超声造影在肝外胆管占位性病变中的应用

目的 探讨应用CEUS诊断肝外胆管占位性病变的价值。方法 回顾性分析45例因肝外胆管占位性病变就诊于我院的患者, 将二维超声(US)、CEUS及增强CT影像学诊断结果与患者病理诊断进行对比, 分析每种影像学方法的诊断效能。结果 45例病例中良性病变6例, 恶性病变39例。US、CEUS及增强CT对肝外胆管良恶性病变的诊断准确率分别为71.11%(32/45)、88.89%(40/45)及91.11%(41/45), US与CEUS间(P=0.035)、US与增强CT间(P=0.015)差异具有统计学意义, CEUS与增强CT间(P=1.000)差异无统计学意义。结论 CEUS对肝外胆管占位性病变的诊断准确率高于US, 与增强CT相近, 对肝外胆管占位性病变的临床诊断具有重要价值。     

超声造影和MRI诊断小肾癌的对比

目的 探讨CEUS和MRI对小肾癌的诊断价值。方法 收集可疑肾实性小结节患者32例。对所有患者行CEUS和MR检查,观察小肾癌的CEUS图像特点,评价CEUS和MRI对小肾癌的诊断效能。结果 CEUS示假包膜环状增强19例(19/21,90.47%),动脉期同/快进14例(14/21,66.67%),均匀增强14例(14/21,66.67%)。32例患者中,小肾癌21例,CEUS测量的结节大小[(1.95±0.62 cm)]与MRI测量结果[(1.87±0.69)cm]差异无统计学意义(t=1.6132,P>0.05)。CEUS诊断小肾癌的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率分别为85.71%(18/21)、81.82%(9/11)、90.00%(18/20)、75.00%(9/12)和84.36%(27/32),MRI为90.48%(19/21)、90.91%(10/11)、95.00%(19/20)、83.33%(10/12)和90.63%(29/32)。结论 CEUS对无症状的小肾癌具有重要的诊断价值,对于MR检查受限的患者,CEUS是可选择替代的较为准确的影像学诊断方法。     

超声造影定量分析鉴别胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤与胰腺癌

目的 探讨CEUS时间-强度曲线(TIC)定量参数鉴别胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤与胰腺癌的临床价值。方法 回顾获病理诊断的43例神经内分泌肿瘤和胰腺癌的CEUS检查图像,并对其动态图像进行TIC定量分析,得出峰值强度(IMAX)、到达时间(AT)、达峰时间(TTP)、平均渡越时间(mTT)。结果 16例神经内分泌肿瘤与周围胰腺比较,各项定量参数差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),其中12例呈高及等增强型神经内分泌肿瘤IMAX与周围胰腺差异有统计学意义[(146.38±60.35)% vs 100%,P=0.02)]。27例胰腺癌TIC参数与周围胰腺比较:胰腺癌IMAX小于周围胰腺[(59.12±26.17)% vs 100%,P<0.01],AT大于周围胰腺[(14.50±6.83)s vs (11.87±4.51)s,P=0.01],mTT小于周围胰腺[33.30(26.00~73.70)s vs 45.00(35.00~150.10)s,P=0.11)。神经内分泌肿瘤与胰腺癌比较:神经内分泌肿瘤IMAX大于胰腺癌,TTP小于胰腺癌,mTT大于胰腺癌(P均<0.05)。以IMAX≥97.05%诊断神经内分泌肿瘤准确率、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值,分别为86.05% (37/43)、75.00%(12/16)、92.60%(25/27)、85.71%(12/14)、86.20%(25/29)。联合TTP≤7.70 s、mTT≥38.80 s诊断指标,可提高神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断效率。结论 CEUS定量分析可获得胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤和胰腺癌鉴别诊断的定量化指标,可为两者鉴别诊断提供更客观、有力证据。     

CEUS鉴别诊断肾脏高回声局灶性病变

目的 探讨CEUS鉴别诊断肾脏局灶性高回声良恶性病变的价值。方法 回顾性分析56例肾脏单发高回声局灶性病变患者的常规超声（US）及CEUS声像图资料,对其进行定性诊断;以病理诊断为金标准,计算并比较两者的诊断效能。结果 US及CEUS诊断肾恶性高回声病变的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率为70.00%（14/20）、75.00%（27/36）、60.87%（14/23）、81.82%（27/33）、73.21%（41/56）和80.00%（16/20）、94.44%（34/36）、88.89%（16/18）、89.47%（34/38）、89.29%（50/56）,CEUS的诊断准确率、特异度和阳性预测值均高于US（P均<0.05）。CEUS结果与病理诊断一致性好（Kappa值=0.761）,US与病理诊断一致性一般（Kappa值=0.435）。结论 CEUS可提高对于肾脏局灶性高回声良、恶性肿物的诊断及鉴别诊断效能。     

