组患者胸水ADA明显低于B组,两组差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。比较A组和B组患者的单核细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、血小板计数、NLR及PLR,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论:胸水ADA和胸水CA125在A组患者和B组患者的鉴别诊断中有重要价值,NLR和PLR对两者鉴别诊断意义不大。