脂肪栓塞综合征的CT与MRI（附11例分析）

目的 :探讨脂肪栓塞综合征 (FES)的CT与MRI表现。材料和方法 :回顾性分析临床证实的 11例FES影像学资料 ,11例均行头部 /肺部CT扫描 ,其中 5例作胸部X线摄片 ,5例MRI检查头部。结果 :头部CT扫描 8例 ,4例显示脑内低密度病灶 ,4例无异常 ;MRI检查 5例 ,病变在T1WI呈等信号 4例和低信号 1例 ,T2WI均为高信号。胸部X线摄片 5例 ,2例显示两侧肺纹理增粗或散在斑片状影 ,1例双肺野弥漫病灶 ,2例无异常发现 ;肺部CT检查 5例 ,均见到多灶性实变、磨玻璃影、结节及坠积现象。结论 :影像学检查可为FES的诊断提供直接的证据 ,MRI扫描的T2WI ,应作为头部FES首选的检查方法 ,而肺部FES应首选胸部CT检查。     

Value of computed tomography in radiotherapy of lung cancer.

The effectiveness of CT scanning in radiotherapeutic treatment planning was evaluated in 32 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. CT of the chest in pretreatment evaluation of these patients supplemented conventional clinical and radiographic patients supplemented conventional clinical and radiographic studies, resulting in (1) more clear delineation of tumor extent in 24 patients (75%); (2) change in assessment of the size of lesions in 14 patients (43%); (3) change of disease stage in 13 (40%); (4) demonstration of inadequacy of treatment plan in nine (28%); and (5) changes in the volume of normal tissue irradiated in 14 (40%). CT scan data was judged essential for treatment planning in 17 patients studied (53%). Unsuspected areas of tumor involvement were seen in 21 patients (65%). Use of the CT scan as a patient contour for radiotherapy treatment planning of lung cancer and alternative techniques are discussed.     

Spiral CT findings in septic pulmonary emboli

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine the characteristics of septic pulmonary emboli and their prevalence on spiral computed tomographic (CT) scans. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We evaluated 65 lesions on spiral CT scans in ten patients with septic pulmonary emboli. Spiral CT scans (10-mm collimation) were obtained at 10-mm intervals from the lung apex to the diaphragm and were compared with posteroanterior chest radiographs obtained within 24 h after CT scanning. RESULTS: Only 21 (32%) of the 65 lesions detected on CT scans were also detected on chest radiographs. Peripheral nodules (39 lesions (60%)) were seen in all ten patients, wedge-shaped peripheral lesions (15 lesions (23%)) in nine patients, and infiltrates (11 lesions (17%)) in four patients. Subpleural lesions (45 lesions (69%)) and feeding vessels (35 (54%)) were found in all patients, and cavitary lesions (seven lesions (11%)) were seen in four patients. Subpleural peripheral nodules and wedge-shaped peripheral lesions were seen in nine patients. Thirty-two lesions (49%) ranged in diameter from 10 to 19 mm, and 59 lesions (91%) were less than 30 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Spiral CT is useful in detecting septic pulmonary emboli. On spiral CT subpleural peripheral nodules and wedge-shaped peripheral lesions less than 30 mm in diameter are often found in patients with septic pulmonary emboli.     

SARS的胸部CT早期表现

目的 探讨SARS胸部CT早期表现及其在早期诊断中的作用。方法40例符合临床诊断标准的SARS患者在发病后1周内进行胸部CT扫描，同时行常规计算机摄影(CR)胸片检查。回顾性分析这些胸部平片和CT图像，重点观察胸部有无异常表现，并对胸部CT异常阴影的数目、位置、密度、形态和分布进行分析。结果 胸部CT扫描发现40例SARS患者均有不同程度的肺部异常阴影。而CR胸片未见异常者9例，可疑者6例，明确有异常者25例。SARS肺部CT异常表现主要是不同程度的肺部炎性浸润，病灶密度低、不均匀，以磨玻璃样改变多见，为25例(62．5％)(此类改变胸片容易漏诊)，实变11例(27．5％)，两者均有4例(10％)。70．0％的病例(28例)只有l～2个病灶，30．0％的病例(12例)有3个以上病灶或两肺多发。病灶彤态以斑片状和球形为常见，占82．5％(33例)，也可累及整个肺段(4例，10．0％)或表现为坠积性肺炎样(3例，7．5％)。病灶常位于肺的周边部位(28例，70％)，同时累及周边和中心者11例(17．5％)。25．0％的病例(10例)出现支气管气像。结论胸部CT扫描能早期发现SARS患者肺部异常阴影，明显优于胸片。SARS患者肺部CT异常早期表现有其特点，但非特异性。因此，胸部CT检查在SARS病人的早期诊断和鉴别诊断中有重要作用。     

