Skipping breakfast is associated with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveIn recent years, many original studies have shown that skipping breakfast has been associated with overweight and obesity; however, the results of different studies are inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to synthesize the associations between skipping breakfast and the risk of overweight/ obesity.MethodsWe did a systematic search using Pubmed, and Ovid searched up to August 2019. Observational studies (cohort studies and cross-sectional studies) reporting adjusted Odds Ratio or Risk Ratio estimates for the association between breakfast skipping and overweight/obesity (including abdominal obesity). Summary odds ratio (or Risk Ratio) and 95% confidence intervals calculated with a random-effects model.Results45 observational studies (36 cross-sectional studies and 9 cohort studies) were included in this meta-analysis. In cross-sectional studies, The ORs of low frequency breakfast intake per week versus high frequency were 1.48 (95% CI 1.40–1.57; I² = 54.0%; P = 0.002) for overweight/obesity, 1.31 (95% CI 1.17–1.47; I² = 43.0%; P = 0.15) for abdominal obesity. In cohort studies, The RR of low-frequency breakfast intake per week versus high frequency was 1.44 (95% CI 1.25–1.66; I² = 61%; P = 0.009) for overweight/obesity.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis confirmed that skipping breakfast is associated with overweight/obesity, and skipping breakfast increases the risk of overweight/obesity. The results of cohort studies and cross-sectional studies are consistent. There is no significant difference in these results among different ages, gender, regions, and economic conditions.     

Trend in the prevalence of obesity and overweight among Iranian children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveChildhood obesity is an important predisposing factor for most non-communicable diseases. The aim of this review was to provide evidence on the prevalence and trends of childhood obesity and overweight in Iran.MethodsMultiple international and Iranian scientific databases were searched for relevant literatures. Two independent reviewers identified relevant papers in several steps. Separate meta-analyses (using fixed- or random-effect models) were performed to estimate the overall, age, sex, and age–sex specific prevalence of obesity and overweight. Stratified analysis based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, International Obesity Task Force, and World Health Organization definition criteria and study year also were performed.ResultsWe included 107 studies in the meta-analysis (49 English and 58 Persian). Based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition criteria, the overall prevalence of obesity and overweight remained relatively constant in the 2000s and are estimated to be about 5.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4–5.8) and 10.8% (95% CI, 10.2–11.4), respectively. The meta-regression analysis showed that the prevalence of obesity and overweight did not vary significantly with respect to sex and age of study participants. Girls had a lower prevalence of obesity and higher prevalence of overweight than boys.ConclusionThis review, which is the first of its kind in the Middle East and North Africa, suggests that although the trend in the prevalence of childhood obesity in Iranian children is not considerably high, but the escalating trend of excess weight among young children is alarming and should be considered by providers of interventional preventive programs at national and regional levels.     

2004年和2014年武汉市中小学生营养状况调查和分析

目的:了解武汉市中小学学生营养状况的变化,分析中小学生营养方面存在的主要问题,为制订和改善中小学生的膳食计划及营养保健工作提供科学依据。方法:2004年和2014年4~6月分别从武汉市7个主城区和8个远城区中随机抽取30个班的在校中小学生为调查对象,并测量身高、体重,按照标准分析中小学生的营养状况。结果:10年时间内武汉市中小学男、女学生的超重率和肥胖检出率均有所升高,营养不良率(生长迟滞和消瘦)均有所下降;市区和郊区学生的营养不良率差距缩小(P0.05)。2004、2014年城区男生、女生的体质量指数(BMI)比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);郊区男生、女生的BMI比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:从2004年至2014年,武汉市中小学生的营养状况整体改善明显,城乡学生的营养不良率均降低,但营养过剩问题亦较严重。应将超重和肥胖的防治作为武汉市中小学校卫生工作的重点。     

