乳腺癌保乳术后加速部分乳腺照射的研究进展

传统的乳腺癌保乳术后放疗是对全乳腺进行5周-6周的放疗。随着放射治疗技术的发展,加速部分乳腺照射可能会成为另一选择。该文就加速部分乳腺照射在乳腺癌治疗中的研究进展作一综述。     

乳腺癌保乳术后加速部分乳腺照射的研究进展

传统的乳腺癌保乳术后放疗是对全乳腺进行5周-6周的放疗.随着放射治疗技术的发展,加速部分乳腺照射可能会成为另一选择.该文就加速部分乳腺照射在乳腺癌治疗中的研究进展作一综述.     

早期乳腺癌部分乳腺加速放疗

随着乳腺癌术后复发模式的研究进展,部分乳腺照射方法 成为乳腺癌放疗的热点.组织间插植、球囊近距离治疗、术中放疗及三维适形放疗和调强放疗等部分乳腺加速放疗已进入临床研究.其局部控制率和安全性与全乳腺照射比较相当,同时具有治疗周期短、方便患者等优势.部分乳腺加速放疗在部分患者有望代替全乳腺放疗,成为早期乳腺癌保乳术后放疗的...     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后不同放疗技术的剂量学比较

随着早期乳腺癌保乳手术加全乳腺照射的普及,越来越多的文献报道早期乳腺癌保乳手术加全乳腺照射疗效与根治术相当且美容效果也好,其中照射技术优劣直接影响疗效和美容效果^\[1\]。笔者重点评价常规放疗(conventional radiation therapy,CRT)、三维适形放疗(three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy,3DCRT)、调强放疗(intensity-modulated radiation therapy,IMRT)技术对乳腺癌保乳术后靶区和重要组织器官的影响。     

放射治疗在早期乳腺癌中的应用

目前保乳治疗已经成为早期乳腺癌的标准治疗方案,而放射治疗在保乳治疗中的作用也日益得到体现.由于传统的全乳放射治疗存在着诸多的劣势,所以近些年来,部分乳腺放疗逐渐为人们所重视.相对于传统全乳腺照射,部分乳腺放疗可使患者的保乳治疗更快捷,且降低了远期并发症的风险.但是部分乳腺放疗研究的长期结果尚缺乏,而且病例选择及放疗实施也存在很多不确定性.部分乳腺放疗是有前途的方法,但在病例选择治疗技术以及处方剂量上仍有很多工作要完成.本文对放射治疗在早期乳腺癌保乳治疗中的应用情况做一综述.     

乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗21例疗效观察

目的观察乳腺癌保乳术后的放射治疗疗效。方法对可行保乳的21例患者行肿瘤切除或加腋窝淋巴结清扫,于术后3~15周行全乳腺照射DT56~64Gy.腋窝淋巴结有转移者,常规作锁骨上、腋顶淋巴结照射DT50Gy,若腋窝无淋巴结转移,只作全乳腺照射。结果其1、2年生存率分别为100%、95.2%。2年局部复发率为4.86%。乳房美容満意率为90.5%。结论早期乳腺癌保乳术后的放射治疗可达到与根治术或改良根治术相同疗效,且保留乳房的美容效果佳,并未增加放疗副作用。     

乳腺癌保乳术后加速部分乳腺照射的靶区确定

目前,保乳治疗已经成为Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌的主要治疗方式.保乳术后放疗的目的主要是提高局部肿瘤控制率和乳房保全率.一直以来,全乳房照射加瘤床补量的放疗模式是乳腺癌保乳术后放疗的常规选择,因为这种放疗模式明显降低了局部肿瘤复发率.大量研究证明,保乳术后复发绝大多数发生在瘤床及其附近区域,因此单纯针对瘤床的部分乳腺照射（partial breast irradiation,PBI）成为近期乳腺癌放疗研究的热点.PBI的剂量分割方式通常为加速分割,因此亦可称其为加速部分乳腺照射（accelerated partial breast irradiation,APBI）.以下重点综述APBI的靶区确定.     

乳腺癌保乳术后图像引导放疗技术研究进展

保乳治疗是早期乳腺癌的标准治疗模式。保乳术后全乳照射能有效提高局部控制率和长期生存率。近年来,随着对早期乳腺癌保乳术后复发模式的深入研究,人们认识到保乳术后最常见复发部位为瘤床及其边缘,因此术后加速部分乳腺照射技术在临床上应用越来越广泛,这就对早期乳腺癌保乳术后靶区的准确施照提出了更高要求。利用图像引导放疗(image-guided radiotherapy,IGRT)技术能在线采集患者解剖图像,并与定位图像进行对比,从而发现并纠正治疗过程中的误差,提高放疗施照精度。笔者总结IGRT技术在乳腺癌保乳术后放疗过程中的应用,并对其下一步研究方向进行展望,希望能为更好地开展乳腺癌IGRT技术相关临床研究提供帮助。     

乳腺癌保留乳房手术后的放射治疗技术

放射治疗是早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的一个不可缺少的部分。荟萃分析显示：保乳术后放射治疗可以降低同侧乳腺肿瘤的复发率和患者的癌症病死率,放射治疗和未放射治疗患者的5年同侧乳腺局部复发率分别为79／6和26％,15年乳腺癌病死率分别为30．5％和35．9％。目前早期乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗主要包括全乳房照射50．0Gy（每次2．0Gy）,然后瘤床补量照射10．O～16．0Gy。     