Chronic pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis): high-resolution CT findings in 41 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the pulmonary parenchymal findings on high-resolution CT in 41 patients with the chronic form of paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study included 41 consecutive patients in whom chronic paracoccidioidomycosis had been proven. All patients underwent high-resolution CT (1-mm collimation, high-spatial-frequency reconstruction algorithm) at 12 equally spaced intervals through the chest. The images were analyzed by two radiologists, and each final decision was reached by consensus. RESULTS: Thirty-eight (93%) of the 41 patients had CT scans with abnormal findings. The findings included interlobular septal thickening in 36 patients (88%), 1-25 mm diameter nodules in 34 (83%), peribronchovascular interstitial thickening in 32 (78%), centrilobular opacities in 26 (63%), intralobular lines in 24 (59%), ground-glass opacities in 14 (34%), cavitation in seven (17%), air-space consolidation in five (12%), traction bronchiectasis in 34 (83%), and paracicatricial emphysema in 28 (68%). In approximately 90% of patients, the abnormalities were bilateral and symmetrical and involved all lung zones. CONCLUSION: High-resolution CT findings of paracoccidioidomycosis consist predominantly of interstitial abnormalities and nodules associated with traction bronchiectasis and paracicatricial emphysema in a bilaterally symmetrical distribution.     

Role of chest CT in the follow-up of ovarian adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE: We describe the prevalence of metastatic chest disease in ovarian adenocarcinoma as seen on CT. We sought to determine whether routine chest CT added any pertinent information to the follow-up examination of patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of our tumor registry yielded 96 patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma who had only a single primary malignancy and at least one CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. CT scans were reviewed to assess the presence of metastatic chest disease in relation to disease activity in the abdomen and pelvis. Chest CT findings were correlated with the physical examination findings and CA-125 levels and were reviewed in consultation with a gynecologic oncologist to select only those patients with chest abnormalities attributable to metastatic disease. RESULTS: A total of 266 CT scans were obtained. Forty (41.7%) of the 96 patients had abnormalities attributable to metastatic chest disease on one or more scans. In the absence of disease progression in the abdomen and pelvis, chest disease progression was seen in only six (2.7%) of the 226 follow-up CT scans. Five of the six patients had rising CA-125 levels. CONCLUSION: Correlation of the findings of abdominal and pelvic CT with the physical findings and the CA-125 levels serves as effective follow-up in patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma. The contribution of additional chest CT in these patients is small.     

CT反向扫描对消除慢阻肺患者呼吸运动伪影的应用价值

目的 探讨CT反向扫描对消除慢阻肺(COPD)患者在CT扫描中呼吸运动伪影的价值. 方法 随机抽取40例COPD志愿受检者,采用GR-Helical肺扫描技术进行顺向和反向扫描,所获得的图像由3名高年资影像诊断医师进行双盲质量评价. 结果 40例病例中,出现呼吸运动伪影17例,其中70.59%居下肺野,64.7%好发于60岁以上人群.顺向扫描伪影率为35%,经反向扫描伪影率降低到7.5%,下肺野未见明显伪影,图像质量提高了27.5%,2种扫描方法在统计学上具有显著性差异(P<0.05 ). 结论 CT反向扫描可有效抑制和消除下肺野呼吸运动伪影的发生,是慢阻肺患者的首选扫描技术.     

肾移植后巨细胞病毒肺炎的X线和CT表现

目的: 提高X线胸片和CT诊断肾移植后巨细胞病毒(CMV)肺炎的水平.材料和方法: 回顾性分析11例肾移植后CMV患者的X线胸片和CT表现.结果: 肾移植后CMV肺炎8例X线胸片表现为磨玻璃影和实变影,3例胸片正常;CT表现为双肺弥漫性病变,磨玻璃影最为常见,并与其它影像学表现合并存在,主要与实变影和多发性小结节样影合并存在;磨玻璃影在所有患者均表现为两侧肺分布.10例患者有多发性小结节样影;8例患者有多发实变影;5例并发有少量胸腔积液和小叶间隔增厚.结论: 肾移植后CMV肺炎的CT表现有一定特点,结合临床可提示诊断.     