沈阳市1989-2009年中小学生营养状况分析

目的了解沈阳市中小学生的营养状况及变化趋势,为探讨预防对策提供依据。方法对1989-2009年沈阳市城乡各1个区的7~18岁中小学生进行5次横断面调查资料进行统计分析,采用"身高标准体重"方法评价营养状况。结果 1989-2009年中小学生营养不良率介于18.56%~25.71%之间,以轻度为主;而超重率和肥胖率分别介于4.90%~11.71%和2.75%~18.83%之间,总体呈逐年上升趋势。各年度女生营养不良率高于男生,而超重肥胖率低于男生;城市学生营养不良、超重和肥胖的检出率均高于农村;营养不良率总体趋势为初中、高中高于小学,而肥胖率总体趋势为小学高于初中、高中。结论沈阳市中小学生存在营养不良与营养过剩并存的现象。城市女生的营养不良应成为防治重点,小学生肥胖应成为重点关注问题。     

Home-based exercise for adults with overweight or obesity: A rapid review

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the ability of people globally to consistently engage in their typical physical activity and exercise behaviour, contributing to the rising number of people living with overweight and obesity. The imposed government lockdowns and quarantine periods saw an increase in social media influencers delivering their own home-based exercise programmes, but these are unlikely to be an evidence-based, efficacious, long-term solution to tackle sedentary behaviour and increase physical activity.This rapid review aims to conceptualise home-based exercise and physical activity programmes, by extracting relevant programme characteristics regarding the availability of evidence and effectiveness of home-based exercise programmes. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria, of which there were varied reports of significant positive effects of the exercise programme on weight management and related outcomes. The two most common measures were Body Mass Index and body mass, as of which almost all reported a trend of post intervention reduction. Some programmes reported qualitative data, identifying barriers to physical activity and preferred programme components, highlighting a need to consider factors outside of physiological measures.The findings provide guidance and direction for the development of future home-based physical activity and exercise programmes for adults living with overweight and obesity.     

Behavioral factors influencing childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThis report provides information on 14 behavioral and nutritional factors that can be addressed in childhood overweight/obesity prevention programs.MethodsWeb of Science, PubMed, and Scopus were searched through November 2018. Reference lists were also screened for additional references. Observational studies addressing the associations between overweight/obesity in children/adolescents aged between 5 to 19 years and associated risk factors were analyzed. Between-studies heterogeneity was assessed by χ², τ², and I² statistics. The likelihood of publication bias was evaluated using the Begg and Egger tests and trim & fill analysis. Effect sizes were expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model.ResultsOf 34,537 retrieved studies, 199 including 1,636,049 participants were eligible. The ORs (95% CI) of factors associated with childhood overweight/obesity were as follows: sufficient physical activity 0.70 (0.66, 0.75); eating breakfast every day 0.66 (0.59, 0.74); sufficient consumption of fruits/vegetables 0.92 (0.84, 1.01); breastfeeding <4 months 1.24 (1.16, 1.33); inadequate sleep 1.26 (1.13, 1.40); watching TV >1–2 h/day 1.42 (1.35, 1.49); playing computer games >2 h/day 1.08 (0.95, 1.23); eating sweets ≥3 times/week 0.78 (0.71, 0.85); eating snack ≥4 times/week 0.84 (0.71, 1.00); drinking sugar-sweetened beverages ≥4 times/week 1.24 (1.07, 1.43); eating fast-food ≥3 times/week 1.03 (0.89, 1.18); eating fried-food ≥3 times/week 1.09 (0.90, 1.33); smoking 1.17 (1.07, 1.29); and drinking alcohol 1.05 (0.95, 1.16).ConclusionsThis meta-analysis provided a clear picture of the behavioral and nutritional factors associated with weight gain in children.     

Maternal prepregnancy overweight and obesity and the risk of preeclampsia: A meta-analysis of cohort studies

ObjectiveThe aim of our meta-analysis was to explore whether overweight and obesity was associated with preeclampsia or not.DesignThree databases were systematically reviewed and reference lists of relevant articles were checked. Meta-analysis of published cohort studies comparing whether overweight and obesity was associated with preeclampsia and adjusting for potential confounding factors. Calculations of pooled estimates were conducted in random-effects models. Heterogeneity was tested by using Chi-square test with Cochrane and heterogeneity was explored with meta-regression. Publication bias was estimated from Egger’s test (linear regression method) and Begg’s test (rank correlation method).ResultsNineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis showed that overweight and obesity was associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. The aOR calculated for 13 studies (compared overweight to normal weight) was 1.71, 95% CI (1.52, 1.91) for random-effects models and 19 studies (compared obesity to normal weight) was 2.48, 95% CI (2.05, 2.90) for random-effects models, stratified analyses showed no differences regarding quality grade, location of study and period of anthropometric measurement. There was no indication of a publication bias either from the result of Egger’s test or Begg’s test.ConclusionsOur results suggested that prepregnancy maternal overweight and obesity are significantly associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.     