乳腺癌保乳术后部分乳腺照射

保乳治疗作为早期乳腺癌的标准治疗选择目前已经成为国内外学者的共识，而且局部肿瘤扩大切除术作为原发肿瘤的主导手术模式也基本得到公认。多年来，全乳腺照射（whole breast irradiation，WBI）一直作为保乳术后相对固定的放疗模式，但随着对保留乳房术后复发模式认识的深入及放疗技术的进展，自20世纪90年代末期开始，加速部分乳腺照射（accelerated parial breast irradiation，APBI）作为WBI的替代模式用于部分保乳治疗的患者，目前APBI已经成为乳腺癌放疗研究的热点之一。     

乳腺干细胞和乳腺癌

乳腺干细胞是一种未分化的细胞，具有永远增殖和自我更新能力。乳腺癌中的癌症干细胞可能起源于正常干细胞，以细胞表面标志CD44^＋/CD24^-/low识别。癌症干细胞可能为肿瘤转移和复发的原因。识别乳腺癌干细胞和普通癌症细胞之间的差异，可以发展更有效的诊断和治疗方法。     

乳腺癌保留乳房治疗10a疗效分析

目的:研究评价保乳治疗的效果,分析1985年—1995年111例在该院行保乳治疗患者的远期疗效。方法:111例临床Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期患者行保乳手术,术后行全乳放疗,局部缩野照射。用SAS软件分析患者年龄,肿瘤大小,组织学类型,切缘,淋巴结转移,术后放疗与复发的关系,分析切除组织量与复发率和美容效果的关系。结果:中位随访10 a,10 a复发率10 % ,转移率27 %,生存率81 %。年龄、组织学类型、淋巴结转移与复发无显著性关系(P >0.05)。肿瘤大小,切缘情况与复发有关(P <0.01)。术后未行放疗的复发率高,达75 %。60Co放疗复发率高于加速器(11 % vs 5 %)。单纯局部复发与转移无明显相关性(P >0.05)。行象限切除复发率不低于肿瘤扩大切除(P >0.05),但明显影响美容效果。结论:保乳治疗适合不同年龄、不同组织学类型的早期乳腺癌,在保证切缘阴性的前提下,扩大切除范围不提高疗效反而会影响美容效果。放疗技术的提高有助于减少复发。     

The Impact of Breast Density on Breast Cancer Risk and Breast Screening

Whether measured by qualitative assessment of the parenchyma pattern or quantitatively by percent mammographic density, breast density is consistently a strong and independent risk factor for breast cancer (BC). Density is also a relatively common risk factor, and therefore an important contributor to BC risk at a population level. Including density (with other risk factors) in risk prediction models improves predictive accuracy; however, better standardization and/or automation of density measures will make the integration of breast density into risk assessment, and its application in tailored screening and primary prevention, more feasible. High breast density reduces screening sensitivity and is associated with risk of interval BC in screening; it is also associated with cancers that have poorer prognostic features. Non-randomized studies of adjunct ultrasound screening in women with mammography-negative dense breasts have provided evidence on incremental detection of BC with adjunct ultrasound and high false-positives but have not examined impact on clinical end-points, mortality, or balance of potential benefits versus harms.     

乳腺癌保乳治疗的临床研究体会

回顾乳腺癌保乳治疗的演变，结合206例实践及学习体会，从病例选择，手术要点，放疗及其它辅助治疗，前哨淋巴结活检，保乳美容评估等方面，探讨保乳综合治疗模式。     

Breast cancer

In Japan, the incidence rate of breast cancer is increasing every year so as to become the most common cancer among Japanese women. One of every 16 women is anticipated to eventually suffer from breast cancer. However, unlike the incidence rate, the mortality rate of breast cancer is low, and the 5-year survival rate is about 80%. Mammography screening has been shown to be effective, but the screening rate is still low(20-30%), compared to screening rates for other organs. To increase the screening rate, the Japanese government has introduced free breast cancer screening. To make the system for breast cancer screening more efficient, we should determine the risk factors for Japanese women, and conduct such screening at public expense.     

Breast cancer

As most of the clinical evidence that has a significant impact on the care of breast cancer is based on studies conducted in Western countries, it is important to understand the differences in the natural history of the disease as well as in the patterns of care before applying that evidence to daily practice in Japan. For example, the EORTC 22881 study demonstrated significant improvement of local control after breast conserving therapy with the additional use of 16 Gy of boost irradiation to the tumor bed after 50 Gy of whole breast irradiation for margin negative patients. However, the extent of the surgery in this study was smaller than that common in Japan, and the criteria for a negative margin was less strict than that in Japan. Therefore, it may be over-treatment to give boost irradiation routinely to margin negative patients in Japan. On the other hand, as it is a universal observation that patients under the age of 40 have greater risk of local recurrence, the result of EORTC 22881 study that the benefit of boost irradiation was greatest in patients younger than age of 40 encourages us to confirm this finding in our own clinical settings. It is desirable to develop clinical evidence of high quality in Japan that are directly applicable to Japanese patients.