Levels of heavy metals (Fe,Cu, Ni,Cr, Pb,and Zn) in tissue of Mugil cephalus and Trachurus mediterraneus from Iskenderun Bay,Turkey

Concentrations of iron, copper, nickel, chromium, lead, and zinc were determined in the muscle, skin and gonads of Mugil cephalus and Trachurus mediterraneus caught at three stations in Iskenderun Bay, Turkey. Heavy metal concentrations in the tissues tended to vary significantly among stations, and two stations thought to be contaminated by untreated domestic wastes and surrounding industrial environment showed particularly high metal concentrations. Generally, skin and gonads showed higher metal concentrations than muscle. The ranges of mean concentrations (micro g/g wet wt) in M. cephalus were as follows: the range of iron concentration was 70.28, 149.77, and 382.51, that of copper was 1.45, 5.36, and 35.37, that of nickel was 1.22, 2.72, and 7.35, that of chromium was 1.46, 3.22, and 10.06, that of lead was 7.45, 37.39, and 62.33, and that of zinc was 38.23, 100.56, and 281.51 in the muscle, skin, and gonads, respectively. The ranges of mean concentrations (micro g/g wet wt) in T. mediterraneus were as follows: the range of iron concentration was 41.84, 49.86, and 74.20, that of copper was 1.29, 3.33, and 11.37, that of nickel was 0.94, 2.02, and 0.99, that of chromium was 1.28, 10.90, and 10.60, that of lead was 1.03, 4.78, and 8.41, and that of zinc was 19.55, 60.79, and 38.44 in the muscle, skin, and gonads, respectively. The concentrations of some metals in some tissues exceeded the acceptable levels for a food source for human consumption. The results of this study indicated that the metals present in the bay were taken up by two fish species through food, water, and sediment, and regardless of their biological needs showed high metal concentrations.     

天津市2011年度预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播年度数据分析与工作进展报告

为提高人群对预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播的认识,为孕产妇提供预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播的综合防治服务,最大限度地减少因艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播造成的儿童感染,改善妇女、儿童的生活质量及健康水平,天津市卫生局在2011年下发了《天津市预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母婴传播工作实施方案》,明确了各级职能,加强了管理培训和质控督导,增加了政府的经费支持,以期扩大对艾滋病、梅毒、乙肝感染孕产妇的干预治疗覆盖面,提高救治水平,降低新发感染,减少母婴传播。     

2003-2009年住院病人疾病谱变化分析

目的 掌握某院2003-2009年住院病人疾病分类系统及单病种变化的规律和特点,为医院加强专科特色,针对性地进行医院临床科室管理决策提供依据.方法 收集该院2003-2009年7年间的住院病人50 016人次,采用ICD-10对50 016份出院病历出院主要诊断进行疾病分类编码,据此产出各年疾病分类报表、7年累计报表及分男女性别表.按各年疾病分类报表累计表中的20大类的合计及死亡项,进行疾病分类系统及死亡构成比排序;按20大类疾病分类系统下的其他单列病种的合计及死亡项,进行单病种构成比排序;按7年累计报表分男女性别表,对肿瘤及单列病种分男女性别排序结果 2003-2009年7年间,疾病分类系统前5位分别以消化、循环、呼吸、损伤和中毒、肿瘤系统为主,累计占67.43%;单病种前10位分别是胆石病和胆囊炎、恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、支气管炎肺气肿、缺血性心脏病、高血压、骨折、肺炎、阑尾疾病、糖尿病为主,累计占40.48%,胆石病和胆囊炎一直位居第1,占8.98%;疾病分类系统前5位死因分别是肿瘤、循环、呼吸、损伤和中毒、消化系统,累计占住院死亡人数的90.18%;单病种死因顺位前5位分别是恶性肿瘤、脑血管病、支气管炎肺气肿、缺血性心脏病、颅内损伤,累计占住院死亡人数的69.35%.结论 疾病控制的重点以消化、呼吸、循环系统为主;恶性肿瘤、心脑血管疾病及慢支炎、肺气肿及损伤中毒对人类健康威胁较大;人才和技术优势仍是吸引病人来源的最大因素.     

