上海市静安区儿童腹泻中分离的宋内志贺菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分析

[目的]研究上海市静安区2006～2008年儿童腹泻标本中分离的20株宋内志贺菌的耐药性和脉冲场凝胶电泳图谱特征。[方法]采用K-B法检测对16种抗生素的敏感性,并用WHONET5.3软件对菌株的耐药性进行分析。通过脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)技术对菌株进行分子分型,通过同源性分析以确定菌株间的亲缘关系。[结果]20株宋内志贺菌对利福平和奈啶酸100%耐药,对四环素、氨苄青霉素、复方新诺明的耐药率≥85%。主要分为6种复合耐药型。19株宋内志贺菌被分成16个带型,聚类分析显示属于来源高度相似的克隆系。[结论]建立了本区的宋内志贺菌脉冲常凝胶电泳分析方法和初步带型数据库。宋内志贺菌存在多重耐药现象,抗生素型与基因型间无明确关系。     

广西三起菌痢疫情病原药敏特性及分子分型

目的了解广西三起细菌性痢疾疫情中宋内志贺菌的耐药情况及其同源性。方法采用微量肉汤法对从三起疫情分离到的43株宋内志贺菌进行药物敏感性试验,根据最低抑菌浓度进行分析和判读。对菌株基因组DNA进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型,利用Bio Numerics分析软件对图谱进行聚类分析。结果分离到的43株宋内志贺菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松钠的耐药率均为100.00%,对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率为97.67%,对环丙沙星无耐药。43株宋内志贺菌可分为23个PFGE带型,带型的相似度为86.70%。结论三起菌痢疫情分离株的药敏特性高度一致,对青霉素类、头孢类(Ⅲ代)抗生素耐药严重;三个地区菌株具有高度同源性,说明存在同一克隆系的宋内志贺菌跨地区流行。     

福氏志贺菌4c型暴发和散发菌株的脉冲场凝胶电泳分型

目的了解杭州地区福氏志贺菌4c型暴发菌株和散发菌株的分子分型特征。方法对2003和2005年杭州地区的2次食物中毒暴发分离的福氏志贺菌菌株（暴发1和暴发2,菌株数分别为13株和12株）和2005年1例散发腹泻患者分离的福氏志贺菌4c型离株（1株）进行生化鉴定和血清分型,PCR检测侵袭性抗原基因ipaH,改良Kirby-Bauer纸片法检测菌株的耐药谱及脉冲场凝胶电泳（pulse field gel electrophoresis,PFGE）进行分子分型。结果暴发1中分离的13株菌株均为福氏4c型,但检测的6株菌株间的PFGE图谱存在着相当的差异,Dice系数为0．78至0．92。暴发2中分离的菌株有10株福氏4c型和2株福氏x型,所有菌株的PFGE图谱几乎完全一致。暴发2分离株和暴发1的部分分离株可能存在着一定相关性（Dice系数大于0．8）,而散发菌株与2起暴发的绝大部分菌株间的距离较远（Dice系数小于0．8）。暴发1、暴发2的分离株和1株散发菌株对14种抗生素的耐药谱略呈差异,暴发2中分离的福氏4c型和x型菌株的耐药谱一致。结论PFGE能够很好地辨别福氏志贺菌4c型的两起暴发菌株和1株散发菌株。福氏志贺菌4c型菌株具有易变性,可在暴发流行过程中产生PFGE图谱的差异、血清亚型的转换、耐药谱的变化等。     

北京市2010年细菌性痢疾病原学分析

目的掌握北京市2010年细菌性痢疾的血清学分布以及脉冲场凝胶电泳技术(PFGE)分子分型特征,为流行病学研究提供合理依据。方法从形态特征、生化反应、血清分型、PFGE分子分型方面对北京市6个区的肠道多病原监测点分离到的195株志贺菌进行了系统鉴定和病原学分析。结果 195株志贺菌包括福氏志贺菌33株(16.92%)、宋内志贺菌162株(83.08%);福氏志贺菌血清型以F2a为主。7、8、9三个月志贺菌的发病率最高。选择其中55株宋内志贺菌进行脉冲场凝胶电泳分析,结果显示55株菌可以分为27个带型,其中以J16X01.BJ0016带型(11株)和J16X01.BJ0011(7株)为主。结论北京市2010年6个监测区县分离到的志贺菌包括福氏和宋内2种血清群,以宋内志贺菌为优势血清群,福氏志贺菌以F2a血清型为主。8月份为志贺菌高发季节。J16X01.BJ0016为宋内志贺菌PFGE优势型别。     

脉冲场凝胶电泳分型技术应用于宋内志贺菌溯源分析

目的：分析四川省成都市2006年崇州、大邑两地相继暴发的宋内志贺菌食源性感染疫情中病人分离菌株之间,及其环境分离菌株之间的分子分型特征和遗传相关性,推断传染来源。方法：收集两地疫情暴发期间分离的宋内志贺菌株,用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）对菌株进行分子分型,所得结果用BioNumerics V4.0软件UPGMA方法进行聚类分析。结果：共测试56株菌,用XbaⅠ酶切后PFGE可分为14个带型。其中崇州菌株38株,有26株带型完全相同（包括1株环境株）;有37株菌分布于5种带型,其相似性在97%以上。大邑菌株18株,有10株带型完全相同;其余8株有7种带型,相似性较差。两地之间菌株分子分型差异明显,其相似性小于92%。结论：确证崇州、大邑两地确有宋内志贺菌食源性感染疫情的暴发,但两地之间无交叉传染关系;提示崇州的宋内志贺菌疫情是由食物凉拌菜引起;提示大邑本地有较高的宋内志贺菌流行水平和复杂的传染源。     

