四肢软组织肉瘤术前与术后放疗临床观察

[目的]探讨四肢软组织肉瘤术前与术后放疗时间的选择及并发症情况.[方法]回顾分析43例四肢软组织肉瘤病人,其中21例术前行放射治疗(25Gy/5F),22例术后行放射治疗(66Gy/33F),观察两组病人疗效及术后伤口并发症的发生率.[结果]平均随访3.5年,术前放疗者总的生存情况稍好于术后放疗者(P＜0.05);但术前放疗者发生伤口并发症8例(38%),而术后放疗者4例(18%);而且肿瘤大小和解剖位置与并发症有关.[结论]由于术前放疗比术后放疗有较高的伤口并发症发生率,四肢软组织肉瘤治疗时应该考虑放疗的时间选择,同时考虑肿瘤大小及解剖位置.     

21例软组织肉瘤局部复发的治疗

目的探讨复发软组织肉瘤的治疗方案。方法分析宁德市医院放疗科1999至2007年收治的局部复发软组织肉瘤患者21例的治疗情况并复习有关文献。结果 21例复发患者再次行扩大切除术,术后辅以放疗,放疗剂量DT66～70Gy,预后良好,随访无复发。结论复发软组织肉瘤患者行再次扩大切除后辅以术后放疗是较好的治疗方法。     

软组织肉瘤手术加术中放疗的临床研究

目的:探讨软组织肉瘤术中放疗的意义。方法:对39例软组织肉瘤患者行根治或姑息性手术,术中放疗在术中放疗手术室进行,术中根据肿瘤大小,选择不同术中放疗限光筒及6～12MeV电子线1次照射15～25Gy,姑息手术者剂量加大至36Gy。术后辅以外照射治疗,常规设野,5/周,2Gy/次,总量40～50Gy。初发病灶10例,术后复发29例。结果:39例患者随访12～64个月,3、5年局控率分别为71.8%和64.1%。3年生存率为82.0%。结论:术中放疗具有较高的局控率,比之其他治疗具有许多优点,将获得较高的生存率。     

软组织肉瘤手术加术中放疗的临床研究

目的：探讨软组织肉瘤术中放疗的意义。方法：对39例软组织肉瘤患者行根治或姑息性手术，术中放疗在术中放疗手术室进行，术中根据肿瘤大小，选择不同术中放疗限光筒及6～12MeV电子线1次照射15～25Gy，姑息手术者剂量加大至36Gy。术后辅以外照射治疗，常规设野，5／周，2Gy／次，总量40～50Gy。初发病灶10例，术后复发29例。结果：39例患者随访12～64个月，3、5年局控率分别为71．8％和64．1％。3年生存率为82．0％。结论：术中放疗具有较高的局控率，比之其他治疗具有许多优点，将获得较高的生存率。     

软组织肉瘤术后复发原因探讨(附33例报告)

目的　探讨软组织肉瘤的术后复发原因及治疗方法。方法　 33例软组织肉瘤术后复发病人 ,结合临床资料 ,分析其手术方式、术后辅助治疗和软组织肉瘤复发的关系。结果　复发病灶大小 :1 5cm× 1.5cm× 1.0cm～ 2 0cm× 2 0cm× 18cm ;复发时间 :术后 10天～ 4年 ,平均 8 2月。术后 3月内复发者 10例 (30 3% )。第 1次术后行放疗和 (或 )化疗者 13例 (39 4% ) ,未行放疗和 (或 )化疗者 2 0例 (6 0 6 % )。再次手术者广泛切除术 2 7例 ,姑息性切除 1例 ,不能手术者 5例。结论　软组织肉瘤术后复发的主要原因为手术切除不彻底 ,术后不积极应用放疗和化疗 ,术后不进行病理检查或病理诊断错误。对术后复发病人应积极进行再次手术治疗。     

