In vitro neural/glial differentiation potential of periodontal ligament stem cells

Introduction

It is known that periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) can differentiate into cementoblast-like cells, adipocytes and collagen-forming cells. However, whether PDLSCs are able to differentiate into Schwann cells and which method is best for their neural induction remain unknown. We attempted to determine whether PDLSCs possessed the potential for neural differentiation in vitro.

Materials and methods

We isolated and multiplied PDLSCs from periodontal ligaments obtained from the teeth (n = 24) of 8-month-old beagle dogs. Four protocols with different chemicals and growth factors were adopted to induce the PDLSCs to differentiate into Schwann cells. Immunochemistry, RT-PCR and qRT-PCR were performed to investigate the in vitro neural differentiation potential of PDLSCs.

Results

We compared the 4 different protocols and showed that all 4 protocols could successfully induce PDLSCs to express nestin, GFAP and S100, markers for Schwann cells. Further, qRT-PCR revealed relative differences in the expression levels of these 3 genes in differentiated PDLSCs obtained by different protocols.

Conclusions

We conclude that PDLSCs have neural/glial differentiation potential in vitro and that neural/glial differentiation can be induced in PDLSCs if suitable protocols are followed. We also found that supplementing the growth medium with suitable growth factors is more effective than applying chemicals alone. While nerve growth factor is more effective than platelet-derived growth factor for inducing neural/glial differentiation in PDLSCs, pre-induction of PDLSCs with dimethyl sulphoxide yields better results than those obtained with all-trans-retinoic acid.     

人骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导分化成心肌细胞及其在心肌细胞移植术中的潜能性研究

目的培养人骨髓间充质干细胞（human marrow mesenchymal stem cell，hMMSCs），体外诱导分化成心肌细胞（cardiomyocytes，CM），将细胞移植入裸鼠皮下，观察其在细胞移植中有无成瘤改变，是否具有细胞移植的潜能性。方法体外培养扩增hMMSCs，流式细胞仪鉴定其纯度；用5-氮杂胞苷（5-Aza，10μmol／L）体外诱导成CM，并进行鉴定；将诱导成CM的hMMSCs接种于裸鼠皮下，移植后18d分别取接种局部皮下及心肌组织，进行组织化学染色。结果体外培养扩增出hMMSCs，流式细胞检查CD44阳性，表达Vimentin；hMMSCs经5-Aza诱导可分化成CM，表达心肌特异性标记TroponinⅠ及Desmin，透镜观察可见肌丝样结构；进行细胞移植的裸鼠注射局部皮下组织没有形成结节样结构，但发现有表达TroponinⅠ、Desmin及Vimentin的细胞；此外，在心肌组织中也发现有表达这三种抗体的hMMSCs。结论hMMSCs可体外分离培养扩增，具有向CM分化的潜能，体外诱导分化成CM的hMMSCs在细胞移植中并没有成瘤性，且经皮下细胞移植诱导分化成CM的hMMSCs具有向心脏归巢的现象，可用于心肌损伤的细胞移植。     

骨髓间质干细胞抑制肝星状细胞增殖与活化的体外研究

目的：探讨骨髓间质干细胞（MSCs）对活化态肝星状细胞（HSCs）增殖的影响。 方法： 分别从骨髓和肝脏分离纯化培养大鼠MSCs及HSCs，塑料板传代培养激活HSCs；在半透膜（transwell insert）上接种MSCs，在6孔塑料培养板上接种HSCs，建立上下双层细胞共培养体系；大鼠正常肝细胞系（BRLs）及HSCs培养分别作为对照。免疫细胞化学检测平滑肌激动蛋白（α-SMA）与结蛋白的表达，IBAS 2.5软件分析阳性染色表达量。 结果： HSCs与MSCs共培养24 h，HSCs表现轻度增殖抑制，随着培养时间延长，HSCs增殖活性受抑制更明显，在48 h和72 h的抑制率分别达15.7%与30.3%，与BRLs共培养体系比较有显著差异；与MSCs共培养72 h, HSCs表达α-SMA量明显低于两个对照组BRLs及HSCs培养体系（50.2% vs 90.2%、95.6%, P＜0.01）；而结蛋白表达的量在3组共培养体系中均无显著差异。 结论： MSCs具有分泌细胞因子抑制HSCs增殖活性的潜能,在治疗肝纤维化中可能发挥作用。     

