新冠疫苗犹豫及其影响因素研究进展

2020年暴发的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情推动了新型冠状病毒疫苗(简称新冠疫苗)的研发和应用,但疫苗犹豫阻碍了新冠疫苗的普及接种。本文横向对比不同国家的新冠疫苗犹豫情况,结合已有的相关模型剖析影响新冠疫苗犹豫的因素,从而提出针对新冠疫苗犹豫的干预措施,以期为改善新冠疫苗犹豫提供参考。     

中国新型冠状病毒疫苗犹豫影响因素比较分析

因新型冠状病毒感染引起的疫情暴发后三年期间,许多国家和地区出现疫情大流行和感染高风险状态,人民群众健康和生命安全面临严重威胁。接种疫苗是防控新冠病毒感染最经济、最有效的手段,广泛和快速接种新型冠状病毒疫苗对于战胜疫情至关重要,然而疫苗犹豫却严重影响了疫苗接种工作的顺利实施。文章对新冠病毒疫情期间我国两岸四地疫苗犹豫人群的特征进行系统的综述,对四地疫苗接种的主要影响因素进行比较。分析显示,两岸四地新冠疫苗接种率均达到90%以上,年龄和接受教育水平对四地疫苗犹豫的影响程度相似,均为女性大于男性,接受高等教育人群的疫苗犹豫更低,年龄和婚姻状况的影响程度有较大不同。     

新型冠状病毒疫苗接种意愿影响因素及犹豫原因分析

目的 了解乌鲁木齐市人群对新型冠状病毒疫苗的接种意愿,分析影响因素及犹豫原因。方法 于2021年2-3月在乌鲁木齐市常住居民中通过便利抽样的方法抽取不同年龄段、不同文化程度的人群,通过微信等自媒体平台以二维码或链接的形式发布问卷,调查居民的新冠疫苗接种意愿影响因素和接种犹豫原因。结果 共回收问卷335份,有效问卷327份（97.60%）。愿意接种新冠疫苗人群占63.30%(207/327),单因素分析显示性别、文化程度、月收入、是否患病、是否认为疫苗是预防新冠的重要手段、是否听从家人朋友建议影响新冠疫苗接种意愿（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,性别为男性（OR=2.160）、认为疫苗是预防新冠肺炎的重要手段（OR=2.935）、听从家人朋友建议（OR=4.426）的人群更愿意接种新冠疫苗。犹豫接种新冠疫苗的主要原因为担心疫苗不安全或担心接种疫苗后的副作用（31.80%）。结论 乌鲁木齐市人群对新冠疫苗的接种意愿程度中等,可加强对女性、患病人群开展疫苗相关知识科普。     

全球疫苗犹豫现状及影响因素研究进展

疫苗犹豫在全球范围内普遍存在,降低了疫苗覆盖率和及时率,成为了 2019年全球卫生10项威胁之一.本研究对疫苗犹豫现状、影响因素、2019新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情(新冠疫情)的疫苗犹豫影响及预测、正面的网络媒体信息可改善疫苗犹豫四个方面进行了综述.疫苗犹豫的影响因素可用决定因素矩阵归类,包括疫苗或免疫规划影响、个人/群体影...     

疫苗时代新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控策略

新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)疫情暴发初期,全球主要采取保持社交距离,戴口罩等非药物干预措施.随着新冠疫苗研发的成功以及部分国家的紧急使用,全球新冠肺炎疫情防控开始进入预防接种和非药物干预措施并举的阶段.由于初期疫苗供应短缺,不同国家的接种策略存在差异.为了控制新冠肺炎疫情,全球新冠疫苗接种率需为47％～85％,应增加疫...     