三维适形放疗治疗骨与软组织肉瘤肺转移疗效分析

目的评价三维适形放疗对骨与软组织肉瘤肺转移患者的治疗价值。方法采用三维适形放疗技术治疗原发骨与软组织肉瘤肺转移患者7例,7例中孤立转移病灶1例,多发转移病灶6例,平均转移数目为3．4个。7例中4例接受化疗,2例拒绝化疗,1例因高龄未行化疗。放疗剂量为30—64Gy／7—30f／16—42d。结果7例的肿瘤靶区（GTV）体积为7．6～200．1cm^3,计划靶区（PTV）为89．2～523．9cm^3,患者的V20为6．31％～30．5％,平均肺剂量（MLD）为4—16．3Gy,放疗后CR3例,PR3例,SD1例。随访时间为4～32个月,其中4例存活,死亡3例,1例死于肺转移引起的呼吸衰竭,1例死于多发骨转移致截瘫后的坠积性肺炎,1例死于肾衰竭。7例平均存活13个月,按Kaplan—Meier寿命表法推断1、3年生存活率均为57．1％。放疗反应为1～2度,未出现2度以上的放射性肺炎。结论三维适形放疗治疗骨与软组织肺转移技术上可行,部分患者通过放疗可获得长期生存,与手术切除疗效相近,放疗反应可耐受。     

前后侧联合入路切除大腿巨大软组织肉瘤

目的介绍经前后侧联合入路并结扎股深动脉切除大腿巨大软组织肉瘤的经验。方法对初发或复发的8例大腿巨大软组织肉瘤术前常规行MRI和DSA检查，采用经前后侧联合入路并结扎股深动脉行肿瘤广泛切除术，其中1例行术前化疗及术后放疗，3例行术后放疗，3例术后局部复发再次行广泛切除术后放疗，1例术前术后均无辅助治疗。结果8例中2例术后出现切口边缘皮肤坏死，1例经换药治愈，1例行局部推移皮瓣术后治愈。8例术后随访2～6年，4例无瘤正常生存，3例1～2年内局部复发再次行广泛切除术，术后无瘤正常生存，1例无任何辅助治疗者术后多次局部复发行姑息性局部切除术，6年后因全身衰竭死亡。结论对初发或复发的大腿巨大软组织肉瘤术前常规行MRI和DSA检查评估其局部切除的可行性，采用经前后侧联合入路并结扎股深动脉行肿瘤广泛切除术，术后辅助放疗，是较好的保肢治疗方法。术后局部复发是较常见的并发症，再次行复发灶广泛切除术及术后放疗仍可取得较好的疗效。     

术中置管联合高剂量率近距离放疗治疗11例软组织肉瘤

目的：观察术中置管联合高剂量率近距离放疗软组织肉瘤的毒副作用及近期疗效.方法：对11例软组织肉瘤应用高剂量率近距离放疗进行治疗.术中广泛切除肿瘤后,在瘤床放置后装管.术后第3至5天开始高剂量近距离放疗,每次剂量为200cGy,每天2次,连续5天,待伤口愈合后,再追加外照射40～50 Gy.结果：10例患者无局部复发,1例局部复发,其中1例因远处转移而死亡.各例均无明显毒副反应.结论：高剂量率近距离放疗治疗软组织肉瘤是安全易行的,并取得较好的局部控制率.在治疗软组织肉瘤方面将有可能显示出良好的应用前景.     

