497例手足口病流行病学调查

目的 了解2008年开封市鼓楼区各级医疗机构所报告的497例手足口病的流行病学特征,为手足口病的防治工作提供基础资料.方法 对报告的497例手足口病患儿家长进行问卷调查,并进行单因素分析.结果 发病人群主要为1～5岁的散居儿童和托幼儿童.5月份为发病高峰.临床表现主要为发热、皮疹和疱疹,集中在手、足、口、臀部.发热337例,散居儿童的发热率高于托幼儿童,托幼儿童的发热率高于学生;有口腔溃疡的儿童发热率高于无口腔溃疡的儿童;三周内与手足口病人有接触史的患儿高于无接触史的患儿.差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05). 结论 做好疫情的监测和管理和养成良好的卫生习惯是手足口病的防治重点.     

梁山县2009年426例手足口病流行病学分析

目的了解梁山县2009年发生的426例手足口病的流行病学特征,为防治工作提供科学依据。方法对426例手足口病患儿家长进行流行病学调查分析。结果病例均有疱疹发生,主要发生在手、足和口腔。有口腔溃疡的儿童精神状态明显低于无口腔溃疡的儿童,散居儿童发病率（97.2%）高于幼托儿童和学生。影响因素主要为1周内有接触史（27.7%）,无饭前便后洗手（25.8%）和与其他儿童共用毛巾、手帕和玩具（25.6%）。结论手足口病好发于儿童,预防的重点是进行健康教育,养成良好的卫生习惯。     

一起小学手足口病聚集性疫情流行病学调查

目的 通过对某小学手足口病聚集性疫情的调查分析,为有效防控手足口病提供科学参考.方法对北京市某小学手足口病聚集性疫情进行现场调查,并对结果采用描述流行病学和分析流行病学的方法进行分析.结果 该起疫情历时13 d,共出现10例手足口病例,发病均为住校学生,罹患率为9.17%,病例分布在相邻的5间宿舍里,男生发病显著高于女生(P＜0.05).临床症状以口腔疱疹、手足疱疹为主,部分患病学生有发热症状,无重症患者.结论 此起疫情系由肠道病毒EV71感染引起,住校学生间相互密切接触造成传播,提示今后应采取综合措施防控学生手足口病疫情.     

1543例手足口病流行病学特征分析

目的对昆山市2009年1 543例手足口病的流行病学特征进行调查。方法对1543例手足口病病例进行流行病学分析。结果发病年龄以6岁以下（90%以上）多见,1~3岁占61.70%;男性患儿多于女性;发病高峰为5—7月;55.73%患儿发病前有流行病学接触史或可疑接触史;患者的临床表现典型,有发热、口腔溃疡、手、足和（或者）臀部疱疹。少数患儿并发无菌性脑膜脑炎（0.52%）、肺炎（4.08%）和肠炎（3.50%）,8例重症,无死亡病例。结论手足口病只要早期发现。早期诊断,及时治疗,给予重视,预后良好。     

手足口病患儿临床特征及危险因素分析

目的总结手足口病患儿的临床特征,并分析易诱发儿童手足口病的危险因素。方法抽取2012年12月-2014年4月在浙江省台州市第一人民医院进行治疗的182例手足口病患儿作为观察组,另选68例健康儿童作为对照组。两组儿童特征进行比较,总结手足口病患儿的临床特征,并用Logistic回归方法分析手足口病的危险因素。结果手足口病患儿以轻型病症为主,临床主要表现为发热(87.9%)、口痛(86.4%)、厌食(76.2%)、口腔黏膜出现散在疱疹或溃疡(64.1%)为主;玩具定期消毒(OR=0.357)、养宠物(OR=2.241)、类似症状者接触史(OR=2.667)、公共设施接触史(OR=2.833)、卫生习惯(OR=1.033)和家长对手足口病的了解情况(OR=2.021)与手足口病的发生具有相关性(P0.05)。结论手足口病患儿临床特征为发热、流涕、口痛、厌食、口腔黏膜出现散在疱疹或溃疡为主;而玩具不定期消毒、养宠物、与类似症状者接触、公共设施接触、不良卫生习惯和家长对手足口病的不了解是手足口病的危险因素。     