Wortmannin对离体肝星状细胞增殖的影响

目的观察Wortmannin对肝星状细胞增殖的影响,并探讨其作用的可能机制。方法用链酶蛋白酶和胶原酶原位灌流消化正常大鼠肝脏,Nycodenz密度梯度离心分离肝星状细胞,以流式细胞仪检测细胞周期,MTT比色法观察Wortman-nin对肝星状细胞增殖的影响。结果在20～60nmol/L浓度范围内,Wortmannin能剂量依赖性地抑制肝星状细胞增殖;可使G0/G1期细胞增多,S期细胞减少。结论Wortmannin可显著抑制肝星状细胞增殖,使肝星状细胞阻滞于G0/G1期,该作用可能是Wortmannin抗肝纤维化的机制之一。     

奥曲肽抑制肝星状细胞增殖及细胞外基质合成

目的:探讨奥曲肽对肝星状细胞(HSC)增殖与细胞外基质(ECM)合成的影响。方法:采用胶原酶二步原位灌注法分离、培养大鼠HSC,并分别给予转化生长因子1(TGFβ1)(2.5μg·L^-1)、奥曲肽(Oct)(0.01-10μg·L^-1)或TGFβ1(2.5μg·L^-1)+Oct(0.01-10mg·L^-1)干预,分别用MTT法、[³H]-TdR和[³H]-脯氨酸掺入法及放射免疫法检测各处理组HSC增殖及ECM合成水平。结果:Oct能不同程度抑制HSC[³H]-TdR掺入和增殖;能够显著抑制体外培养HSC[³H]-脯氨酸掺入,降低上清液透明质酸(HA)、层粘连蛋白(LN)和IV型胶原(CIV)水平;TGFβ1能够诱导HSC表达ECM上调,Oct能够阻断TGFβ1对HSC的调控作用。结论:Oct能够有效地抑制HSC增殖及ECM合成与分泌。     

脑皮质微血管内皮细胞刺激神经干细胞增殖并增强向神经元分化的潜能

目的体外观察脑皮质微血管内皮细胞(CMECs)对来自大鼠海马神经干细胞(NSCs)增殖和分化的影响响。方法采用Transwell建立神经干细胞与脑微血管内皮细胞共培养模型,通过相差显微镜形态学观察及共培养早期nestin和NF,及后期NF免疫组化检测鉴定,计算各阳性细胞数、总细胞数和阳性细胞率。结果在共培养第7天,共培养组NSCs的nestin阳性率为(64.04±9.40)%,对照组仅(9.41±4.80)%(P<0.01);NF阳性细胞率为(13.72±3.92)%,对照组仅(39.79±5.20)%(P<0.01);撤除CMECs后第4天,共培养组NSCs分化成神经元的比例为(55.42±4.75)%,对照组仅(27.18±2.62)%(P<0.01)。结论本结果提示CMECs能促进NSCs的自我更新,抑制其分化,并有增强其向神经元方向分化的潜能。     

Erk1/2 promotes proliferation and inhibits neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are in a complex niche in which cell-extrinsic cues and cell-intrinsic genetic mechanisms in chorus mediate their cellular processes such as self-renewal and differentiation. In this study, we found that inactivation of Erk1/2 with U0126 in NSCs significantly promoted neuronal differentiation and inhibited proliferation. Sustained Erk1/2 inactivity was required in this process. We also found that nerve growth factor (NGF) and collagen could promote the proliferation and inhibit neuronal differentiation by activating phosphorylation of Erk1/2. Cell-cycle regulators such as cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2), Cyclin D1 and Hes1 mediated the effect of Erk on NSCs proliferation and differentiation. Our results showed that Erk1/2 played an important role in the interplay between cell-extrinsic cues and cell-intrinsic genetic mechanisms in neural stem cell biology.     