INTRABEAM术中放疗在软组织肿瘤保肢治疗中的应用（附4例报告）

目的 探讨外科手术联合INTRABEAM术中放疗在软组织肉瘤保肢治疗中的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2020年7月到2021年10月收治的4例肢体软组织肉瘤患者,接受保肢手术联合INTRABEAM术中放疗治疗,手术过程顺利,无麻醉及手术意外发生。结果 4例患者均接受随访,时间从6~22月不等。1例术后2月局部复发,患者拒绝截肢,行化疗及靶向治疗;1例术后10月发生肺转移,行手术切除;1例复发患者肢体功能差,余3例患者肢体功能正常。结论 外科手术联合INTRABEAM术中放疗可以在保留肢体功能的同时提高局部控制率,提高了患者的生存质量。     

74例颅内生殖细胞瘤放疗疗效分析

目的 分析颅内生殖细胞瘤的放疗疗效.方法 搜集2007年11月前接近18年内收治的颅内生殖细胞瘤病例74例,其中男35例,女39例,中位年龄15(5～45)岁.放疗前病理诊断9例,余65例20 Gy放疗后MRI显示病灶均明显缩小(>50%)或消失为临床诊断.应用6 MV X线全脑全脊髓放疗加局部补量照射、全脑放疗加局部补量照射、全脑室放疗加局部补量或肿瘤区局部照射,原发病灶区38.5～50.0 Gy,全脑或全脑室18～25 Gy,全脊髓21～25 Gy,分割剂量1.6～2.0Gy/次,5次/周.结果 中位随访时间80(12～168)个月,总随访率为97%,10年随访例数和随访率分别为14例和19%.1、5、10年总生存率和无复发生存率分别为99%和97%、96%和90%、93%和83%.共9例患者治疗失败,6例为照射野内复发,3例为照射野外转移.照射野内复发者中肿瘤剂量<40 Gy者3例.38例患者放疗后有不同程度的垂体前叶功能低下,部分需强的松等激素替代治疗.结论 放疗是颅内生殖细胞瘤的主要治疗手段,其照射剂量、范围要根据病灶数目、脑脊液检查等结果 来决定.     

Hypofractionated radiotherapy for non-metastatic bone and soft tissue sarcomas

PurposeTo evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of hypofractionated radiotherapy in non-metastatic soft tissue and bone sarcomas.Patients and methodsThirty patients underwent hypofractionated radiotherapy between 2007 and 2015. Overall, 17 patients underwent primary hypofractionated radiotherapy, nine underwent hypofractionated radiotherapy for reirradiation, and four received a boost dose via hypofractionated radiotherapy after external beam radiotherapy. Most common disease sites were head and neck and retroperitoneum. Hypofractionated radiotherapy was administered with a definitive, adjuvant, or neoadjuvant intent.ResultsMedian age was 37 years (range: 11–82 years). Median hypofractionated radiotherapy dose was 35 Gy (range: 20–50 Gy) in three to five fractions. Median follow-up was 21 months (range: 1–108 months). One- and 2-year overall survival rate was 75% and 52%, respectively. One- and 2-year local recurrence-free survival rate was 59% and 48%, with local recurrence rates of 16% and 33% in 1 and 2 years, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed tumour size (P = 0.04), hypofractionated radiotherapy intent (P = 0.016) and reirradiation (P = 0.001) as prognostic factors for local recurrence-free survival. Severe late toxicity was observed in one patient as grade 3 trismus.ConclusionHypofractionated radiotherapy as the primary treatment or for reirradiation has been shown to be safe in the treatment of bone and soft tissue sarcomas. It can provide relatively good local control and survival rates.     

Efficacy and safety of carbon ion radiotherapy in bone and soft tissue sarcomas.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the tolerance for and effectiveness of carbon ion radiotherapy in patients with unresectable bone and soft tissue sarcomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a phase I/II dose escalation study of carbon ion radiotherapy. Fifty-seven patients with 64 sites of bone and soft tissue sarcomas not suited for resection received carbon ion radiotherapy. Tumors involved the spine or paraspinous soft tissues in 19 patients, pelvis in 32 patients, and extremities in six patients. The total dose ranged from 52.8 to 73.6 gray equivalent (GyE) and was administered in 16 fixed fractions over 4 weeks (3.3 to 4.6 GyE/fraction). The median tumor size was 559 cm(3) (range, 20 to 2,290 cm(3)). The minimum follow-up was 18 months. RESULTS: Seven of 17 patients treated with the highest total dose of 73.6 GyE experienced Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade 3 acute skin reactions. Dose escalation was then halted at this level. No other severe acute reactions (grade > 3) were observed in this series. The overall local control rates were 88% and 73% at 1 year and 3 years of follow-up, respectively. The median survival time was 31 months (range, 2 to 60 months), and the 1- and 3-year overall survival rates were 82% and 46%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Carbon ion radiotherapy seems to be a safe and effective modality in the management of bone and soft tissue sarcomas not eligible for surgical resection, providing good local control and offering a survival advantage without unacceptable morbidity.     

