彩色多普勒超声在硬脑膜动静脉瘘诊断中的应用

目的探讨硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)表现,评价超声影像在DAVF诊断中的价值。方法应用CDFI观察13例DAVF瘘口部位,测量其范围、血流频谱,检测供血动脉、引流静脉及颅外动脉血流参数的变化,包括收缩期峰值流速(Vmax)、舒张末流速(Vmin)、平均流速(Vmean)、阻力指数(RI),并与全脑血管造影结果进行对比分析。结果①DAVF瘘口部位表现为异常不规则团状血流信号,呈多方向、不规则的湍流频谱,Vmax(105.6±32.9)cm/s,Vmin(72.0±22.9)cm/s,Vmean(87.0±26.0)cm/s,RI0.31±0.04;②DAVF瘘口部位的检出率为61.4%,横窦-乙状窦区DAVF检出率71.4%(5/7),海绵窦区DAVF全部检出;③供血动脉检出42支(72.4%),经横窦及眼上静脉的引流均检出,经上矢状窦及皮层静脉的引流均未能检出;④颈外动脉Vmin、Vmean增快,RI降低(P<0.05);枕动脉、颞浅动脉Vmax、Vmin、Vmean增快,RI降低(P<0.05)。结论CDFI可较好地显示横窦-乙状窦区及海绵窦区DAVF的瘘口部位,检出大部分颅内、颅外的供血动脉和引流静脉;通过对病变部位和颅外血管血流动力学改变的分析,CDFI有助于DAVF的诊断。     

阴道超声检查诊断获得性子宫血管动静脉瘘的价值

目的探讨阴道超声检查诊断获得性子宫血管动静脉瘘的价值.方法回顾性分析46例有既往子宫创伤（流产或剖腹产）及滋养细胞疾病史而形成子宫及宫旁动静脉瘘,并导致阴道出血患者的彩色多普勒腔内超声检查结果：病变部位的范围、彩色血流及频谱多普勒的特点;收缩期最大血流速度（PSV）、舒张期最小血流速度（EDV）和阻力指数（RI）.结果子宫及宫旁动静脉瘘病变部位均显示局限性静脉扩张,呈迂曲管状或囊状无回声区,彩色多普勒血流显像病灶显示为动静脉瘘区五彩镶嵌血流信号,脉冲多普勒示瘘口处探及高速低阻动脉频谱,血流丰富;PSV （88.57±28.82）cm/s,EDV（52.94±15.36）cm/s,RI（0.41±0.05）.结论子宫动静脉瘘是创伤性子宫异常出血的原因之一,腔内彩色多普勒超声有其特征性表现,有诊断价值.     

多发性大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄的彩色多普勒血流显像与X线造影比较研究

目的　应用彩色多普勒血流显像技术结合X线血管造影 ,探讨多发性大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄患者的彩色多普勒血流显像特征。方法　患者组 2 3例 ,病变血管 3 9条。二维超声观察肾形态大小 ,彩色多普勒血流显像观察狭窄肾动脉血流形态 ,多普勒血流频谱观察肾动脉最大血流速度 (Vmax)、最小血流速度 (Vmin)、阻力指数(RI)、加速度 (ACC)和加速时间 (TA) ,并与X线血管造影结果及正常对照组结果比较。结果　 2 3例大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄患者的肾体积均较对照组偏小 ,肾动脉内径两者间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。多发性大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄患者的彩色多普勒血流形态及狭窄类型与X线肾动脉血管造影高度一致。多发性大动脉炎肾动脉狭窄的Vmax、Vmin、RI、ACC和TA与对照组比较差异均有显著性意义。结论　彩色血流束形态与肾动脉狭窄类型有关 ,多普勒血流频谱参数具有明显特征性的血流动力学异常。     