胚胎来源肝干细胞肝内移植后在小鼠体内的分布及分化

BACKGROUND:As many factors can lead to liver injury, we attempt to use the “therapeutic liver regeneration” technology in clinical treatment of liver diseases by promoting liver regeneration. OBJECTIVE:To investigate distribution and differentiation of embryonic liver stem cells in mice after intrahepatic transplantation via a transplantation approach. METHODS:Liver injury models were prepared in 20 BALB/c mice, and then randomly equivalently assigned into two groups: 70% partial hepatectomy with intrahepatic transplantation with 1×10⁵ embryonic liver stem cells in control group; therapeutic liver regeneration model plus intrahepatic transplantation with 1x10⁵ embryonic liver stem cells in observation group. At 1 and 2 weeks after cell transplantation, the liver parenchyma of mice was observed. And at 2 weeks, both of the two groups underwent confocal immunofluorescence assay. Besides, blood samples of mouse tail vein were collected to detect levels of serum albumin. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At 1 week after cell transplantation, in the liver parenchyma, green fluorescence was sparsely distributed in the two groups, and the distribution density had no significant difference between the two groups; at 2 weeks after cell transplantation, hepatic cord-like structures appeared in the liver parenchyma of two groups, and the green fluorescence distribution in the control group was limited, but significantly expanded in the observation group. At 2 weeks after cell transplantation, positive albumin expression in the liver parenchyma was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group, and there was no significant difference in levels of serum albumin between two groups (P > 0.05). To conclude, after transplantation of embryonic liver stem cells in the therapeutic liver regeneration model mice hepatocytes can be effectively integrated into the host hepatic plate, differentiate in the liver, and partially trigger the function of hepatocytes.     

Anatomy of the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins: application to liver transplantation

An anastomosis between the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins of the receiver and the cranial portion of the inferior vena cava of the donor is one of the techniques for restoration of hepato-caval continuity in orthotopic liver transplantation. This technique avoids dissection of the retrohepatic vena cava and total caval clamping. The aim of this study was to define the feasibility of this technique by a morphologic and biometric study of the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins on the basis of 64 injection-corrosion hepatic specimens and 21 fresh subjects. A common trunk for the middle and left hepatic veins was present in 54 of 64 cases (84%) with a length of 3 to 17 mm. The diameter of the new ostium constructed by section 0.5 cm proximal to the junction of the middle and left hepatic veins was 23.9 ± 2.3 mm, which approximated to that of the vena cava where it traversed the diaphragm (24.4 ± 2.0 mm). These findings confirmed that restoration of hepato-caval continuity by anastomosis between the common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins of the receiver and the cranial portion of the vena cava of the graft is possible without incongruence. This study makes no assumptions about the hemodynamic effects associated with the smallest diameter of the true ostium of the common trunk at its opening into the inferior vena cava. In this study, the morphology of the common trunk was comparable to that observed by Nakamura. Further, we propose an anatomo-clinical classification allowing evaluation of the facility of vascular control of the common trunk in terms of the number and location of the collateral veins.     

皮肤成纤维细胞体外长期培养及肝向分化研究

目的 本研究通过体外长期培养皮肤成纤维细胞,试图建立此种细胞的长期培养体系,探讨其向肝细胞分化的潜能.方法 从人胎上臂取皮肤组织,分离培养成纤维细胞.采用免疫细胞化学法及流式细胞术检测细胞的CD34、CD90、CD105等细胞表型;染色体分析及软琼脂克隆形成实验鉴定细胞的生物学特性.利用肝细胞生长因子(HGF)、成纤维...     

In vitro differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into endometrial epithelial cells in mouse: a proteomic analysis