Surgical and adjuvant radiation therapy of resectable retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas in adults.

Primary soft tissue sarcoma of the retroperitoneum is a rare disease. A series of 11 evaluable adult patients with retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas is reported. These patients were treated with complete surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy (total dose from 50 to 64 Gy) using an 18 MeV linear accelerator. After a median follow-up of 48 months (range, 6-84), 4 patients had a local-regional recurrence, 3 had distant metastases, and 4 died of progressive disease. Four-year estimated disease-free survival was 54.5% and overall survival was 70%. Treatment was well tolerated by most patients: 7 patients experienced moderate gastrointestinal toxicity, mainly nausea and diarrhea, during radiotherapy; 2 cases had weight loss > 15% at the end of the therapy; and chronic ileitis was observed in 2 cases. We conclude that adjuvant radiotherapy seems to reduce the incidence of local-regional recurrences in these patients. No radiation-induced irreversible injury was observed, but one young woman had amenorrhea after radiotherapy. Controlled clinical trials are warranted to define the role and effectiveness of adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy in retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas.     

Incompletely resected rectum, recto-sigmoid, or sigmoid carcinoma: results of postoperative radiotherapy and prognostic factors

Postoperative radiotherapy was given in 40 patients with gross or microscopic pathologically proven residual disease after surgical resection of rectum, recto-sigmoid, or sigmoid carcinoma. The radiotherapy target volume included the pelvis with (9 patients) or without (31 patients) the perineum. Median total dose of radiation was 50 Gy (range 30-60). One patient received 30 Gy, 10 received greater than 30 to 40 Gy, 13 received greater than 40 to 50 Gy, and 16 patients received greater than 50 to 60 Gy. The median follow-up in the survivors (16 patients) was 53 months (range: 16-85). Probability of survival with censoring for death due to intercurrent disease was 36% at 5 years. Survival for patients with microscopic residual disease (21 patients) was 40% at 5 years compared to 12% for those with gross residual disease (19 patients) (p = 0.09). Twenty-five patients relapsed. All but one relapse occurred earlier than 50 months after radiotherapy. Approximately half (12/25) of the relapses were observed within 6 months after radiotherapy. Local relapse inside the radiotherapy portals was observed in 9/40 (22%) patients. Therapy-related urogenital complications occurred in no patient and gastro-intestinal complications in three patients (7%). In one patient they were scored WHO grade 4 and in two patients WHO grade 3. Prognostic factors were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. For survival differentiation, grade (p less than 0.001), stage (p = 0.04), and perineal irradiation (p = 0.03) were independent prognostic factors. With relapse-free survival as the endpoint, only stage (p = 0.003) was a statistically significant prognostic factor. There was a trend toward a better relapse-free survival when the perineum was included in the radiation portals (p = 0.09).     