深圳市成年居民超重与肥胖流行病学特征的调查

目的 阐明深圳居民超重和肥胖流行现状,为制定卫生政策和干预措施提供科学依据.方法 利用2009年6～7月深圳市慢性非传染性疾病流行病学调查的资料,对18岁及以上8 626名在深圳市常住居民进行超重和肥胖的流行特点分析.结果 深圳居民总的超重现患率为28.8%,总的肥胖现患率为9.3%(标化率为26.3%,8.7%),超...     

2000年与2010年青岛市城乡中小学生营养状况分析

[目的]了解青岛市中小学生营养状况的变化,对学生进行营养指导提供科学依据。[方法]2011年9月,对2000年、2010年青岛市学生体质与健康调研资料中中小学生身高、体重检测资料进行分析。[结果]城区男生、城区女生、乡村男生、乡村女生,2000年分别调查891、819、909、948人,体重指数分别为20.33±4.07、19.09±3.59、18.51±3.42、17.91±2.99;2010年分别调查1 373、1 321、1 301、1 281人,体重指数分别为20.55±4.61、19.22±3.75、19.76±3.71、18.76±3.22(P>0.05、P>0.05、P<0.01、P<0.01)。调查对象营养不良率,2000年为6.31%,2010年为5.29%(P<0.05);超重、肥胖率,2000年为17.60%,2010年为26.19%(P<0.01)。[结论]2010年与2000年比较,青岛市城乡中小学生的营养不良率明显下降,超重、肥胖率明显升高。乡村学生超重、肥胖应重点关注。     

武汉市事业单位人员超重与肥胖现状分析

目的了解武汉市事业单位人员超重肥胖患病率现状,为开展体重控制相关干预提供依据。方法采用随机整群抽样的方法,抽取武汉市700名事业单位人员进行问卷调查和体格检查。结果武汉市事业单位人员的超重率和肥胖率分别为27.34%和8.17%,其中男性超重和肥胖率分别是37.89%和11.49%,女性超重和肥胖率分别是17.66%和5.13%。51-55岁人群组超重率最高,41-45岁人群组肥胖率最高,在婚人群的超重肥胖率高于未婚/离异/丧偶者,文化程度高的人群肥胖率较低。结论武汉市事业单位人员有超过30.00%的人超重或肥胖,应高度重视,采取有效措施进行健康干预,以预防各种相关疾病的发生。     

我国中年人群超重率和肥胖率的现状及发展趋势

目的：了解我国中年人群超重率和肥胖率现状，定量估价近十余年来超重率和肥胖率发展趋势。方法：选择城乡不同地区、不同职业的15个人群（每个人群1000人左右，男女各半，年龄35－59岁）共计15389人为调查对象，以BMI≥25为超重，BMI≥30为肥胖，分别计算超重率和肥胖率，并与20世纪80年代初和90年代初可比资料比较。结果：①各地人群超重率和肥胖率存在极大差异。在超重严重的地区，中年人群超重率已超过50％；②一般来说这种人群差别表现为：北方高于南方，中城市高于内地农村，女性高于男性；③中年人群的超重目前尚主要表现为“肥胖前期”，肥胖率在绝大多数人群中低于10％；④与80年代初相比，90年代初各人群超重率和肥胖率均上升；与90年代初相比，90年代末多数人群超重率肥胖率均再次 大幅度上升。结论：对我国人群超重和肥胖的干预迫在眉睫。     

宁夏地区学生营养状况

目的了解宁夏地区学生的营养状况及肥胖的流行趋势，为制定学生肥胖防治策略提供科学依据。方法对2005年宁夏地区学生体质健康调研的13977名7～22岁回汉族学生资料进行营养状况统计分析。结果学生营养不良、超重、肥胖检出率分别为3．28％，8．86％和3．91％；汉族学生营养不良、超重、肥胖率分别为3．59％，9．38％和4．44％，回族学生分别为2．72％，7．92％和2．96％；城市学生营养不良、超重、肥胖率分别为3．78％，10．34％和5．99％，乡村学生分别为2．91％。7．76％和2．36％。学生超重、肥胖总检出率为12．78％，较1995年（7．17％）、1991年（2．71％）明显增高。结论宁夏地区学生超重、肥胖总检出率呈逐年增高趋势。应加强学校、家庭健康教育，积极防治超重，肥胖。     