Objective: Mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been demonstrated to differentiate into female endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) in vivo. Our previous studies demonstrated that BMSCs can differentiate in the direction of EECs when co-cultured with endometrial stromal cells in vitro. Here, we obtain and analyse differential proteins and their relevant pathways in the process of BMSCs differentiating into EECs by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomic analysis. Methods: A 0.4-μm pore size indirect co-culture system was established with female mice endometrial stromal cells (EStCs) restricted in the upper Transwell chamber and BMSCs in the lower well plate. After indirect co-culture for several days, the BMSCs were revealed to progressively differentiate towards EECs in vitro. Then, four groups were divided according to different co-culture days with single culture groups of BMSCs as controls. Proteins were detected using iTRAQ based on 2DLC-ESI-MS/MS and data were analysed by bioinformatics. Results: A total number of 311 proteins were detected, of which 210 proteins were identified with relative quantitation. Among them, 107 proteins were differentially expressed with a 1.2-fold change as the benchmark, with 61 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated proteins. Differential proteins CK19 and CK8 were epithelial markers and upregulated. Stromal marker vimentin were downregulated. Top canonical pathways was “remodeling of epithelial adhesions junctions” and “actin cytoskeleton signaling”. Top networks was “cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, tissue development and cellular movement” regulated by ERK/MAPK and α-catenin. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first preliminary study of differential protein expression in the differentiation process of BMSCs into EECs in vitro. We further elucidated BMSCs differentiated in the direction of EECs. In addition, ERK/MAPK and α-catenin played important roles by regulating core differential proteins in the “cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, tissue development and cellular movement” network.     

The utilization of decellularized tendon slices to provide an inductive microenvironment for the proliferation and tenogenic differentiation of stem cells

The extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment for the stem cell niches, including but not limited to the biochemical composition, matrix topography, and stiffness, is crucial to stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of this study was to explore the capacity of the decellularized tendon slices (DTSs) to induce stem cell proliferation and tenogenic differentiation. Rat adult stem cells, including tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) and bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), were identified to have universal stem cell characteristics. The DTSs were found to retain the native tendon ECM microenvironment cues, including the inherent surface topography, well-preserved tendon ECM biochemical composition and similar stiffness to native tendon. When the TDSCs and BMSCs were cultured on the DTSs respectively, the LIVE/DEAD assay, alamarBlue^® assay, scanning electron microscopy examination and qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the DTSs have the capacity to support these stem cells homogeneous distribution, alignment, significant proliferation and tenogenic differentiation. Taken together, the findings of this study indicate that the DTSs can provide a naturally inductive microenvironment for the proliferation and tenogenic differentiation of TDSCs and BMSCs, supporting the use of decellularized tendon ECM as a promising and valuable approach for tendon repair/reconstruction.     

精-甘-天冬-丝氨酸4肽对肝星状细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

目的: 探讨精-甘-天冬-丝氨酸(RGDS) 4肽对纤维连接蛋白(FN)刺激的肝星状细胞(HSCs)增殖、凋亡及caspase-3表达的影响。方法: 应用体外HSCs培养技术, 采用[³H]-胸腺嘧啶核苷([³H]-TdR)掺入法测定HSCs增殖;膜联蛋白(Annexin-V)/碘化丙啶(PI)双标记流式细胞术、TUNEL、扫描电镜及透射电镜等方法测定HSCs凋亡;采用甲苯胺兰染色方法测定细胞粘附率;应用流式细胞方法测定caspase-3蛋白表达。结果: ①25 mg·L^-1、50mg·L^-1、100mg·L^-1浓度RGDS 4肽剂量、时间依赖性抑制HSCs增殖, P＜0.01。②RGDS 4肽对HSCs凋亡的诱导作用亦呈剂量和时间依赖关系, P＜0.01。扫描电镜、透射电镜观察, RGDS 4肽组出现典型的凋亡征象。③RGDS 4肽作用于HSCs 2 h, 25 mg·L^-1、50mg·L^-1、100mg·L^-1组粘附抑制率分别是8.82%、29.41%、45.59%, 而RGES 4肽组的粘附抑制率仅为4.41%, P＜0.01。④RGDS 4肽处理组caspase-3表达明显高于FN、RGES 4肽组。结论: RGDS 4肽剂量和时间依赖性抑制HSCs增殖并诱导其凋亡。RGDS 4肽抑制增殖及诱导凋亡效应, 依赖于caspase-3, 也与其抗粘附作用有关。     

A graphene-based platform for induced pluripotent stem cells culture and differentiation