孕妇新型冠状病毒肺炎及疫苗的流行病学研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）是一种由新型冠状病毒（新冠病毒）引起的急性呼吸道传染性疾病。由于妊娠期间的生理变化,孕妇易感COVID-19,尤其是新冠病毒变异株流行期间,孕妇不良妊娠结局的发生风险可能更高。目前尚缺乏孕妇接种新冠病毒疫苗（新冠疫苗）的随机临床试验证据,各国关于孕妇接种新冠疫苗的推荐存在差异,这给孕妇COVID-19的防控带来了一定挑战。本文回顾了国内外妊娠期感染新冠病毒的重要研究进展,论述了妊娠期患COVID-19对孕妇、胎儿及婴儿的危害,以及真实世界研究中妊娠期接种新冠疫苗的有效性和安全性等,以期为今后开展孕妇相关研究,制定防控措施提供参考。     

提高疫苗素养克服疫苗犹豫：疫苗素养研究进展与展望

疫苗素养是应对新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)等疫苗可预防疾病的一项基本健康素养。本文拟对疫苗素养的界定、分类、测量和研究现状作综述,为提升居民疫苗素养,提高疫苗接种率,为有效建立免疫屏障提供理论和实践参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫苗有效性评价中的相关问题探讨

新型冠状病毒肺炎出现以来,席卷了全球各个国家和地区,安全且有效的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫苗是控制新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情最有效手段之一。新型冠状病毒肺炎疫苗的关键性临床研究通常采用安慰剂对照的保护效力试验,以观察疫苗是否可以有效降低疾病的发病率。本文即将对新冠疫苗保护效力临床试验中研究设计和研究终点的考量、统计学评价方法、主要估...     

河南省焦作市60岁及以上老年人新型冠状病毒疫苗未接种影响因素及原因分析

目的 分析河南省焦作市≥60岁老年人未接种新型冠状病毒疫苗（简称新冠疫苗）的影响因素并分析其原因，为进一步提高≥60岁老年人新冠疫苗接种覆盖率提供参考依据。方法 采取非匹配病例对照研究方法，以焦作市98个乡镇中≥60岁未接种新冠疫苗的老年人作为未接种组，选择居住在同村或同社区≥60岁已接种新冠疫苗的老年人作为接种组，采用多因素logistic回归分析未接种的主要影响因素。结果 共调查接种组和未接种组各918人。未接种组老年人未接种的主要原因为：有基础性疾病处于稳定期，但本人或家人害怕不良反应占31.37%，有基础性疾病处于急性期占26.80%，本人或家人认为年龄大，不外出，没有接种的必要性占12.75%，有基础性疾病稳定期但临床医生判定为暂缓或禁忌接种占12.31%。多因素logistic回归分析显示：年龄[70～岁组：OR值(95%CI):1.247(0.954～1.630),80～岁组：OR值(95%CI):2.860(1.994～4.102),90～组：OR值(95%CI):5.220(2.378～11.458)]、罹患基础性疾病数量[1种：OR值(95%CI):6.861(5....     

新型冠状病毒疫苗研发进展及接种意愿分析

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）自2019年末爆发后迅速造成全球大流行,对公共卫生健康构成众大威胁。引发COVID-19的严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒-2（SARS-CoV-2）是高致病性病毒,各国采取多种防疫措施均未能从根本控制病毒传播,有效的疫苗对应控制疫情发生发展具有重要作用。各国通力合作,大力研发安全、有效的新型冠状病毒疫苗,本研究综述了新型冠状病毒疫苗研发的进展以及各国民众的疫苗接种意愿。     

Vaccine hesitancy against COVID-19 vaccine over time in Nigeria

IntroductionWhile COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing threat for our lives, the rapid development of effective vaccines against COVID-19 provided us hopes for manageable disease control. However, vaccine hesitancy across the globe is a concern which could attenuate efforts of disease control. This study examined the extent and trend of vaccine hesitancy in Nigeria.MethodsThe COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey conducted between 2020 and 2021 was used for the analysis. The extent and trend of vaccine hesitancy across different zones within Nigeria, over time, as well as reasons of the hesitancy were evaluated.ResultsVaccine hesitancy was more prevalent in southern zones, which on average have better socioeconomic status than northern zones. Overtime, vaccine hesitancy became more prevalent, and respondents became more resistant to the COVID-19 vaccine across the country.ConclusionWhile the nature of interventions to improve the uptake of COVID-19 vaccine should differ by regions due to differential barriers to vaccination, it might be important to prebunk and debunk any misinformation related to COVID-19 vaccine to mitigate the vaccine hesitancy across the country.     