CT-based radiomics for predicting the rapid progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia lesions

Objectives:To develop and validate a radiomic model to predict the rapid progression (defined as volume growth of pneumonia lesions > 50% within seven days) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Methods:Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who underwent longitudinal chest CT between January 01 and February 18, 2020 were included. A total of 1316 radiomic features were extracted from the lung parenchyma window for each CT. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), Relief, Las Vegas Wrapper (LVW), L1-norm-Support Vector Machine (L1-norm-SVM), and recursive feature elimination (RFE) were applied to select the features that associated with rapid progression. Four machine learning classifiers were used for modeling, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Logistic Regression (LR), and Decision Tree (DT). Accordingly, 20 radiomic models were developed on the basis of 296 CT scans and validated in 74 CT scans. Model performance was determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve.Results:A total of 107 patients (median age, 49.0 years, interquartile range, 35–54) were evaluated. The patients underwent a total of 370 chest CT scans with a median interval of 4 days (interquartile range, 3–5 days). The combination methods of L1-norm SVM and SVM with 17 radiomic features yielded the highest performance in predicting the likelihood of rapid progression of pneumonia lesions on next CT scan, with an AUC of 0.857 (95% CI: 0.766–0.947), sensitivity of 87.5%, and specificity of 70.7%.Conclusions:Our radiomic model based on longitudinal chest CT data could predict the rapid progression of pneumonia lesions, which may facilitate the CT follow-up intervals and reduce the radiation.Advances in knowledge:Radiomic features extracted from the current chest CT have potential in predicting the likelihood of rapid progression of pneumonia lesions on the next chest CT, which would improve clinical decision-making regarding timely treatment.     

Crescent sign in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: frequency and related CT and clinical factors

PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency of the crescent sign on follow-up radiographs in patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, correlated with initial CT and clinical findings. METHOD: Retrospective analysis of serial chest radiographs was performed to see the frequency of the crescent sign in 21 consecutive patients with pathologically proved invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. The appearance of the crescent sign was correlated with the pattern of parenchymal lesions on initial CT scans, the presence and duration of neutropenia, and underlying diseases. RESULTS: The crescent sign was seen in 10 of 21 patients (48%) on follow-up radiographic examinations. It was seen in patients with initially large [consolidation or mass; 9/11 (82%) patients] rather than small [nodule(s); 1/10 (10%) patients] parenchymal lesions (p = 0.002) on CT. The sign appeared in 7 of 17 (41%) patients with neutropenia 1-10 days after recovery from neutropenia. It appeared in three of four patients (75%) without neutropenia 4--8 days after treatment with amphotericin B. The appearance was not related to the duration (32 days in patients with crescent sign and 17 days without sign) of the neutropenic period (p > 0.05). The sign was seen in 8 of 15 (53%) patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and 2 of 6 (33%) patients with other diseases (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The crescent sign appears in about half of patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis with recovery from neutropenia, especially when the initial lesion is a consolidation or mass on CT scans.     

Diagnostic CT scans: assessment of patient, physician, and radiologist awareness of radiation dose and possible risks

PURPOSE: To determine the awareness level concerning radiation dose and possible risks associated with computed tomographic (CT) scans among patients, emergency department (ED) physicians, and radiologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult patients seen in the ED of a U.S. academic medical center during a 2-week period with mild to moderate abdominopelvic or flank pain and who underwent CT were surveyed after acquisition of the CT scan. Patients were asked whether or not they were informed about the risks, benefits, and radiation dose of the CT scan and if they believed that the scan increased their lifetime cancer risk. Patients were also asked to estimate the radiation dose for the CT scan compared with that for one chest radiograph. ED physicians who requested CT scans and radiologists who reviewed the CT scans were surveyed with similar questions and an additional question regarding the number of years in practice. The chi(2) test of independence was used to compare the three respondent groups regarding perceived increased cancer risk from one abdominopelvic CT scan. RESULTS: Seven percent (five of 76) of patients reported that they were told about risks and benefits of their CT scan, while 22% (10 of 45) of ED physicians reported that they had provided such information. Forty-seven percent (18 of 38) of radiologists believed that there was increased cancer risk, whereas only 9% (four of 45) of ED physicians and 3% (two of 76) of patients believed that there was increased risk (chi(2)(2) = 41.45, P <.001). All patients and most ED physicians and radiologists were unable to accurately estimate the dose for one CT scan compared with that for one chest radiograph. CONCLUSION: Patients are not given information about the risks, benefits, and radiation dose for a CT scan. Patients, ED physicians, and radiologists alike are unable to provide accurate estimates of CT doses regardless of their experience level.     