云南白族儿童30年青少年体格生长发育指标分析

目的 分析1985 - 2014年30年间中国白族儿童青少年体格生长发育和营养改善情况,评价并提出改善白族儿童青少年目前生长发育和营养现状的建议。方法 采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,在云南省大理州随机抽取2个县12所中小学7～18岁白族学生作为研究对象。采用WHO - 2006标准,对1985 - 2014年间历次参加全国学生体质健康调研的学生进行生长迟缓和消瘦检出率的变化情况的比较,并分析2000 - 2014年间学生体格生长发育的变化趋势。结果 白族7～18岁学生营养不良率全面下降。1985年、2000年、2010年和2014年7～18岁男生生长迟滞率分别为20.0%、16.2%、7.9%和4.3%,消瘦率分别为12.6%、8.1%、11.7%和8.6%,营养不良率分别为32.6%、24.3%、19.6%和12.9%;7～18岁女生生长迟滞率分别为21.3%、14.7%、8.9%和4.0%,消瘦率分别为8.4%、5.7%、8.9%和6.5%,营养不良率分别为29.8%、20.4%、17.8%和10.5%。2000 - 2014年15年间白族男、女生身高发育的突增期为12～14岁和10～12岁,女生比男生提前2年进入突增高峰年龄。2000年、2005年、2010年和2014年白族18岁身高性差分别为10.04cm、12.27 cm、12.30 cm和12.82 cm男女生身高突增值和突增幅度全距均呈现逐年递减的趋势。学生体重指数(BMI)的变化较为平稳。结论 白族儿童青少年营养状况显著持续改善,体格发育和营养状况处于旺盛的正向生长。     

新疆某医院入院患者高尿酸血症与常见慢性疾病关系研究

目的 探讨新疆维吾尔族人群高尿酸血症与常见慢性疾病的关系,为尿酸相关疾病预防、控制提供科学依据。方法 调查员经统一培训后对709名维吾尔族高尿酸血症患者进行问卷调查,并进行病例资料查询,获得生化指标和诊断,采用χ²检验和方差分析进行比较。结果 (1)入选的高尿酸血症中代谢综合征、高血压、高血糖、血脂紊乱的现患病率为42.3%、39.2%、12.12%、65.6%;呼吸、消化、肿瘤、循环、泌尿系统疾病的患病率为12.8%、9.2%、7.1%、35.4%、6.5%。其中最高的3种疾病为血脂紊乱、代谢综合征和高血压。代谢综合征、高血压、血脂紊乱、饮酒、吸烟的性别构成比男性均高于女性,χ2值分别为3.886、5.081、20.935、41.852和122.015,且差异具有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。(2)随着尿酸水平的增高,男性比例、泌尿系统疾病、高血糖和血脂紊乱人群比率随之增高,χ2值分别为375.653、14.616、7.980和146.020(P均＜0.05);(3)随着尿酸水平的升高,收缩压、舒张压、FBG、甘油三酯逐渐增高,而HDL逐渐降低,F值分别为3.055、3.287、5.031、2.722和9.091(P均＜0.05)。结论 高尿酸血症患者中血脂紊乱、代谢综合征和高血压等代谢性疾病的患病率较高;随着尿酸水平的升高,男性、泌尿系统疾病比率和血压、血糖、血脂指标随之增高。     

Lactation in the horse: the mineral composition of mare milk

Changes in the mineral composition of mare milk during lactation were studied. Milk samples were obtained from five Thoroughbred mares one to three times weekly from the first to the eighth week of lactation and from two of the mares for an additional 8 wk. Samples averaging 500 mL were obtained after oxytocin was administered to the mares. Each sample was analyzed for total solids, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and zinc. The concentration of all constituents except sodium and potassium decreased throughout lactation. The rates of decline of ash, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentration were similar, but the rates of decline of the other elements differed. Thus, the mineral composition of mare milk should be described in terms of the stage of lactation of the mare. The total solids and ash content of mare milk were 12 and 0.61% respectively, at the end of the first week of lactation, 10.5 and 0.45% at 4 wk, 10 and 0.38% at 8 wk and 10.2 and 0.32% at 16 wk. The calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations at the end of the same periods were 1345, 943 and 118 micrograms/g of milk at 1 wk; 1070, 659 and 86 at 4 wk; 831, 574 and 58 at 8 wk and 700, 540 and 43 micrograms/g of milk at 16 wk. Copper and zinc concentrations were 0.85 and 3.1, 0.55 and 2.2, 0.29 and 1.9 and 0.28 and 1.8 microgram/g of milk at 1, 4, 8 and 16 wk, respectively.     