Influence of rapid COVID-19 vaccine development on vaccine hesitancy

IntroductionIn the race to deploy vaccines to prevent COVID-19, there is a need to understand factors influencing vaccine hesitancy. Secondary risk theory is a useful framework to explain this, accounting for concerns about vaccine efficacy and safety.MethodsDuring the first week of July, 2020, participants (N = 216) evaluated one of three different hypothetical vaccine scenarios describing an FDA-approved vaccine becoming available “next week,” “in one year,” or “in two years.” Dependent variables were perceived vaccine efficacy, self-efficacy, perceived vaccine risk, and vaccination willingness. Covariates included vaccine conspiracy beliefs, science pessimism, media dependency, and perceived COVID-19 risk. Data analysis employed multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).ResultsPerceived vaccine efficacy was lowest for the next-week vaccine (η²_p = .045). Self-efficacy was higher for the two-year vaccine than the next-week vaccine (η²_p = .029). Perceived vaccine risk was higher for the next-week vaccine than for the one-year vaccine (η²_p = .032). Vaccination willingness did not differ among experimental treatments. In addition, vaccine conspiracy beliefs were negatively related to perceived vaccine efficacy (η²_p = .142), self-efficacy (η²_p = .031), and vaccination willingness (η²_p = .143) and positively related to perceived vaccine risk (η²_p = .216).ConclusionsThe rapid development of the COVID-19 vaccine may have heightened public concerns over efficacy, availability, and safety. However, the current findings showed a general willingness to take even the most rapidly developed vaccine. Nonetheless, there remains a need to communicate publicly and transparently about vaccine efficacy and safety and work to reduce vaccine conspiracy beliefs.     

Low COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Brazil

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has affected the entire world, and the vaccine has emerged as a source of hope for return to normal life. Still, various countries have reported high vaccine hesitancy rates. It is important to know the vaccine hesitancy profile in Brazil to help design adequate communication strategies.MethodsA voluntary, anonymous online survey was conducted from January 22 to 29, 2021, including resident Brazilian adults to assess factors related to vaccine hesitancy. Sociodemographic and epidemiological data were analyzed. A bivariate analysis was conducted with the independent variables, with vaccine hesitancy as the outcome variable, and a multivariate logistic model was used to calculated adjusted odds ratios.ResultsThe sample included 173,178 respondents, and vaccine hesitancy was found in 10.5%. The principal factors associated with vaccine hesitancy were the following: assigning importance to the vaccinés efficacy (AOR = 16.39), fear of adverse reactions (AOR = 11.23), and assigning importance to the vaccinés country of origin (AOR = 3.72). Other risk factors were the following: male gender (AOR = 1.62), having children (AOR = 1.29), 9 years of schooling or less (AOR = 1.31), living in the Central-West region (AOR = 1.19), age ≥ 40 years (AOR = 1.17), and monthly income < U$788.68 (AOR = 1.13). The two vaccines available in Brazil, Covishield and CoronaVac, showed similar confidence, 80.13% and 76.36%, respectively, despite the higher rejection of the latter vaccinés Chinese origin.InterpretationThis online survey confirms the low vaccine hesitancy rate among Brazilians and allowed the identification of a profile that can assist the elaboration of communication strategies to increase vaccine adherence.FundingNational Institute of Women, Children and Adolescents Health Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.     