Imaging findings of pulmonary vascular disorders in portal hypertension

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate and compare the imaging findings of hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the imaging findings of five patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome and four patients with portopulmonary hypertension. We evaluated chest radiographs, chest and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans, 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin (MAA) lung perfusion scans, and pulmonary angiograms. RESULTS: In patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome, the presence of peripheral pulmonary vascular dilatation was detected by chest radiograph, chest CT scan, and pulmonary angiogram, especially the basilar segment. 99mTc-MAA lung perfusion scan showed extrapulmonary tracer distribution (brain, thyroid, and kidney), which revealed pulmonary R-L shunting. In patients with portopulmonary hypertension, chest radiographs and chest CT scans showed the classic findings of primary pulmonary hypertension. In patients with both disorders, extrahepatic features of portal hypertension including ascites, splenomegaly, and portosystemic collateral vessels were seen on abdominal CT. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, chest radiographs and CT in hepatopulmonary syndrome usually showed peripheral pulmonary vascular dilatation, whereas those in portopulmonary hypertension showed central pulmonary artery dilatation. The extrahepatic features of portal hypertension might be helpful for the diagnosis of both disorders.     

胸部创伤的X线和CT影像对比研究

目的 :探讨X线和CT对胸部创伤的诊断价值和特征。材料和方法 :回顾性分析 69例胸部创伤X线平片及CT表现。结果 :肺挫伤 43例 ,肺不张及肺萎陷 2 1例 ,骨折合并气胸 2 4例 ,胸腔积血 3 5例 ,皮下气肿和纵隔气肿 2 1例 ,其它合并损伤 :颅脑挫伤 13例 ,肝破裂 2例 ,脾破裂 2例 ,胸椎骨折 4例 ,锁骨骨折 3例 ,肩胛骨骨折 2例。结论 :CT能明确创伤病变的部位、性质、程度 ,敏感性和特异性高 ,能清晰显示X线平片难以发现的少量胸腔积液和积气 ,对危重及复合伤患者可减少搬动 ,并能较快完成检查 ,是胸部创伤最重要的检查方法之一。     

弥漫性泛细支气管炎

探讨弥漫性泛细支气管炎（ＤＰＢ）的临床与影像学表现,以提高对本病的认识。材料与方法,对２例经病理证实并有完整的临床,实验室及肺功能检查,以及胸片及高辨率ＣＴ（ＨＲＣＴ）检查的弥漫性泛细支气 进行回顾分析。结果２例临床表现为咳嗽,咯痰及活动后气短。胸片示两肺弥漫性分布的小结节影及肺过度充气膨胀并两下支气管扩张,ＨＲＣＴ像上;①肺小叶中心性小结中节影;②小支气管和细支气管扩张;③支气管壁增厚。同时伴有     

46例肺栓塞的胸部螺旋CT及X线平片影像学比较

提高胸部Ｘ线平片和螺旋ＣＴ对肺栓塞诊断的认识。材料与方法,经临床确诊４６例肺栓塞的影像学表现进行回顾性分析。结果胸部Ｘ线平片中７０％病例肺血管纹理改变为肺少血“缺血区”,呈肺叶、段分布;４６％病例有肺动脉、肺门动脉增粗;３０％病例贝肺周的浸润灶、纤维索条影及太肺不张;     

A correlation study of bone scanning with clinical and laboratory findings in the staging of nonsmall-cell lung cancer.

Fifty consecutive patients who had a bone scan and a diagnosis of nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma were studied, retrospectively, to determine the usefulness of bone scans in the presurgical workup. Bone scans were interpreted as positive for bone metastases if the scanning abnormality could not be explained by other causes (e.g., trauma or arthritis) or by additional studies (e.g., radiography or CT scanning). Seventeen percent of the patients whose initial clinical and laboratory findings suggested only localized resectable tumor had positive bone scans, changing treatment from surgery to more conservative therapy. Thirty-six percent of patients with no evidence of lung cancer extending to the mediastinum or beyond by CT of the chest and upper abdomen had bone scans indicating bone metastases (positive bone scan). These results suggest that bone scan adds useful information to the presurgical evaluation of patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Clinical findings and/or CT of the chest and upper abdomen are not sensitive or specific enough to exclude bone metastases. Bone scan is recommended before thoracotomy for patients considered for surgery for localized, potentially resectable nonsmall-cell lung cancer.     