2015—2022年北京市房山区手足口病和疱疹性咽峡炎疫情流行病学和病原学特征分析

目的 分析2015—2022年北京市房山区手足口病和疱疹性咽峡炎疫情流行特征和病原学情况,为下一步防控措施提供科学依据。方法 收集2015—2022年北京市房山区手足口病和疱疹性咽峡炎疫情的基本信息及病原学信息,采用描述流行病学方法对结果进行分析。计数资料采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法进行比较,检验水准α=0.05。结果 2015—2022年北京市房山区累计报告疫情565起（含疱疹性咽峡炎病例40起）,每年疫情数为7～112起。疫情发生主要集中在夏季和秋季;其中487起发生于平原地带,疫情数位居前2位的街道/乡镇为拱辰街道和长阳镇;疫情发生场所以托幼机构最多,其次为家庭。不同年份间疫情季节分布、发生场所分布差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。每起疫情病例数介于2～23例间,371起病例数均为2例。疫情病例数在不同年份间、场所间的分布差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。456起疫情具有病原学定性结果,以Cox A6、Cox A16、其他肠道病毒为主。疫情病原学定性在不同年份间、不同季节间分布差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。结论 北京市房山区手足口病和疱...     

郑州市一起幼儿园手足口病暴发疫情调查报告

目的控制手足口病疫情蔓延,掌握疫情传播因素,为手足口病防治提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学和分析流行病学的方法。结果郑州市一幼儿园共发病15例,罹患率为8.98%,与手足口病患儿接触、幼儿入托年龄与发病关系上差异有统计学意义。临床症状以口腔疱疹、手足出现疱疹为主,部分患儿有发热症状。结论此起疫情系幼儿园儿童园外感染引起的园内儿童继发感染暴发,与手足口病患儿近距离接触是此次暴发的主要原因,病例以肠道病毒EV71感染为主且全部为轻症病例。     

蓝芩口服液治疗手足口病94例疗效分析

目的 探讨蓝芩口服液治疗手足口病的临床效果.方法 选择我院2010年月1月至2012年6月收治的手足口病患儿共188例,上述患儿随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各94例.两组均给予对症处理,对照组给予利巴韦林,观察组给予利巴韦林和蓝芩口服液.观察两组发热消退时间、疱疹消退时间及口腔溃疡显效时间.结果 观察组患儿发热消退时间和对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组疱疹消退时间和口腔溃疡时间均早于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组的总有效率为96.8%,对照组的总有效率为85.1%;观察组总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 蓝芩口服液能够显著改善手足口病患儿皮疹症状,疗效显著,值得借鉴.     

成都市儿童手足口病感染危险因素病例对照研究

目的探索成都市儿童手足口病感染危险因素,为控制手足口病提供科学依据。方法采用病例对照研究方法,选择成都市2013-05/08县级以上医疗机构确诊的156例手足口病病例和从未被确诊为手足口病或疱疹性咽峡炎的195名无发热、出疹症状的儿童,制定统一调查问卷,进行电话调查,采用单因素卡方检验和非条件logistic多元回归分析。结果居住地为农村(OR=1.88,95%CI:1.11,3.18)、无幼儿专用饮水杯(OR=2.49,95%CI:1.11,5.63)、喜欢啃玩具和吃手(OR=2.05,95%CI:1.24,3.41)、发病前7 d接触过患者(OR=10.78,95%CI:3.68,31.56)或周围有病例存在(OR=3.30,95%CI:1.64,6.65)和儿童娱乐场所暴露史(OR=1.93,95%CI:1.09,3.42)为危险因素;接种过轮状疫苗(OR=0.36,95%CI:0.17,0.77)为保护因素。结论幼儿良好的卫生环境和卫生行为、减少与手足口病患儿接触机会、手足口病患儿的有效管理和健康教育、有效落实儿童娱乐场所的消毒工作是预防手足口病的重要措施。     

2017—2022年北京市房山区流行性腮腺炎流行病学分析

目的 了解北京市房山区流行性腮腺炎(简称流腮)的流行病学特征,为制定有效防控措施及评价疫苗预防效果提供科学依据。方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对2017—2022年北京市房山区流腮发病情况进行分析。结果 2017—2022年房山区累计报告流腮783例,年均发病率为10.39/10万,各年发病率波动在6.47/10万～14.90/10万。2020年麻腮风疫苗免疫策略调整后,2岁以下儿童连续2年未发生流腮病例。流腮全年均有发病,发病高峰主要在5—6月和9—10月。儿童中发病率随年龄增长逐渐增高,4～6岁为发病高峰,5岁发病率最高。6岁接种麻腮风疫苗后,7岁发病率明显下降。男性发病率高于女性,性别比为1.37∶1。职业分布以托幼儿童、学生和散居儿童为主,占全部病例的76.88%。流腮病例中,70.63%有麻腮风疫苗免疫史。<30岁流腮病例中,有1、2剂免疫史者的发热率分别为33.23%、19.63%,均低于无免疫史者(45.10%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=23.320,P<0.05);有1、2剂免疫史者的头痛发生率分别为9.20%、11.21%,均低于无免疫...     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.