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise as a cell source for regenerative medicine yet its culture, maintenance of pluripotency and induction of differentiation remain challenging. Conversely, graphene (G) and graphene oxide (GO) have captured tremendous interests in the fields of materials science, physics, chemistry and nanotechnology. Here we report on that G and GO can support the mouse iPSCs culture and allow for spontaneous differentiation. Intriguingly, G and GO surfaces led to distinct cell proliferation and differentiation characteristics. In comparison with the glass surface, iPSCs cultured on the G surface exhibited similar degrees of cell adhesion and proliferation while iPSCs on the GO surface adhered and proliferated at a faster rate. Moreover, G favorably maintained the iPSCs in the undifferentiated state while GO expedited the differentiation. The iPSCs cultured on both G and GO surfaces spontaneously differentiated into ectodermal and mesodermal lineages without significant disparity, but G suppressed the iPSCs differentiation towards the endodermal lineage whereas GO augmented the endodermal differentiation. These data collectively demonstrated that the different surface properties of G and GO governed the iPSCs behavior and implicate the potentials of graphene-based materials as a platform for iPSCs culture and diverse applications.     

小鼠视网膜片层化及神经干细胞的增殖与分化

目的 通过观察小鼠视网膜神经干细胞增殖与双极细胞分化过程,研究视网膜的发生及片层化。方法 应用免疫荧光、5’-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷（BrdU）检测技术和HE染色法对胚胎及出生后小鼠视网膜形态结构及神经干细胞的增殖、分化进行观察,对视网膜BrdU和蛋白激酶Cα(PKC-α)阳性细胞密度进行统计。结果 1.小鼠视网膜在胚胎时期分化出色素上皮层、神经母细胞层和神经节细胞层。出生后,神经母细胞层逐渐分化出各个层,至小鼠睁眼时基本分化完全。2.小鼠视网膜干细胞在胚胎期大量增殖,出生后增殖放慢并逐渐分化为各类细胞。经统计分析发现,视网膜干细胞在胚胎时期数量逐渐增多,到出生当天数量达到最大值,出生后,神经干细胞开始分化,数量逐渐减少。3.小鼠视网膜双极细胞从出生后第5天（P5）开始发育,至P20时发育完全。结论 小鼠视网膜的片层化与其功能的成熟相一致,视网膜的神经干细胞在出生后前期为分化高峰期,逐渐分化为不同类型的细胞。P10以后仅在睫状体处存在神经干细胞,可能与成年以后的修复功能相关。     

氨基甾体H42649对K562白血病细胞的抑制增殖和诱导分化作用

目的观察氨基甾体H42649对人慢性粒细胞白血病K562细胞系的抑制增殖和诱导分化作用。方法采用液体培养实验,MTT实验,集落培养实验观察10-8～10-4mol/L浓度的H42649对K562细胞增殖能力的影响;采用Wright-Giemsa染色,联苯胺染色和流式细胞术评价10-6mol/L浓度的H42649对K562细胞的诱导分化作用。结果不同浓度的H42649连续作用K562细胞1～5 d后,细胞计数和集落计数明显减少;第5 d处理组的MTT值显著低于对照组,并呈剂量依赖关系;10-6mol/L浓度的H42649对K562细胞作用5d后,联苯胺染色A值升高(P<0.01),形态学观察其趋向成熟分化,流式细胞术检测药物处理4 d后K562细胞膜上CD71表面标记表达阳性率为84%。结论氨基甾体H42649能显著抑制K562细胞的增殖并诱导其向红系分化,提示该药可作为一种新型慢粒白血病细胞的诱导分化剂。     

人羊水来源间充质干细胞向成肌细胞诱导的体外实验研究

目的 探讨成肌细胞条件培养液体外诱导人羊水来源间充质干细胞向成肌细胞分化的可行性.方法 B超引导下穿刺抽得孕中期羊水,体外培养、分离得到羊水来源间充质干细胞.鼠成肌细胞体外培养后收集上清液,检测上清液中半乳糖凝集素-1（Galectin-1）含量,并制备成肌细胞条件培养液.实验组于成肌细胞条件培养液中培养,对照组于成肌细胞诱导培养液中培养.观察2组细胞形态学变化,免疫荧光染色、RT-PCR检测成肌细胞特异性标志物Pax7、MyoD、肌结蛋白（Desmin）、肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（Tn Ⅰ）及mRNA表达情况.结果 倒置相差显微镜下可见实验组细胞诱导第18天出现折光性强、体积较小的细胞,呈多角形,并带有突起,且逐渐成长条形;可见少量多核细胞.对照组细胞呈扁平多角形,胞体较大.诱导24 d免疫荧光染色及RT-PCR提示实验组细胞不同程度表达Pax7、MyoD、Desmin、TnⅠ及mRNA;对照组呈阴性.成肌细胞培养上清液中半乳糖凝集素-1含量较低.结论 成肌细胞条件培养液能诱导人羊水来源间充质干细胞向成肌细胞样细胞分化.     