胸片和CT诊断SARS价值的对比研究

目的 :评价CT对胸片正常严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)患者的诊断价值。材料和方法 :对临床疑似SARS而X线胸片正常的 2 1例患者进行了胸部螺旋CT扫描及系列床边X线胸片复查。分析肺部病变的CT表现特征。结果 :2 1例疑似SARS患者中CT显示 12例有肺部病变 ( 5 7.1% )。根据系列复查胸片结果将 12例患者分成 2组 :第一组 ,复查胸片异常组 ,共 7例。其中单发磨玻璃样影 3例、多发磨玻璃样影 4例 ;第二组 ,复查胸片正常组 ,共 5例。其中单发磨玻璃样影 1例、多发磨玻璃样影 3例和左下叶实变影 1例。磨玻璃样影多位于肺周边部 ( 2 7/ 3 5 ) ,均为圆形 ,直径小于 3cm。结论 :胸片阴性SARS患者肺部病变的CT特点是以周围性分布为主的磨玻璃样影。CT可早于胸片发现肺部病变 ,并可提高SARS的肺部病变检出率。     

Portable CT: assessing thoracic disease in the intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of a portable CT scanner to evaluate and treat thoracic disease in patients in the intensive care unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients who were being treated in the intensive care unit underwent 20 portable CT scans. Twice a CT scan was obtained to guide an interventional chest procedure. The remaining 18 scans were assessed for findings not evident on portable chest radiography and for findings that altered treatment. Image quality was judged in comparison with fixed CT scans. RESULTS: Unsuspected abnormalities, most relating to the pleura or chest wall, were found in 13 of the 17 available portable CT scans. Treatment was affected in four (25%) of the 16 cases in which medical records were available for review. Two interventional procedures were performed successfully using portable CT guidance. Scan quality was judged to be comparable with that of fixed CT for mediastinal windows and somewhat inferior for lung windows. CONCLUSION: Portable CT gives images of diagnostic quality and allows confident guidance during interventional procedures in critically ill patients who therefore need not leave the intensive care unit environment.     

Comparison of calcification of pineal,habenular commissure and choroid plexus on plain films and computed tomography

Summary Skull radiographs and CT scans of 1,000 consecutive patients were examined for evidence of calcification in the pineal gland, habenular commissure and choroid plexuses. Plain film results were in agreement with previous surveys suggesting that the CT scan results may be accepted as general findings. Pineal calcification was seen on films in 61% and on CT scans in 83% of those over 30. On both films and CT scans calcification was 10% higher in males. Only 1% had a pineal 12 mm or larger on films. In at least 5% it was impossible to separate the habenula from the pineal by CT; including these, 5% had pineals larger than the accepted upper limit of normal. Measurements from males were 0.4 mm larger than for females on films and 0.2 mm larger on CT scans. Habenular commissure calcification was seen on films in 13% and on CT in 15% of those over 30, being 10% higher in males. Bilateral choroid plexus calcification was seen on frontal films in 15% and on CT in 77% of those over 30. On skull films the frequency of calcification was 2%–3% higher for adult males than females and on CT 7% higher. Calcification was seen on the lateral but not the frontal film in 128 patients. One choroid plexus only was seen on 14 frontal films and on 49 CT scans.     

Thoracic actinomycosis: CT findings in eight patients.

The chest radiographs and computed tomographic (CT) scans obtained in eight patients with pathologically proved cases of thoracic actinomycosis were independently reviewed by two observers. All patients were alcoholic men aged 42-62 years. Air-space consolidation, seen on the radiograph and CT scan in each case, was present in the lower lobes in seven patients (88%) and upper lobes in three (38%). Pleural effusion was present in five (62%). Pleural thickening adjacent to the air-space consolidation was identified on the radiograph in four (50%) and CT scan in all eight. Cavitation or central areas of low attenuation not apparent on the radiograph were seen on the CT scan in five cases (62%). Hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy was identified on the radiograph in three cases (38%) and on the CT scan in six (75%). Chest-wall invasion occurred in only one case (12%). Thoracic actinomycosis is characterized on CT scans by air-space consolidation with adjacent pleural thickening. CT is superior to radiography in assessing the thoracic manifestations of actinomycosis.