Stereotactic radiosurgery for primary and metastatic sarcomas involving the spine

The treatment for spinal sarcomas is difficult due to inadequate surgical margin and an inability to deliver high dose radiation. Advanced technology of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) enabled higher biological effective doses of radiation to be delivered to spinal sarcomas by hypofractionation method. The authors evaluated local control rate following SRS for primary and metastatic spinal sarcomas. Thirty-two spinal sarcomas (10 primary tumors, 22 metastatic tumors) in 27 patients were treated by SRS from November 2002 to September 2009. Patients were assessed for pain status, neurological status and radiological response by regular follow-up. Overall survival and local progression-free survival were calculated and prognostic factors were sought. Median tumor volume was 18.6 ml. Radiation doses to the tumor margins ranged from 16 to 45 Gy in one to three fractions, and the median single session equivalent dose was 21.8 Gy. Follow-up ranged from 4 to 68 months (median, 22 months). Overall median survival was 29 months and no related prognostic factors were identified. During follow-up, pain was controlled in 89.3% (25/28) lesions at 6 months, in 68.2% (15/22) at 1 year, and in 61.5% (8/13) at 2 years. Tumor volume was found to be significantly related to post-SRS pain control rate. Radiological evaluation showed that local control was maintained in 96.7% (29/30) lesions at 6 months, in 78.3% (18/23) at 1 year, and in 76.9% (10/13) at 2 years. Radiation dose and tumor volume were found to be related to radiological control at 24 months following SRS. Nine cases developed recurrence between 2 and 33 months, median local progression-free survival was 23 months. Age was found to be predictive of local progression-free survival (P = 0.009). SRS proved to be an effective modality for the local control of primary and metastatic spinal sarcomas, and age was significantly related to local recurrence.     

The effect of delayed postoperative irradiation on local control of soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity and torso

: The impact of delayed adjuvant radiotherapy in patients treated by surgical resection for peripheral or torso soft tissue sarcoma has not been well characterized. We retrospectively examined this issue in an institutional patient cohort.

: One hundred two adult patients were treated at the University of Washington Medical Center between 1981 and 1998 with postoperative radiotherapy for cure of a newly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. Of this group, 58 patients had primary intermediate- or high-grade disease of the extremity or torso (50 extremity/8 torso). Tumor histology was predominantly malignant fibrohistiocytoma, synovial cell sarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma. The group was dichotomized according to time interval from definitive resection to the start of adjuvant radiation. Twenty-six patients had a short delay, defined as <4 months, and 32 patients had a long delay of ≥4 months. Both groups were balanced with regard to site, size, margin status, and tumor depth; however, the long-delay group had a larger proportion of high histologic grade lesions and was treated more frequently with chemotherapy (31/32 [97%] for long-delay patients vs. 14/26 [54%] for short-delay patients). Median follow-up was 49.5 months (range: 7–113 months). Median follow-up for patients still alive was 54 months (range: 9–113 months). Survival outcomes were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method.

: Overall local relapse-free survival at 5 years from the time of definitive resection was 74%. On univariate analysis, estimated 5-year local relapse-free survival was significantly improved in the short-delay group (88% vs. 62% for the long-delay group, p = 0.048 by log rank). Overall distant relapse-free survival, disease-free survival, and overall survival at 5 years were 77%, 68%, and 86%, respectively. These survival outcomes were statistically equivalent in both radiation delay groups. There was no evidence to suggest that delaying adjuvant systemic therapy for postoperative radiation negatively impacted distant relapse-free survival, disease-free survival, or overall survival. Patterns of failure analysis revealed that 11/12 disease failures in the long-delay group had a local component, with five patients presenting with solitary local recurrences. Severe chronic radiation-related soft tissue or peripheral nerve morbidity was infrequent (5/58 or 8.6%) and similar in both groups.

: Postoperative radiation delays of 4 months or greater were associated with inferior local disease control for intermediate- and high-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity and torso. Our results suggest that timing postoperative radiation before postoperative chemotherapy may optimize local therapy for such patients without adversely affecting distant disease control, long-term morbidity, or overall survival. Prospective testing of this hypothesis is warranted.     