氟硒联合作用对大鼠体内铜,锌,铁影响的研究

采用原子吸收光谱法对饮用含氟、硒及氟和硒的去离子水溶液达八周的大鼠血清、心、肝、脾、肾组织中的铜、锌、铁含量进行了测定，以观察氟及氟硒联合作用 鼠体内这些微量元素的影响。本研究结果表明，氟化物可引起大鼠血清铜、铁含量增高、心、肝、脾、肾组织中锌、铁含量增高，而使肾组织铜含量降低，氟硒联合作用可使大鼠血清铜明显降低，锌、铁含量明显增高，心、肝、脾、肾组织中铜、锌、铁含量增高。硒对氟致血清铜升高、肾铜     

Heavy Metals in Aquatic Macrophytes from Two Small Rivers Polluted by Urban,Agricultural and Textile Industry Sewages SW Poland

This article presents the results from a study of the comparison of 2 lowland rivers: the Olobok and the Pilawa in southwest Poland polluted by urban, agricultural, and textile industry sewages. pH and concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, and sulfate were measured in water samples and concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, and Zn were measured in stream bottom sediments and in the aquatic macrophytes Elodea canadensis, Callitriche verna, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton natans, and Ceratophyllum demersum from the river Olobok and Elodea canadensis, Polygonum amphibium, Potamogeton crispus, and Veronica beccabunga from the river Pilawa. The matrix of concentrations of 16 elements in 27 plant samples of 7 species from 15 sampling sites of 2 rivers and concentrations of 15 elements and pH in water samples and 16 elements and pH in bottom sediment samples of these sites was submitted to numerical classification, which revealed that sampling sites from the rivers were differentiated by the value of factor 1 of principal component analysis (PCA), which was related to the pH of water, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Ni in water and Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, P, and S in bottom sediments. More polluted parts of both rivers were differentiated from less polluted parts by the value of factor 2 of PCA, which was related to Pb, Zn, and sulfates in water and Ca and Zn in bottom sediments. Macrophytes from the Olobok and Pilawa rivers were differentiated by the value of factor 1, which was related to Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, N, Na, Pb, and S. Groups of macrophytes of more and less polluted parts of both rivers differed by the value of factor 2, which was related to P, K, and Mn. Downstream of the sewage outputs in both rivers, a significantly increased level of pollution occurs with elements correlated with factor 1: Among others were Cu and Cr, typical for the textile industry along the river Pilawa, and among others were Mn and Ni, typical for the urban and agricultural activities in the river Olobok.     

Clinical manifestations and management of scorpion envenomation.

The most venomous scorpion species are Buthotus tamulus of India, the Leiurus quinquestriatus and Androctonus crassicauda of North Africa and the Middle East, the Tityus serrulatus of Brazil, and the Centruroides suffussus of Mexico. The severity of scorpion envenomation varies with the scorpion's species, age, and size, and is much greater in children. Systemic intoxication reflects the overstimulation of the CNS, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Severity ranges from local pain and paresthesia to fatal cardiotoxicity and encephalopathy. Symptoms include: agitation, tachycardia, vomiting, abdominal pain, salivation, diaphoresis, dehydration, muscle rigidity and twitching, tremor, seizures, coma, pupillary changes, hyperthermia, tachyarrythmias and occasionally bradyarrhythmias, hypertension, and less often hypotension, cardiac failure, and priapism in males. Laboratory abnormalities include: hyperglycemia, leucocytosis, transient elevation of cardiac and pancreatic enzymes, ischemic changes in the ECG, and evidence of cardiac dysfunction on echocardiography. The principles of management are: observation, cardiac monitoring, supportive treatment with intravenous fluids and electrolytes, and a meticulous use of cardiovascular agents: vasodilators, adrenergic antagonists, or calcium channel blockers in the hypertensive phase; and inotropic agents in the event of hypotension. Antiarrhythmics such as lidocaine, may be required. There is increasing evidence for the efficacy of specific antivenom. The advance in supportive care and antivenom efficacy has markedly improved the outcome of patients with scorpion envenomation.     