超声造影对乳腺X线摄影BI-RADS 3~5类病变的诊断效能

目的 探讨CEUS对乳腺X线摄影（MG）诊断为BI-RADS 3～5类病变的诊断价值。方法 对120例乳腺摄影诊断为BI-RADS 3～5类病变的患者行CEUS检查,所有患者均于影像学检查后接受病理检查。以病理结果为金标准,计算MG与CEUS的诊断敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值（PPV）和阴性预测值（NPV）,并进行统计学分析,比较其诊断效能。结果 120例中,MG诊断为BI-RADS 3类病变37例,其中CEUS诊断2例真阳性,4例假阳性;BI-RADS 4类病变60例,CEUS诊断14例真阳性,33例真阴性;BI-RADS 5类病变23例,CEUS诊断18例真阳性,2例假阳性,3例CEUS诊断阴性者均为假阴性。MG与CEUS对BI-RADS 3～5类病变的诊断敏感度差异无统计学意义（95.12% vs 82.93%, P=0.366）,CEUS的诊断特异度明显高于MG（81.01% vs 44.30%, P<0.001）;MG与CEUS的PPV和NPV差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。结论 CEUS应用于乳腺摄影BI-RADS 3、4、5类病变中,可提高其诊断特异度;对于BI-RADS 3类病变,CEUS阴性诊断可增强诊断信心。     

CT动态容积灌注成像检出早期胃癌并评估其病理分型

目的 观察CT动态容积灌注(DVPCT)成像检出早期胃癌并鉴别其病理分型的价值。方法 回顾性分析127例经病理证实的早期胃癌患者,根据术前检查方式分为增强CT组(n=67)或DVPCT组(n=60);比较组间一般资料、CT资料,以及DVPCT组内胃印戒 细胞癌(SRCC)与胃腺癌的强化程度、门静脉期与延迟期峰值期相及峰值时间;绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积,评估DVPCT时间-密度曲线(TDC)鉴别早期SRCC与腺癌的效能。结果 DVPCT组肿 瘤检出率、剂量长度乘积及有效剂量均高于增强CT组(P均＜0.05);2组患者年龄、性别、病理分型、肿瘤位置及肿瘤最大径差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。52例(52/60,86.67%)经DVPCT检出早期胃癌的患者中,SRCC 12例、腺癌39例、黏液腺癌1例;其中,早期胃SRCC与早期胃腺癌患者肿瘤强化程度、门静脉期及延迟期峰值期相及峰值时间差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。以峰值时间37.3 s 为最佳截断值,DVPCT TDC鉴别早期胃SRCC与早期胃腺癌的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率及曲线下面积分别为83.33%、84.62%、62.50%、94.29%、84.31%及0.895。结论 DVPCT检出早期胃癌效果优于常规增强CT;TDC可有效鉴别早期胃SRCC与早期胃腺癌。     

超声造影在肝外胆管癌诊断中的应用

目的 采用CEUS观察肝外胆管癌(ECC)的灌注过程及增强特点。方法 收集经病理证实的55例ECC患者。先行常规超声检查,再启动实时CEUS成像技术模式,评估分析病灶的增强方式、始增时间,并与常规超声比较诊断准确率。结果 CEUS的诊断准确率(52/55,94.55%)高于常规超声(44/55,80.00%;χ²=5.24,P<0.05)。不同类型病灶造影增强方式构成比差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),94.12%(16/17)厚壁型病灶为均匀增强,63.16%(12/19)团块型病灶为周边环形增强。不同类型病灶的始增时间构成比差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),94.12%(16/17)厚壁型病灶始增时间晚于肝脏/胆管壁始增时间,63.16%(12/19)团块型病灶始增时间早于肝脏/胆管壁始增时间。结论 采用CEUS可以提高ECC的诊断准确率,不同类型ECC的始增时间和增强方式有其特征性,值得临床推广及应用。     