Misinformation and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy

BackgroundCOVID-19 vaccine hesitancy has emerged as a major public health challenge. Although medical and scientific misinformation has been known to fuel vaccine hesitancy in the past, misinformation surrounding COVID-19 seems to be rampant, and increasing evidence suggests that it is contributing to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy today. The relationship between misinformation and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is complex, however, and it is relatively understudied.MethodsIn this article, we report qualitative data from two related but distinct studies from a larger project. Study 1 included semi-structured, open-ended interviews conducted in October–November 2020 via phone with 30 participants to investigate the relationship between misinformation and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Study 1′s results then informed the design of open-ended questions for Study 2, an online survey conducted in May–June 2021 to consider the relationship between misinformation and vaccine hesitancy further. The data were examined with thematic analysis.ResultsStudy 1 led to the identification of positive and negative themes related to attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines. In Study 2, responses from vaccine-hesitant participants included six categories of misinformation: medical, scientific, political, media, religious, and technological. Across both Study 1 and Study 2, six vaccine hesitancy themes were identified from the data: concerns about the vaccines’ future effects, doubts about the vaccines’ effectiveness, commercial profiteering, preference for natural immunity, personal freedom, and COVID-19 denial.ConclusionsThe relationship between misinformation and vaccine hesitancy is complicated. Various types of misinformation exist, with each related to a specific type of vaccine hesitancy-related attitude. Personal freedom and COVID-19 denial are vaccine attitudes of particular interest, representing important yet understudied phenomena. Medical and scientific approaches may not be sufficient to combat misinformation based in religion, media, or politics; and public health officials may benefit from partnering with experts from those fields to address harmful misinformation that is driving COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.     

Christian nationalism and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake

Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake is vital for informing public health interventions. Prior U.S. research has found that religious conservatism is positively associated with anti-vaccine attitudes. One of the strongest predictors of anti-vaccine attitudes in the U.S. is Christian nationalism—a U.S. cultural ideology that wants civic life to be permeated by their particular form of nationalist Christianity. However, there are no studies examining the relationship between Christian nationalism and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake. Using a new nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, we find that Christian nationalism is one of the strongest predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and is negatively associated with having received or planning to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Since Christian nationalists make up approximately 20 percent of the population, these findings could have important implications for achieving herd immunity.     

COVID‑19 vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women and their reported reasons for vaccine refusal – A prospective study in Tehran,Iran

ObjectiveEvaluation of covid?19 vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women and their reported reasons for vaccine refusal.MethodsThis prospective study was performed in Arash women’s Hospital, Tehran, Iran, between December 1, 2021 and January 1, 2022. All pregnant women who were attended to prenatal care unit were considered eligible for inclusion. A validated questionnaire was used for data gathering. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.ResultsFinally, 477 pregnant women were recruited and were divided into two groups according the status of vaccine acceptance (237 accepted and 240 women refused vaccination). The mean age of accepted participants was higher (31.65 ± 5.69 vs 30.39 ± 5.5; P = 0.01). There was a significant statistical difference between the groups regarding education level. Access to internet and social media were also significantly different between the two groups (94.8% in accepted vs 86.6% in refused group; P = 0.002). There was more rate of severe COVID-19 infection in friends or relatives of accepted group (50% vs 38%). we did not find any statistically significant differences in obstetric characteristics and the rate of obstetric complications between the two groups. The most common reasons reported by participants for vaccine refusal, was fear of vaccination side effects on the fetus (86.5%), and the less common reported reasons were husband's disagreement (9.7%), use of traditional medicine (5.6%), religious beliefs (3.7%), and information obtained from social media (2.8%). After advices from medical staff, most of these mothers (86.5%) still refused vaccination.ConclusionBased on the results of the present study, rate of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was about 50% and its most common reported reason was fear of probable side effects of vaccine on the fetus.     

Preferences for COVID-19 vaccination information and location: Associations with vaccine hesitancy,race and ethnicity

This study examined the association between preferences for being informed about the COVID-19 vaccine and where to receive it with vaccination intent and race/ethnicity. We conducted an online survey, oversampling Black and Latino panel members. The 1668 participants were 53.2% female, 34.8% White, 33.3% Black, and 31.8% Latino. Participants who were vaccine hesitant (answered “not sure” or “no” to vaccination intent) were more likely to prefer a conversation with their doctor compared to those who answered “yes” (25.0% and 23.4% vs 7.8%, P < .001, respectively). Among participants who responded “not sure”, 61.8% prefer to be vaccinated at a doctor’s office, compared with 35.2% of those who responded “yes” (P < .001). Preferred location differed by race/ethnicity (P < .001) with 67.6% of Black “not sure” participants preferring a doctor’s office compared to 60.2% of Latino and 54.9% of White “not sure” participants. These findings underscore the need to integrate healthcare providers into COVID-19 vaccination programs.