小切口胆囊切除术262例与腹腔镜胆囊切除术130例综合分析

分析小切口手术及腹腔镜手术的利弊，探讨其使用及推广价值。方法：采用小切口与腹腔镜胆囊 切除作前瞻性对比研究，观察对比了两组术前情况、术中切口、出血量、手术时间、腹腔引流次数、术后止痛剂次数、 抗菌治疗天数、恢复饮食时间、下床活动时间、创口愈合情况、并发症发生、住院天数及总费用等多种项目。结果： 小切口胆囊切除术和腹腔镜胆囊切除术同具有创伤小、愈合快、恢复早的特点，但小切口手术更具有并发症少、直 视灵活、费用低、易推广等优点。结论：小切口胆囊切除是一种较腹腔镜更安全的小创伤手术，开展小切口胆囊切 除须灵活应用，须注重有关问题。     

论新时代科技期刊的质量要素与高质量发展

【目的】 深入探讨科技期刊质量的内涵与要素、质量建设的策略与措施,为科技期刊高质量发展提供有价值的参考。【方法】 通过对比分析研究国内外一流科技期刊的质量规范、质量发展理念和发展措施,抽提质量建设要素,阐明科技期刊高质量发展的有效路径。【结果】 科技期刊的质量是一个质量体系,是由能够反映期刊满足科学技术内容报道所需要的各种编辑出版能力的特性组成。科技期刊的质量,既反映了刊物作为编辑出版产品的优劣程度,又反映了编辑出版工作过程的优劣程度,更反映了办刊队伍组织体系的水平高低。国内外一流科技期刊都非常重视内容质量、编校质量、出版传播质量、管理质量等的建设,有明确的质量标准、质量管控措施、质量发展战略和人才培养目标。【结论】 科技期刊要想高质量发展,必须结合新时代的需要,从满足科技创新、出版转型升级和文化繁荣发展的多角度需求出发,全面设计期刊的质量体系;必须抓好选题策划和内容组织,加强审稿质量、编校质量和科研诚信建设,不断融入出版产业和文化产业的新技术、新业态、新动能,不断提升面向国内外市场的品牌塑造能力和经营管理能力,不断提高办刊人才队伍素养水平,才能不断发展和完善一流科技期刊的质量内涵,实现高质量、可持续发展。     

Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Oral Health and Nutrition

It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that nutrition is an integral component of oral health. The Academy supports integration of oral health with nutrition services, education, and research. Collaboration between dietetics practitioners and oral health care professionals is recommended for oral health promotion and disease prevention and intervention. Scientific and epidemiological data suggest a lifelong synergy between diet, nutrition, and integrity of the oral cavity in health and disease. Oral health and nutrition have a multifaceted relationship. Oral infectious diseases, as well as acute, chronic, and systemic diseases with oral manifestations, impact an individual's functional ability to eat and their nutrition status. Likewise, nutrition and diet can affect the development and integrity of the oral cavity and progression of oral diseases. As knowledge of the link between oral and nutrition health increases, dietetics practitioners and oral health care professionals must learn to provide screening, education, and referrals as part of comprehensive client/patient care. The provision of medical nutrition therapy, including oral and overall health, is incorporated into the Standards of Practice for registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered. Inclusion of didactic and clinical practice concepts that illustrate the role of nutrition in oral health is essential in education programs for both professional groups. Collaborative endeavors between dietetics, dentistry, medicine, and allied health professionals in research, education, and delineation of practice roles are needed to ensure comprehensive health care. The multifaceted interactions between diet, nutrition, and oral health in practice, education, and research in both dietetics and dentistry merit continued, detailed delineation.     

牛磺酸对应激大鼠第二信使及心肌离子含量变化的影响

目的：探索牛磺酸对应激性心肌损伤的保护机制。方法：以异丙肾上腺素诱导的大鼠应激为模型，测定心肌及血浆中第二信使ｃＡＭＰ、ｃＧＭＰ、Ｃａ２＋及心肌细胞中Ｎａ、Ｋ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｒ离子和心肌线粒体中Ｎａ、Ｋ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ离子含量的变化。结果：ＩＳＯ组心肌及血浆中ｃＡＭＰ、ｃＧＭＰ含量，心肌细胞中Ｃａ、Ｎａ、Ｋ离子及心肌线粒体中的Ｃａ离子含量显著高于对照组及牛磺酸组；而牛磺酸组心肌细胞中Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ及线粒体中Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ离子含量显著高于ＩＳＯ组及对照组。三组心肌组织中Ｃｏ、Ｃｒ含量未见显著差异。结论：牛磺酸可显著抑制应激大鼠第二信使水平的升高及心肌细胞和线粒体中的钙超载现象，并使心肌细胞中的Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ及线粒体中Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ离子维持在较高水平，依此来减轻大鼠的应激性心肌损伤。     