成都市外来务工人员超重和肥胖的流行现况分析

目的 了解成都市外来务工人员超重和肥胖的流行现况,为维持外来务工人员正常体重提供科学依据。方法 采用应答推动抽样方法,在成都市共抽取1 690名外来务工人员作为研究对象,对其进行问卷调查和体格检查。结果 调查对象的超重率为29.53%,肥胖率为9.05%;男性超重率（32.08%）高于女性（26.59%）;40～49岁组超重率最高（39.55%）,50～59岁组肥胖率最高（16.06%）,超重、肥胖率大体随年龄增长而增加;小学文化及以下人群超重、肥胖率最高（39.54%和14.48%）,且随文化程度增高而减小,以上差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;离婚者的超重率最高（37.29%）,丧偶者的肥胖率最高（16.00%）;从事运输/仓储和邮政业的人群超重、肥胖率最高（36.84%和17.89%）。不同婚姻状态组间、不同职业组间超重、肥胖率差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 成都市外来务工人员的超重和肥胖检出率处于较低水平,但是男性、40～59岁、文化程度较低、离婚丧偶、从事运输/仓储和邮政业的人群超重和肥胖检出率相对较高,应重点关注,采取针对性措施加以防治。     

北京市海淀区居民超重/肥胖流行现状及其影响因素

目的了解北京市海淀区18~79岁常住居民超重/肥胖流行现状及其危险因素,为预防和控制超重/肥胖提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,抽取海淀区20个街道18~79岁常住居民6 598人,对超重/肥胖及危险因素等情况进行流行病学调查。结果调查对象超重和肥胖率分别为38.53%和18.84%,标化率分别为34.82%和16.59%。多因素logistic回归分析显示:高年龄组、在婚、饮酒、口味偏咸是超重和肥胖的危险因素,女性、文化程度高中以上是超重和肥胖的保护因素。结论北京海淀区居民超重、肥胖患病形式严峻,需采取综合措施,有针对性的开展干预工作。     

我国5省市18～60岁城乡居民超重肥胖现状调查及影响因素分析

目的研究我国18～60岁城乡居民超重和肥胖流行现状及影响因素。方法采用多阶段分层抽样方法,在北京、辽宁、浙江、云南、陕西抽取6159名城乡居民,进行超重、肥胖流行现状的问卷调查,采用SPSS 13.0软件对影响因素进行单因素χ2检验和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果收回有效问卷6159份,问卷有效率100%。调查对象的体重指数(BMI)为(23.1±3.6),体重偏轻比例为5.7%,正常为58.7%,超重为28.9%,肥胖为6.3%。不同城乡、性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、婚姻状况、是否吸烟、每周饮酒次数、每周锻炼锻炼次数及锻炼时间的成年居民之间超重肥胖率不同,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);经多因素Logistic回归分析,超重肥胖的危险因素有男性、高年龄组、工人、戒烟者。结论我国城乡居民超重肥胖患病患病率较高,在社区人群中应大力倡导健康的生活方式和行为,加强控制体重,特别是农村中老年人群。     

秦皇岛市北戴河区老年人群超重和肥胖现况调查

目的调查秦皇岛市北戴河区老年人群超重和肥胖现况,为降低老年人的超重和肥胖发生率,减少各种慢性疾病的危险因素提供依据。方法依据中国成人超重、肥胖筛查标准,对不同性别和年龄段的老年人的超重和肥胖率进行比较,用χ2检验;对不同的形态指标的比较,用t检验。结果北戴河区老年人总体超重率为43.52%,肥胖率为15.41%。男女的身高、体重、腰围、臀围形态指标,均差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。不同性别和不同年龄段超重和肥胖没有统计学差异。结论北戴河老年人的超重和肥胖已成为普遍存在的、严重的公共卫生问题。