Tetramethylpyrazine promotes proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells from rat brain in hypoxic condition via mitogen-activated protein kinases pathway in vitro

This study investigated the effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), an active element of traditional Chinese medicine Ligusticum Chuanxiong, on proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) from rat brain in hypoxia condition and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway during the processes. The results showed that TMP promoted the proliferation and differentiation of the NSCs into neurons. TMP increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and decreased the phosphorylation of p38 at different time points. ERK inhibitor (U0126) in part blocked the differentiation of the NSCs into neurons induced by TMP. Our findings demonstrated that TMP enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs of rat after hypoxia in vitro, in which the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 was involved.     

STAT3通过上调GLUT2的表达促进转化的肝卵圆细胞WB-F344的Warburg效应

目的:探讨信号转导与转录活化因子3(STAT3)对恶性转化的肝卵圆细胞WB-F344的作用及其机制。方法:用N-甲基-N’-亚硝基胍(MNNG)和过氧化氢(H2O2)制备WB-F344肝卵圆细胞恶性转化模型,通过流式细胞术检测非整倍体细胞数量、Western blot检测甲胎蛋白(AFP)表达水平和软琼脂集落形成实验测定克隆形成率评价细胞的恶性转化,用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测细胞葡萄糖水平,用比色法检测细胞乳酸水平,用Western blot实验检测STAT3、p-STAT3和葡萄糖转运蛋白2(GLUT2)的蛋白水平,并通过WST-1法、活细胞计数法、流式细胞术测定细胞周期的S期细胞比例和增殖指数,以及Western blot检测增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达水平来评价细胞增殖能力。结果:与对照组比较,转化的肝卵圆细胞克隆形成率增加(P0.05),非整倍体细胞增多(P0.01),AFP表达增强(P0.05);葡萄糖消耗增多(P0.05),乳酸产生增多(P0.01);GLUT2表达上调(P0.01),STAT3的活化增强(P0.01);细胞活力增强(P0.01),S期细胞比例增多(P0.01),细胞增殖指数增加(P0.01),PCNA表达上调(P0.01)。与模型组比较,STAT3的抑制剂stattic明显抑制恶性转化的肝卵圆细胞的克隆形成(P0.01),促使非整倍体细胞显著减少(P0.01)和AFP表达降低(P0.05);减少葡萄糖消耗(P0.05)和乳酸的产生(P0.01);降低GLUT2(P0.01)的表达水平;抑制恶性转化的肝卵圆细胞活力(P0.05),降低S期细胞比例(P0.01)、细胞增殖指数(P0.01)和PCNA表达水平(P0.05)。结论:STAT3可能通过上调GLUT2表达而加快葡萄糖摄取、增强Warburg效应并促进细胞增殖,从而促进肝卵圆细胞的恶性转化。     

机械因素对组织工程干细胞增殖和分化的影响

BACKGROUND:With the development of tissue engineering technology and the deep research of tendon regeneration, many problems caused by traditional tendon transplantation will be solved. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate and prospect the effects of corresponding mechanical systems on seeding cells based on the characters of tendon, stem cells as well as mechanical systems. METHODS:CBM, CNKI, CqVip and PubMed databases were retrieved for reviews and articles related to tissue-engineered tendon published from January in 2005 to December in 2015. The keywords were “tissue engineering, tendon, tendon stem cell, mechanical stimulation and seeding cells” in Chinese and English, respectively. Finally a total of 63 articles were selected for overview. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:As all kinds of stem cells and the corresponding mechanical systems exhibit advantages and disadvantages when applied for tissue engineering, it is advisable to make appropriate choices according to the research needs. Tendon stem cells show a broad application prospect in tendon regeneration, which will grow into required tendon tissues through appropriate, accurate and gentle mechanical stimulations, thereby providing another alternative to improve the tendon healing.