医疗机构公共卫生服务质量评估标准设计与实践

医疗机构作为公共卫生服务的重要组成部分,其公共卫生服务质量直接关系到整个地区(或城市)公共卫生服务质量。基于此对医疗机构公共卫生服务质量评估标准进行了探讨。该标准分为一、二、三级指标,内容包括基础质量、过程质量和终末质量。基础质量评价要素包括组织管理、制度建设、基础设施、人员及岗位培训、经费保障及管理等。过程质量评价要素包括突发公共卫生事件报告与处置,传染病报告、监测与管理,预防接种服务,死因监测与管理,慢性非传染性疾病报告与管理,职业病报告与管理,精神疾病报告与管理,医院感染控制与消毒管理,健康教育与促进,妇女儿童保健等。终末质量为上述评价要素的服务效果。根据标准深圳市于2010年对随机抽查的8家医疗机构进行了评估。     

Estrogen and progesterone differentially regulate carbonic anhydrase II,III, IX,XII, and XIII in ovariectomized rat uteri

Changes in the uterus expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA) II, III, IX, XII, and XIII were investigated under the influence of sex-steroids in order to elucidate mechanisms underlying differential effects of these hormones on uterine pH. Uteri of ovariectomised rats receiving over three days either vehicle, estrogen, or progesterone or three days estrogen followed by three days either vehicle or progesterone were harvested. Messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels were quantified by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The distribution of CA isoenzymes proteins were examined by immunohistochemistry. The levels of CAII, III, XII, and XIII mRNAs and proteins were elevated while levels of CAIX mRNA and protein were reduced following progesterone-only and estrogen plus progesterone treatment, compared to the control and estrogen plus vehicle, respectively. Following estrogen treatment, expression of CAII, IX, XII, and CAXIII mRNAs and proteins were reduced, but remained at a level higher than control, except for CAIX, where its level was higher than the control and following progesterone treatment. Under progesterone-only and estrogen plus progesterone influences, high levels of CAII, III, XII, and XIII were observed in uterine lumenal and glandular epithelia and myometrium. However, a high level of CAIX was observed only under the influence of estrogen at the similar locations. In conclusion, high expression of CAII, III, XII, and XIII under the influence of progesterone and estrogen plus progesterone could result in the reduction of uterine tissue and fluid pH; however, the significance of high levels of CAIX expression under the influence of estrogen remains unclear.     

基于大数据的医院真实场景传染病预警系统研究

目的基于大数据,以"被动监测、主动预防、大数据感知"为理念构建适用于医院真实场景下的传染病实时监控及预警系统,描述系统建设背景、整体架构、技术路径、主要功能和实施成效。方法通过开发传染病实时监控及预警系统实现对已知传染病的监测上报,对未知传染病的监测预警、趋势提醒。结果将传统单样本上报的被动监测系统转变为主动监测、大数据智能分析、态势感知异常与多点触发的全方位防控体系。结论结合人工智能等新技术将传染病管理集成、实时共享、动态追踪和可视化展示融入到医院的传染病预警防控中,提升传染病防控、突发传染病事件应急处置能力,为疾病控制、趋势分析、预警和防控策略的制定提供了科学支撑和智能解决方案。     

Acute poisoning by aldrin: relationship between serum levels and toxic effects in humans

In the attempt to correlate clinical findings with serum levels of aldrin, sixteen patients were followed-up after acute intoxication by this agent. Eight of them, males and females, aged from 1 to 37 years, presented no or light symptoms (some discomfort and nausea). The serum of one of these patients was found to contain 16.6 ppb of aldrin and that of another, 1.41 ppb of dieldrin. A group of five patients, aged from two to 30 years, showed symptoms of moderate severity, reporting nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dyspnea, sweating, mild jerking, rise in blood pressure and convulsions. Of these cases, two were accidental and three were attempted suicides, the majority achieving complete recovery within 24 hours. Serum levels of aldrin were between 6.98 ppb and 26.3 ppb and of dieldrin between 82.00 and 314.18 ppb. We found three severe cases, aged from 21 to 35 years, two attempted suicides and one occupational case. Two of these patients died and one of them presented hypothermia, coma, absence of reflexes and generalized convulsions, and another presented abdominal pain, paleness, sweating, cold extremities, dyspnea, hyperthermia and generalized convulsions. In the first one that died the serum levels were: of aldrin 30.00 ppb and of dieldrin 720 ppb. In the other levels of 747.3 ppb of aldrin and 1,314.00 ppb of dieldrin were found. The third had less serious symptoms and presented serum levels of aldrin of 31.05 ppb and of dieldrin 147.11 ppb.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