原发性高血压患者肾动脉血流动力学研究

目的 探讨原发性高血压患者肾动脉血流指标变化的临床意义.方法 2006年5月至2010年7月我院门诊及住院的原发性高血压患者90例,其中1、2、3级高血压各30例,另选30名健康查体者作为健康对照组,应用彩色多普勒超声检测各组研究对象的双侧主肾动脉、段动脉和叶间动脉的血流频谱,获得各组血流参数,包括收缩期最大血流速度(Vmax)、舒张末期最低血流速度(Vmin)、舒张末期最低血流速度/收缩期最大血流速度(Vmin/Vmax)、阻力指数,并进行比较分析.结果 健康对照组主肾动脉的Vmax、Vmin、Vmin/Vmax及阻力指数分别为(63.99±7.68)cm/s、(23.86±3.07)cm/s,0.38±0.05、0.62±0.05;段动脉的Vmax、Vmin、Vmin/Vmax及阻力指数分别为(52.93±4.24)cm/s、(2 0.89±2.47)cm/s,0.40±0.04、0.60±0.04;叶间动脉的Vmax、Vmin、Vmin/Vmax及阻力指数分别为(35.32±4.22)cm/s、(15.07±2.54)cm/s,0.43±0.04、0.57±0.04.与健康对照组比较,1级高血压组仅叶间动脉的Vmin、Vmax/Vmin降低,阻力指数增高,差异具有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);2级高血压组除主肾动脉的Vmax外,其余各肾动脉的血流参数差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或0.01);3级高血压组各级肾动脉的各项血流参数差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或0.01);Vmax、Vmin及Vmin/Vmax随着血压分级的增加而减低,阻力指数随着血压分级的增加而升高.结论 彩色多普勒超声肾动脉血流动力学指标可为临床评价高血压患者肾损害提供一定的依据.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the clinical significance of the changes of renal artery blood stream parameters in patients with essential hypertensive by color Doppler ultrasonography. Methods Ninety patients with essential hypertension were enrolled and divided into three groups (grade 1,2,3 ) according to their clinical blood pressure from May 2006 to July 2010 and each group included 30 cases. Thirty normal individuals were assigned to the control group. Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to determine the blood flow spectrum of bilateral main renal arteries, segmental arteries and interlobar arteries of kidneys. The parameters included Vmax, Vmin, Vmin/Vmax, resistance index (RI) were recorded and analyzed. Results In the control group, the Vmax,Vmin,Vmin/Vmax and RI in main renal arteries were (63.99 ± 7.68)cm/s, (23.86 ± 3.07) cm/s,0. 38 ± 0. 05 and 0. 62 ± 0. 05 ;in segmental arteries were ( 52. 93 ± 4. 24) cm/s, ( 20. 89 ± 2. 47 ) cm/s,0. 40 ±0. 04 and 0. 60 ±0. 04;in interlobar arteries were (35. 32 ±4. 22)cm/s, ( 15.07 ±2. 54) cm/s,0. 43 ±0. 04 and 0. 57 ± 0. 04. Compared to the control, only Vmin, Vmin/Vmax and RI in interlobar arteries were statistically changed in grade 1 hypertension group ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). While in grade 2 hypertension group, all the blood flow parameters except Vmax in main renal arteries statistically changed compared to the control group(P ＜ 0.05 ). In grade 3 hypertension group, all the blood flow parameters showed statistically differences when compared to control group (P ＜ 0. 05 ). The Vmax, Vmin, Vmin/Vmax decreased along with the blood pressure increased,however, the RI increased along with BP. Conclusion The renal artery blood stream parameters determined by color Doppler ultrasonography can provide important information to evaluate abnormal renal function in patients with hypertension.     

颈部淋巴结肿大的彩色多普勒超声诊断与鉴别分析

目的 探讨颈部淋巴结肿大的二维超声及彩色多普勒血流特征与定性诊断.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声观察86例患者,计132个颈部肿大淋巴结,其中反应性淋巴结52个,结核性淋巴结16个,淋巴瘤38个,转移性淋巴结癌26个.对淋巴结大小形态、内部回声、门结构、纵横比(L/T)与周围解剖关系进行分析,脉冲多普勒(PWD)检测收缩期最大血流速度(Vmax)与最小血流速度(Vmin)及阻力指数(RI).结果 反应性淋巴结与淋巴瘤的形态结构、纵横比等声像图特征相近;结核性淋巴结与转移性淋巴结癌的形态结构等声像图特征相近.多普勒血流检测Vmax、Vmin、RI差异较大,组间比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 反应性淋巴结与淋巴瘤之间、结核性淋巴结与转移性淋巴结癌之间单凭声像图特征难以鉴别,需结合多普勒血流特征及临床体征综合鉴别.     

彩超诊断乳腺癌的声像图与病理结果对照分析

目的 评价彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)及高频超声诊断乳腺癌的临床价值.方法 对照分析50例乳腺癌高频声像图、CDFI血流特征及病理结果.结果 乳腺癌高频声像图多形态不规则,内部回声不均匀减低,并见微小钙化;CDFI:收缩期流速峰值(Vmax)14.99±6.11,舒张期流速峰值(Vmin)2.78±1.0,阻力指数(RI)0.83±0.09,呈高速高阻.结论 高频声像图结合CDFI,可以进一步提高乳腺癌的诊断准确率.     