BIRADS联合CEUS鉴别诊断乳腺肿瘤的良恶性

目的 探讨乳腺影像报告和数据系统(BIRADS)分类联合CEUS鉴别诊断乳腺肿瘤良恶性的价值。方法 对490例患者共524个病灶进行乳腺常规超声和CEUS检查,以病理为金标准,比较BIRADS分类及BIRADS分类联合CEUS诊断乳腺肿瘤良恶性的效能。结果 524个病灶中,良性病灶232个,恶性病灶292个。BIRADS分类诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的特异度17.24%(40/232)、敏感度99.32%(290/292)、准确率62.98%(330/524)、阳性预测值60.17%(290/482)、阴性预测值95.24%(40/42),ROC曲线下面积0.583。BIRADS分类联合CEUS后诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的特异度90.09%(209/232)、敏感度89.04%(260/292)、准确率89.50%(469/524)、阳性预测值91.87%(260/283)、阴性预测值86.72%(209/241),ROC曲线下面积0.896;两者曲线下面积差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 BIRADS联合CEUS有利于对乳腺肿瘤的鉴别诊断。     

颈动脉斑块超声造影增强特征与其病理特征及易损性的相关性

目的 采用超声造影（CEUS）评价颈动脉粥样硬化斑块增强特征与斑块中新生血管及弹性蛋白形态等病理特征及其易损性的相关性。方法 纳入124例颈动脉粥样硬化斑块患者,根据6个月内有无短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）或非致死性脑卒中将其分为症状组（n=40）和非症状组（n=84）,比较组间CEUS增强等级差异;其中60例接受颈动脉内膜剥脱术（CEA）并获得病理学结果,评价CEUS增强等级与斑块内新生血管、弹性蛋白形态的相关性;以Ⅱ级增强为标准判断斑块易损性,并与病理结果对照,评价CEUS判断斑块易损性的效能。结果 症状组颈动脉斑块CEUS增强等级高于非症状组（P<0.05）。斑块CEUS表现为0级增强时,其内弹性蛋白以波浪状为主;Ⅱ级增强时,以平直或断裂状为主;不同增强等级斑块弹性蛋白形态差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。斑块CEUS增强等级与其微血管密度（MVD）呈正相关（r=0.62,P<0.01）。CEUS判断斑块易损性的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为74.36%、61.91%、78.00%和57.00%。结论 症状性颈动脉斑块新生血管较多,其CEUS增强等级与新生血管数量及弹性蛋白形态有关;CEUS评价颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的效能较高。     

常规超声联合超声造影鉴别诊断甲状腺恶性与炎性病灶

目的 观察常规超声联合超声造影（CEUS）鉴别诊断甲状腺恶性与炎性病灶的价值。方法 纳入78例甲状腺疾病患者,根据病理结果将其分为恶性组（n=61）及炎性组（n=17）;对比2组病灶常规超声及CEUS特点,并将组间差异有统计学意义的因素纳入回归分析,观察常规超声联合CEUS鉴别诊断甲状腺恶性与炎性病灶的价值。结果 恶性组与炎性组病灶最大径、钙化情况、纵横比、造影剂到达时间、病灶增强模式及程度差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。回归分析结果显示,病灶最大径<10 mm（OR=130.319,P<0.001）、慢进型增强（OR=6.177,P=0.013）、微钙化（OR=10.886,P=0.001）及向心性增强（OR=12.922,P<0.001）为甲状腺恶性病灶的预测因子,其曲线下面积分别为0.828[95%CI（0.740,0.916）]、0.703[95%CI（0.575,0.832）]、0.638[95%CI（0.501,0.775）]及0.630[95%CI（0.491,0.768）]。结论 常规超声联合CEUS有助于鉴别诊断甲状腺恶性与炎性病灶;病灶伴微钙化、慢进型增强及向心性增强为恶性病灶的预测因子。     

Renal Cell Carcinoma and Renal Angiomyolipoma

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in differentiating renal cell carcinoma (RCC) from renal angiomyolipoma (RAML). Methods. One hundred nineteen patients with 126 renal lesions (33 RAMLs and 93 RCCs) who had undergone CEUS were retrospectively studied. All of the lesions were histopathologically or clinical proved. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography was performed using low–acoustic power modes and a sulfur hexafluoride–filled microbubble contrast agent. The baseline sonograms and CEUS images were retrospectively analyzed in consensus by 2 radiologists. The tumor echogenicity, enhancement patterns, and degree of enhancement at different phases were evaluated. The diagnostic efficacy of CEUS in differentiating the two diseases was computed and compared. Results. On CEUS, the features of wash‐out from hyperenhancement or isoenhancement to hypoenhancement over time (observed in 3.0% of RAMLs and 71.0% of RCCs; P < .001), heterogeneous enhancement (observed in 12.1% of RAMLs and 74.2% of RCCs; P < .001), and an enhanced perilesional rim (observed in 3.0% of RAMLs and 79.6% of RCCs; P < .001) achieved significant difference between RCCs and RAMLs. Early wash‐out and heterogeneous enhancement or peritumoral rim enhancement yielded the highest diagnostic capability in differentiating RCC from RAML. The corresponding sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 88.2% (82 of 93), 97.0% (32 of 33), 98.8% (82 of 83), 74.4% (32 of 43), and 90.5% (114 of 126), respectively. Conclusions. The CEUS features of early wash‐out, heterogeneous enhancement, and an enhanced peritumoral rim highly suggest RCC, whereas homogeneous enhancement and prolonged enhancement are characteristic manifestations of RAML. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography is valuable in differentiating RCC from RAML.     