Low-dose intraoperative brachytherapy in soft tissue sarcomas involving neurovascular structure.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To evaluate intraoperative brachytherapy in the management of soft tissue sarcomas involving neurovascular structures, its impact on local control and complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 01/1989 and 12/2002, 98 patients received an intraoperative implant in conjunction with conservative surgery. Brachytherapy was part of the initial treatment (79 cases) or performed in recurrent disease (19 cases). We studied primary sarcomas involving neurovascular structures treated with conservative surgery and intraoperative brachytherapy (n = 6) or intraoperative brachytherapy and external irradiation (n = 73). Conservative surgery was performed as first treatment (51 cases), after chemotherapy (21 cases) and after primary external radiation (seven cases). Brachytherapy was performed according to Paris system rules. Patients were loaded with Iridium 192 (64 cases) or connected to a Microselectron PDR (15 cases). Mean dose given by brachytherapy was 20 Gy. Mean dose given of external radiotherapy was 46 Gy. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 58 months, 5-year actuarial survival was 69% and local free disease at 5 years was 90%. Acute side-effects occurred in 22/79 requiring surgical repair in 10 patients. Late side-effects occurred in 35/79. No patient required amputation for complications. Prognostic factors were studied for the occurrence of acute and late side-effects and local control. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative brachytherapy is efficient with excellent local control rates in soft tissue sarcomas presenting with neurovascular involvement and offers an acceptable conservative option.     

Intraoperative electron boost radiation followed by moderate doses of external beam radiotherapy in limb-sparing treatment of patients with extremity soft-tissue sarcoma

PURPOSE: To analyze long-term prognosis and morbidity after limb-sparing treatment of patients with extremity soft-tissue sarcoma, with intraoperative electron boost radiotherapy (IOERT) followed by a moderate dose of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 153 patients who were treated in a single center from 1991 to 2004 were evaluated. Median IOERT dose was 15 Gy, mean EBRT dose 43 Gy (range, 40-50.4 Gy) in conventional fractionation (1.8-2 Gy). Median duration of follow-up was 33 months. Acute toxicity was assessed with Common Toxicity Criteria; late toxic effects were scored according to European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria. RESULTS: Five-year overall survival and 5-year local control rates were 77% and 78%, respectively. Whereas tumor size, patient age, and EBRT dose did not significantly affect outcome, resection status and grading were significant for survival; resection status and IOERT dose were significant for local control. Extremity salvage until death or time of follow-up was achieved in 90% of our patients, 86% of whom showed excellent limb function without impairment in activities of daily life. Acute toxicity Grade 2-4 was observed in 23% and late toxicity Grade 2-4 in 17% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with IOERT combined with moderate doses of external beam irradiation yields high local control and extremity preservation rates in resected extremity soft-tissue sarcoma.     

Preliminary results of a randomized study of adjuvant radiation therapy in resectable adult retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas

Between January 1980 and September 1985, 35 adult patients with resectable retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas were entered on a randomized trial comparing two forms of adjuvant radiation therapy. Fifteen patients received the experimental therapy consisting of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) to 20 Gy using high-energy electrons followed by low-dose (35 to 40 Gy) postoperative external beam irradiation. Twenty patients received standard therapy consisting of high-dose (50 to 55 Gy) postoperative external beam irradiation. With a minimum follow-up of 15 months, there is no significant difference in the actuarial disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) comparing the two groups (median DFS, 34 months; median OS, 38 months). At 5 years follow-up, approximately 40% of patients are alive and 20% of patients remain disease-free. Although there is a trend towards an improvement in in-field local control in the experimental arm, the predominant pattern of failure in both groups was locoregional within the retroperitoneum and/or peritoneal cavity. Acute and late radiation enteritis were significantly reduced in the experimental group. However, four experimental patients developed late (greater than 6 months following treatment) peripheral neuropathy believed related to the use of IORT; all four recovered. We conclude that there is no difference in the therapeutic effectiveness of the combination of IORT and low-dose external beam radiation compared with conventional high-dose radiation as adjuvant treatment in retroperitoneal sarcomas, although the former appears to be less toxic. Newer combined modality treatment strategies are discussed to improve the prognosis in these patients.