安徽省2007～2008年志贺氏菌流行株菌型分布及脉冲场分子分型

目的了解安徽省志贺氏菌的流行菌型,并建立脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分子分型方法,为菌痢防控提供理论基础。方法对22株志贺氏菌进行血清分型、药物敏感试验和PFGE试验。结果22株志贺氏菌血清分型：B群19株,占总数86.5%;C群1株,占总数的4.5%;D群2株,占总数的9.0%。成功建立了菌痢的PFGE分子分型方法,并将我省22株流行株分为若干带型。试验结果进一步作聚类分析。结论安徽省菌痢流行株以福氏为主;安徽省PFGE分子分型方法和初步带型数据库对提高细菌检测水平有一定意义。     

山东省2011-2014年志贺氏菌分子分型及耐药性分析

  目的  通过对山东省2011-2014年分离的志贺氏菌（Shigella）进行血清、毒力基因、分子分型和药敏等分析,了解山东省志贺氏菌的特性及流行趋势。  方法  用玻片凝集法进行血清分型,PCR方法扩增相关毒力基因,用脉冲场凝胶电泳技术进行分子分型,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定菌株抗生素敏感性。  结果  44株志贺氏菌主要为福氏志贺氏菌（Shigella flexneri）（54.55%）和宋内志贺氏菌（Shigella sonnei）（43.18%）。ipaH、set1、sen、ial毒力基因携带率分别为100%、43.18%、56.82%、50.00%。经脉冲场凝胶电泳分型（pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE）,福氏志贺氏菌被分为18种带型,且总体相似度偏低;宋内志贺氏菌被分为14种带型,且89.47%的菌株相似度在90%以上。44株志贺氏菌对15种抗生素中的14种均存在不同程度的耐药。93.18%的菌株为多重耐药菌株。  结论  山东省志贺氏菌以福氏和宋内血清群为主,毒力基因携带率高,有聚类分布出现,耐药严重,应加强对志贺氏菌菌型、溯源和耐药性的监测。     

福建省志贺菌PFGE分型研究

目的了解福建省志贺菌脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型情况,描述基因群的流行及分布特征,探讨优势血清群的变迁规律。方法收集2005-2010年志贺菌96株,分离自临床患者。选择NotⅠ进行酶切,H9812作为脉冲场凝胶分子量标准。采用脉冲场凝胶电泳技术分析电泳酶切指纹图谱,运用BioNumer-ics软件进行聚类分析。结果按照100%的相似度可将34株福氏志贺菌酶切图谱分为27种PFGE型别;将62株宋内志贺菌酶切图谱分为43种PFGE型别。根据TENOVER原则,福氏志贺菌有2个优势基因群G1-G2,宋内志贺菌有4个优势基因群GI-GIV。优势基因群集中分布于7～10月,其他PFGE型别分布比较分散,无明显时间和地区的聚集性。结论福建省志贺菌分子分型呈现多样性,宋内和F4c的某些基因群可能逐渐演变为福建省优势且稳定的志贺菌流行菌株。     

江苏省2010年宋内志贺菌耐药相关整合子分析及分子分型研究

目的分析江苏省2010年宋内志贺菌的整合子分布及分子分型特征。方法对江苏省2010年分离的33株宋内志贺菌采用K-B纸片法检测抗菌药物敏感性,联合PCR和限制性片段多态性(RFLP)进行整合子分类和可变区检测,利用测序技术判断整合子可变区耐药基因,应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分子同源性分析。结果宋内志贺菌多重耐药率为63.64%,对复方新诺明、四环素、萘啶酸和氨苄西林耐药率较高,分别为84.85%、75.76%、66.67%和63.64%。33株宋内志贺菌中51.52%的菌株检出I类整合子,其中4株可变区阳性,携带dfrA17-aadA5基因盒;81.82%的菌株检出II类整合子,携带dfrA1-sat1-aadA1基因盒;两类整合子同时存在时耐药性更为显著。PFGE图谱分为13个不同带型,同一带型菌株大多分散于江苏各地。结论整合子在宋内志贺菌中广泛存在,参与其多重耐药机制。多重耐药性在不同地区、不同克隆的菌株间扩散传播。     

乌鲁木齐市儿童志贺菌感染及耐药性分析

目的 了解新疆乌鲁木齐市2003-2009年儿童志贺菌属感染情况及耐药性,掌握细菌性痢疾的流行与分布.方法 收集2003-2009年3所医院收治的腹泻儿童的粪便标本,采用全自动细菌鉴定仪鉴定分离菌株,血清凝集法进行分型,采用抗生素纸片扩散法(K-B)检测菌株对抗生素的耐药性,采用世界耐药监测网软件(WHONET5.4)进行统计分析.结果 乌鲁木齐市儿童中志贺菌属主要分布在0～3岁,占54.06%;时间以5～10月居多,占85%:志贺菌属的菌型分布以B群福氏志贺菌为主,其次为D群宋内志贺菌,分别为276,27株;4群志贺菌对青霉素类抗生素耐药率为50%～100%,对三代头孢菌素和喹诺酮类耐药率为0～62.6%,对亚胺培南100%敏感.结论 乌鲁木齐市儿童菌痢流行型为福氏志贺菌;菌群耐药性存在明显地区差别.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.