低回声为主型肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤常规超声和超声造影特征

目的 探讨低回声为主型肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤常规超声与超声造影(CEUS)特征.方法 经手术病理证实的11例低回声为主型肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤患者,均接受常规超声及CEUS,并分析其影像学特征.结果 11例均经手术病理证实为少脂肪或乏脂肪肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,其中9例为经典型肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,2例为潜在恶性的上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤.常规超声示11例肿块均以低回声为主,肿块内部或周边可见散在点状及小片状高回声;彩色多普勒示2例为富血供肿块,2例为少血供肿块,7例为乏血供肿块.CEUS示3例为"快进快出"型(3/11, 27.27%),8例为"快进慢出"型(8/11,72.73%);7例为边缘型增强(7/11,63.64%),1例为中央型增强(1/11,9.09%),3例为同步增强(3/11,27.27%).结论 低回声为主型肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤为少见型肾肿瘤,常规超声结合CEUS有助于诊断和鉴别诊断.     

超声造影对小肾癌的诊断价值

目的 观察小肾癌(SRCC)超声造影表现及其临床应用价值.方法 分析64例经手术病理证实的小肾癌的常规超声及超声造影资料,比较两种方法 对小肾癌的诊断率、假包膜及坏死灶显示率以及反映病灶血供的能力等.结果 SRCC多为富血供病灶,呈"快进快出、高增强"的造影表现.超声造影较常规超声正确诊断率更高,能有效地反映病灶的血流灌注特征,并敏感显示病灶的假包膜及坏死灶.结论 实时灰阶超声造影对诊断SRCC有一定的临床价值.     

对比分析超声造影及增强CT诊断小肾癌

目的比较CEUS及增强CT(CECT)对小肾癌(SRCC)的诊断价值。方法对132例患者进行实时CEUS及CECT检查,以手术和穿刺病理结果为标准比较两种检查方法对SRCC的诊断价值。结果 132例患者中,恶性肿瘤119例(透明细胞癌95例,嫌色细胞癌9例,乳头状细胞癌13例,肾囊性细胞癌2例),良性肿瘤13例(均为肾错构瘤)。CEUS图像显示SRCC多呈富血供表现,有假包膜者占76.47%(91/119)。时间-强度曲线显示SRCC病灶的造影剂到达时间及曲线达峰时间低于肾皮质(P<0.05),达峰绝对值高于周围肾皮质(P<0.05)。CEUS确诊肾恶性肿瘤114例,误诊5例,确诊良性肿瘤6例,误诊7例。CECT确诊肾恶性肿瘤102例,误诊13例,漏诊4例,确诊良性病变6例,误诊7例。两种方法在SRCC的诊断方面差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.74,P>0.05)。结论 CEUS与CECT对诊断SRCC可起到相互补充的作用。通过TIC分析,CEUS可定量分析SRCC的血流灌注特点,诊断SRCC更为准确、客观。     

CEUS诊断肾脏占位性病变

目的 探讨CEUS在肾脏占位性病变中的应用价值。方法 对67例肾脏占位性病变患者术前行常规超声及CEUS检查,观察造影增强特征,并对其中40例肾透明细胞癌（CCRCC）和14例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（AML）造影增强特征进行比较,并分析时间-强度曲线定量参数,包括峰值强度（IMAX）、上升时间（RT）、达峰时间（TTP）及平均渡越时间（mTT）。结果 CCRCC和AML的CEUS增强模式、增强强度、增强均匀度和假包膜征差异均有统计学意义（P均< 0.01）。CCRCC的IMAX高于AML,RT和mTT均早于AML （P < 0.05）。CEUS定性诊断恶性肾脏占位性病变的敏感度91.49%（43/47）,特异度75.00%（15/20）,准确率86.57%（58/67）。结论 CEUS结合造影定量分析软件有助于诊断和鉴别CCRCC与AML。     