原发性干燥综合征的泪腺超声特征

目的探讨原发性干燥综合征的泪腺超声特征。方法病例组选取我院风湿科确诊为原发性干燥综合征的女性患者53例，对照组为健康成年女性61例，两组行超声检查，观察两组泪腺的大小、形态、内部回声，彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）检测泪腺动脉的血流形态，频谱多普勒检测泪腺动脉的收缩期峰值流速（PSV）和阻力指数（RI）。结果病例组中超声探及双侧泪腺肿大29例（54．7％），内部回声不均匀，可见大量囊性改变，CDFI显示泪腺动脉的血流形态呈长条状，频谱多普勒检测PSV和RI较对照组均明显增高（P〈0．01）；探及单侧泪腺肿大13例（24．5％），内部回声不均匀，有少量囊性改变，CDFI显示泪腺动脉的血流形态呈短棒状，频谱多普勒检测PSV和RI较对照组均明显增高（P〈0．01）；探及无泪腺肿大11例（20．8％），内部回声较均匀，无囊性改变，CDFI显示泪腺动脉的血流形态呈点状，频谱多普勒检测PSV和RI较对照组差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。病例组中两两比较差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论超声可作为原发性干燥综合征泪腺病变的重要诊断方法。     

彩色多普勒超声对颌面部血管畸形的诊断分类

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对颌面部血管畸形病变的诊断、分类.方法 对110例颌面部血管畸形进行二维及彩色多普勒超声检查,根据声像图特征和血流动力学特点将血管畸形分为高流速病变和低流速病变.结果 110例血管畸形中,67例二维显示形态不规则的网格状或蜂窝状混合性回声,部分伴强回声静脉石,彩色多普勒显示血流信号稀少或较丰富,供瘤动脉收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)为(28.53±8.1)cm/s,超声诊断为低流速血管畸形.43例显示72条供血动脉增粗,瘤内血流信号极丰富,PSV为(144.53±38.9)cm/s,呈低阻动脉型频谱,超声诊断为高流速血管畸形.经DSA检查或术后病理证实高流速和低流速两类病变的超声诊断正确率分别为100%和97%.结论 彩色多普勒超声对血管畸形病变能作出较正确的诊断分类和鉴别诊断,对临床选择合理的治疗方案具有重要的指导意义.     

小儿皮肤皮下血管瘤的超声诊断:增生期或退化期的判断

目的探讨婴幼儿皮肤软组织增生期和退化期血管瘤的彩色多普勒超声特征。方法对32例(37个肿瘤)经病理证实为血管瘤的彩色多普勒超声表现进行回顾性分析。并根据Ki-67免疫组化结果分为增生期和退化期血管瘤,比较二者的彩色多普勒超声特征、动脉收缩期峰值血流速度(PASV)、阻力指数(RI)。结果增生期血管瘤(24个):声像图表现为混合回声团块,血流通过静脉网、或小动静脉瘘时形成丰富的彩色血流信号,频谱多普勒探查为动静脉血流信号,动脉血流频谱为低阻力型;PASV=(64.31±27.80)cm/s,RI=0.54±0.11。退化期血管瘤(13个):有较多的纤维化、钙化成分导致血管腔隙闭合,声像图主要表现为高回声型,彩色血流信号较稀疏;PASV=(39.23±22.18)cm/s,RI=0.69±0.12。增生期血管瘤PASV、RI和退化期血管瘤比较,P<0.01。结论增生期血管瘤和退化期血管瘤彩色多普勒超声有一定差异,对婴幼儿皮肤软组织血管瘤的诊断与分期具有重要的临床意义。     

彩色多普勒超声对宫外孕介入治疗前后子宫动脉的血流评价

目的观察宫外孕介入治疗的疗效及治疗前后子宫动脉的血流动力学变化.方法经阴道彩色多普勒超声检测28例宫外孕超声介入治疗前后的子宫动脉频谱.正常对照24例.结果宫外孕超声介入治疗效果满意.介入治疗前患侧子宫动脉的收缩期最大峰值流速(Vmax)、舒张末期流速(Vmin)较健侧及正常对照组明显升高(P<0.05),而阻力指数(RI)明显降低(P<0.01);介入治疗后患侧子宫动脉的Vmax,Vmin逐渐下降,而RI逐渐上升(P<0.01).结论超声介入治疗宫外孕是一种简便、有效、安全的方法.多普勒超声检测为治疗效果的评价提供一种有效方法.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.