不同部位静脉穿刺留置针在婴幼儿静脉滴注葡萄糖酸钙中的应用比较

目的：探讨早期保护性机械通气在危重烧伤伴重度吸入性损伤患者中的应用效果及护理方法。方法：对16例危重烧伤伴重度吸入性损伤患者早期行保护性机械通气，并给予精心护理。观察肺保护性通气模式前后呼吸功能改善情况。结果：采用早期保护性机械通气后1h、1d、2d危重烧伤伴重度吸入性损伤患者PaO2、SaO2和MRI较通气前明显升高（P〈0．01）。12例顺利撤机，2例死于多脏器功能衰竭，1例死于DIC，1例死于循环衰竭，无呼吸机相关性肺损伤发生。结论：对危重烧伤伴重度吸入性损伤患者早期行保护性机械通气，可改善肺通气功能，并可有效预防呼吸机相关性肺损伤的发生，长期机械通气后容易撤机。     

保护性机械通气在烧伤合并重度吸入性损伤救治中的护理

为减少重度吸入性损伤相关的肺损伤的发生，我科2006年7月～2008年8月对收治的10例烧伤合并重度吸入性损伤患者采用早期气管切开低潮气量、低PEEP和允许“高碳酸血症”保护性机械通气措施，取得良好的效果。现报告如下。     

早期保护性机械通气在危重烧伤伴重度吸入性损伤中的应用及护理

目的:探讨早期保护性机械通气在危重烧伤伴重度吸入性损伤患者中的应用效果及护理方法.方法:对16例危重烧伤伴重度吸入性损伤患者早期行保护性机械通气,并给予精心护理.观察肺保护性通气模式前后呼吸功能改善情况.结果:采用早期保护性机械通气后1h、1d、2d危重烧伤伴重度吸入性损伤患者PaO2、SaO2和MRI较通气前明显升高(P<0.01).12例顺利撤机,2例死于多脏器功能衰竭,1例死于DIC,1例死于循环衰竭,无呼吸机相关性肺损伤发生.结论:对危重烧伤伴重度吸入性损伤患者早期行保护性机械通气,可改善肺通气功能,并可有效预防呼吸机相关性肺损伤的发生,长期机械通气后容易撤机.     

低潮气量机械通气在慢性肺疾病全麻手术中的应用

慢性肺疾病患者术前就存在肺功能受损,全麻手术中机械通气容易造成肺的气压伤或肺不张而致呼吸功能进一步损伤。文献提示应用低潮气量加低水平呼气末正压通气能减少肺的气压伤,扩张萎陷的肺泡,保护肺功能。我院近年对慢性肺疾病患者在全麻手术中采用低潮气量     

机械通气治疗连枷胸合并呼吸衰竭16例

目的探讨连枷胸致呼吸衰竭的病理生理、机械通气治疗的指征、模式参数调节及撤离.方法总结16例采用机械通气治疗的连枷胸合并呼吸衰竭病例的临床治疗过程及转归.结果其中13例经机械通气4～14d后一次性成功脱机,转普通病房继续治疗5～1 3d后出院;3例死亡病例分别死于重度颅脑损伤及失血性休克.结论连枷胸如有机械通气指征,应尽早使用.机械通气模式可选用SIMV(同步间歇指令通气)+PSV(压力支持),宜选择偏高潮气量(10～12ml/kg),PEEP(呼气末正压)有利于病情恢复.浅快呼吸指数(f/VT)是目前撤机最有预测价值的指标.     

低潮气量机械通气治疗重度哮喘急性发作12例体会

目的研究重度哮喘急性发作(重度哮喘)患者低潮气量机械通气治疗的效果.方法观察12例重度哮喘患者,应用低潮气量[low tidal volume,V T(5.8±0.57)mL/kg]通气,动态测气道峰压(peak inspiratorypressure,PIP)、动脉血气、心率和血压.结果12例患者低潮气量机械通气治疗前均有呼吸衰竭伴意识障碍.动脉二氧化碳分压(arterial carbon dioxide pressure,PaCO2)为(12 9±2 7)kPa,pH为7.14±0.02,肺泡氧分压/用力吸氧量(PaO2/FiO2)为(25±6)kPa.采用低潮气量机械通气治疗(4.6±1.5)日.治疗2小时后PaO2/FiO2明显提高[(34±14)kPa,P＜0.05 ],12小时后,PaCO2和pH开始改善(均为P＜0.05)通气时间(4.6±1.5)日.结论在给予低潮气量通气治疗下,可迅速改善动脉血氧合,逐步降低二氧化碳分压,提高pH值.采用低潮气量治疗重度哮喘安全有效.     

机械通气在重症急性胰腺炎并发ARDS中的应用与护理

目的探讨合理的呼吸支持在重症急性胰腺炎并发ARDS早期治疗中的应用与护理。方法选择了84例重症急性胰腺炎合并ARDS的病人,采用小潮气量、低压通气的肺保护性通气策略进行治疗。结果采用肺保护性通气治疗与以往文献报道的采用常规高压、高容通气治疗相比,其死亡率显著降低,且通气时间、器官衰竭时间更短。结论小潮气量 PEEP通气模式对重症急性胰腺并发ARDS具有良好的治疗效果。对于重症急性胰腺早期发现ARDS的病例,应尽早实行肺保护性通气策略的机械通气。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者机械通气策略新进展

机械通气是治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合症(ARDS)的重要措施之一。随着近年来对ARDS病理的进一步研究,机械通气策略也由过去的大潮气量逐渐发展为肺保护性通气策略。本文通过阐述ARDS患者机械通气策略的新发展,为临床通气治疗ARDS患者提供参考。ARDS机械通气治疗近期有望实现突破。     

吸入性损伤行气管切开术后机械通气的气道管理

吸入性损伤是热力和（或）烟雾引起的呼吸道以致肺实质的损害,已成为当前烧伤重要的死亡原因。机械通气作为一种脏器支持手段,广泛用于临床各科,其目的是恢复有效通气并改善氧合。而吸入性损伤的治疗,往往需采用呼吸机进行机械通气,为促使创面愈合、保护脏器功能争取时间。因此,加强对吸入性损伤行气管切开术后机械通气患者的气道管理,是提高吸入性损伤治愈率的重要措施。     

部分液体通气对吸入性损伤犬血流动力学的影响

目的　将机械通气与小剂量氟碳相结合进行部分液体通气治疗犬吸入性损伤 ,对比研究确定这种通气方式对吸入性损伤犬血流动力学的影响。方法　将健康犬 16条随机分为两组。采用蒸气吸入造成吸入性损伤模型后 ,一组将氟碳缓慢注入肺内实施部分液体通气 ,作为实验组。另一组仅采用常规机械通气 ,作为对照组。结果　部分液体通气 (PLV)治疗后 30min、 6 0min、 90min、 12 0min的HR、MAP、CVP、PAWP、CO与对照组比较及与吸入性损伤后 90min实验组比较 ,上述各项参数均无明显改变 (P >0 0 5 )。PAP在PLV治疗后 30min、 6 0min比对照组高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而与伤后 90min实验组比较差别无显著性意义。结论　部分液体通气对吸入性损伤犬的循环动力学的主要参数无不良影响。氟碳注入肺内无明显肺水肿表现 ,使用安全 ,是良好的肺内气体交换媒介。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.