超声造影诊断卵巢纤维瘤

目的 探讨卵巢纤维瘤的CEUS表现及其应用价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理确诊的46例卵巢纤维瘤患者的CEUS图像,观察其增强时间、增强水平、造影剂分布及增强水平随时相变化情况,分析CEUS对卵巢纤维瘤的诊断符合率。结果 46例中,2例CEUS中始终未见增强,余44例卵巢纤维瘤开始增强时间明显晚于子宫肌层[(15.87±2.79)s vs (12.01±2.75)s,t=2.87,P<0.05)]。在增强早期,35例(35/44,79.55%)呈低增强,9例(9/44,20.45%)为等或高增强;增强晚期44例(44/44,100%)均呈低增强。33例(33/44,75.00%)卵巢纤维瘤中造影剂分布均匀。CEUS诊断卵巢纤维瘤的符合率为89.13%(41/46)。结论 卵巢纤维瘤具有较为典型的CEUS表现;实时CEUS技术可为卵巢纤维瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断提供有价值的信息。     

Mild traumatic brain injury affects the features of migraine

BackgroundHeadache is one of the most common symptoms after concussion, and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a risk factor for chronic migraine (CM). However, there remains a paucity of data regarding the impact of mTBI on migraine-related symptoms and clinical course.MethodsOf 2161 migraine patients who participated in the American Registry for Migraine Research between February 2016 and March 2020, 1098 completed questions assessing history of TBI (50.8%). Forty-four patients reported a history of moderate to severe TBI, 413 patients reported a history of mTBI. Patients’ demographics, headache symptoms and triggers, history of physical abuse, allodynia symptoms (ASC-12), migraine disability (MIDAS), depression (PHQ-2), and anxiety (GAD-7) were compared between migraine groups with (n = 413) and without (n = 641) a history of mTBI. Either the chi-square-test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate, was used for the analyses of categorical variables. The Mann-Whitney test was used for the analyses of continuous variables. Logistic regression models were used to compare variables of interest while adjusting for age, gender, and CM.ResultsA significantly higher proportion of patients with mTBI had CM (74.3% [307/413] vs. 65.8% [422/641], P = 0.004), had never been married or were divorced (36.6% [147/402] vs. 29.4% [187/636], P = 0.007), self-reported a history of physical abuse (24.3% [84/345] vs. 14.3% [70/491], P <  0.001), had mild to severe anxiety (50.5% [205/406] vs. 41.0% [258/630], P = 0.003), had headache-related vertigo (23.0% [95/413] vs. 15.9% [102/640], P = 0.009), and difficulty finding words (43.0% [174/405] vs. 32.9% [208/633], P <  0.001) in more than half their attacks, and headaches triggered by lack of sleep (39.4% [155/393] vs. 32.6% [198/607], P = 0.018) and reading (6.6% [26/393] vs. 3.0% [18/607], P = 0.016), compared to patients without mTBI. Patients with mTBI had significantly greater ASC-12 scores (median [interquartile range]; 5 [1–9] vs. 4 [1–7], P < 0.001), MIDAS scores (42 [18–85] vs. 34.5 [15–72], P = 0.034), and PHQ-2 scores (1 [0–2] vs. 1 [0–2], P = 0.012).ConclusionPatients with a history of mTBI are more likely to have a self-reported a history of physical abuse, vertigo, and allodynia during headache attacks, headaches triggered by lack of sleep and reading, greater headache burden and headache disability, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. This study suggests that a history of mTBI is associated with the phenotype, burden, clinical course, and associated comorbid diseases in patients with migraine, and highlights the importance of inquiring about a lifetime history of mTBI in patients being evaluated for migraine.     

Minimal Fat Renal Angiomyolipoma: The Initial Study with Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography

We visualized minimal fat renal angiomyolipomas (AMLs) by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). Conventional ultrasound and CEUS images were retrospectively analyzed for solid minimal fat renal AML cases (n = 18) and solid renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases (n = 105). We compared size, echogenicity and color flow signals with conventional ultrasound, and enhancement patterns with CEUS, in AMLs vs. RCCs. No significant differences in echogenicity and color flow signal existed between AMLs and RCCs using conventional ultrasound. With CEUS, slow centripetal enhancement in the cortical phase (83.3% of AMLs vs. 1.9% of RCCs) and homogeneous peak enhancement (100.0% of AMLs vs. 34.3% of RCCs) were valuable traits for differentiating these tumor types. These two CEUS-determined traits, combined, were differentiating criteria for minimal fat renal AMLs and RCCs; positive and negative predictive values were 100.0% and 97.2%, respectively. Slow centripetal enhancement in the cortical phase and homogeneous enhancement at peak are main features of CEUS-confirmed solid minimal fat renal AML.