科技期刊视听内容的生产、发掘和传播的发展与实践探索

【目的】 探讨视听内容的生产、发掘和传播中存在的主要问题和解决方案,为提升视听内容的全面性、内涵性、专业性以及影响力的可持续性实践提供参考和借鉴。【方法】 采用文献查询、网络调研等方法,对代表性期刊的视听内容进行整理、归纳。以《中山大学学报(自然科学版)》“天琴计划”专题为例,按照全面性和内涵性输出原则,建立视听内容的知识结构。围绕特色人物、特定问题、特别事件、特质成果,开展视听内容层次化、共享平台立体化、学术圈层化等方面的实践。【结果】 视听内容建设在以科学价值为首要宗旨、具象表达先进的原创内容,以整体和内涵性为基础、合理关联和扩充视听素材,通过关系匹配兴趣耦合、实现精准推送和分众传播方面有待探讨和完善。【结论】 视听内容的发展趋势是知识结构化、内容层次化、共享平台立体化和学术圈层化。知识的结构化、内容的层次化带动了关系认同、专业认同和学术圈层化,使得专刊的视听内容垂直化生产、专业化发展。此外,共享平台的即时更新机制可激发视听内容的活力,产生一定的持续效应。     

山东省东平湖地区淡色库蚊对常用杀虫剂的抗药性调查

目的了解山东省东平湖淡色库蚊对常用5种化学杀虫剂的抗性状况,为合理有效地进行蚊虫化学防治提供依据。方法采用WHO生物测定方法,测定2010-2011年淡色库蚊敏感品系和现场种群对5种杀虫剂的抗性及增效系数。结果现场淡色库蚊种群对氯氰菊酯、残杀威、溴氰菊酯、三氯杀虫酯、DDVP的抗性指数,2010年分别为106.40、4.30、110.75、0.60和4.09倍,2011年分别为94.30、2.70、112.33、0.61和2.91倍。DDVP＋三氯杀虫酯、残杀威＋三氯杀虫酯复配增效系数分别为164.39~171.08和188.28~221.84。结论山东省东平湖淡色库蚊对5种常用化学杀虫剂均产生不同程度的抗药性,应采取多种杀虫剂复配和增效剂与杀虫剂合用措施,以克服或延缓蚊虫抗药性的产生和发展。     

Effect of uremia on structure and function of immune system

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is simultaneously associated with immune activation, marked by systemic inflammation, and immune deficiency. Systemic inflammation contributes to atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, cachexia, and anemia, whereas immune deficiency leads to impaired response to vaccination, and increased incidence and severity of microbial infections. ESRD-associated inflammation and immune deficiency are associated with the following: (a) general expansion of monocytes and elevations of their basal integrin, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4 expression, cytokine production, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and reduced phagocytic capacity, (b) depletion and impaired inhibitory activity of regulatory T cells, (c) spontaneous activation, degranulation, increased basal ROS production, decreased phagocytic capacity, and increased apoptosis of the circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes, (d) upregulation of ROS production machinery and chemokine expression in the cellular constituents of various tissues, highlighting participation of nonimmune cells in the prevailing inflammatory state, (e) depletion of the antigen-presenting dendritic cells, (f) reduced CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and depletion of na?ve and central memory T cells, (g) diffuse B cell lymphopenia leading to impaired humoral immunity, and (h) increased proinflammatory activity of low-density lipoprotein and reduced anti-inflammatory capacity of high-density lipoprotein. Thus, ESRD-associated inflammation is due to activation of innate immune system, orchestrated by monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and cellular constituents of other organs/tissues. This is coupled with immune deficiency that is caused by depletion of dendritic cells, na?ve and central memory T cells and B cells, and impaired phagocytic function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes.