上海市生活垃圾重金属污染特征分析

采用现场调研取样和理化分析检测的方法,对上海市生活垃圾中的重金属含量进行研究,分析了重金属在产生源、物流链以及最终处置环节的变化特征。结果表明：商业垃圾是生活垃圾中重金属的主要产生源;物流过程中重金属含量有所改变;堆肥处理后的垃圾不能直接进行农用;焚烧前的自然干化使重金属富集。     

Effects of Copper Sulfate on Typha latifolia Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Aqueous and Sediment Exposures

The vascular macrophyte Typha latifolia Linnaeus (common cattail) may be a sentinel for evaluating potential phytotoxicity to rooted aquatic macrophytes in aquatic systems. To further evaluate the potential utility of this species, T. latifolia seed germination, shoot growth, and root elongation were measured in 7-day aqueous exposures using mean measured aqueous copper concentrations of 10.0, 23, 41, 62, 174, and 402 μg Cu/L, which were ≥ 62% of nominal concentrations. Seed germination and seedling shoot growth were not significantly affected by any of these copper concentrations as compared to controls. Mean measured no-observed-effect-concentration (NOEC) and lowest-observed-effect-concentration (LOEC) for root elongation were 18.6 μg Cu/L and 35.0 μg Cu/L, respectively. Seven-day sediment tests were conducted by amending uncontaminated sediments with copper sulfate to mean measured concentrations of 7.9, 17.1, 21.0, 51.2, 89.5, and 173.5 mg Cu/kg, which were ≥ 84% of nominal concentrations. Seed germination was not significantly different from controls. Mean measured NOEC and LOEC values for seedling shoot growth were 89.5 mg Cu/kg and 173.5 mg Cu/kg, respectively, and mean measured NOEC and LOEC values for root growth were 14.0 mg Cu/kg and 19.7 mg Cu/kg, respectively. These results demonstrate that T. latifolia early seedling growth can be utilized for assessing aqueous and sediment toxicity of copper. Received: 21 March 2000/Accepted: 28 August 2000     

Effects of Four Rice Herbicides on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of a Threatened Vascular Plant Penthorum chinense Pursh

No abstract available.     

大气颗粒物中重金属分布特征和来源的研究进展

近年来,大气颗粒物引起的环境空气污染受到广泛的关注.颗粒物的研究内容主要集中在不同时间、空间和不同粒径颗粒物浓度的测定、成分分析和健康效应等方面.该文针对颗粒物中的重金属成分,从其含量水平、分布特征、赋存状态和来源分析上进行综述,总结目前对颗粒物中重金属的研究成果,并展望该领域研究方向.     

生活垃圾焚烧厂飞灰重金属特性分析

对上海、山东、四川地区的6家生活垃圾焚烧厂飞灰重金属特性进行了分析,结果表明:飞灰中重金属主要以硫酸盐和氯化物形式存在,含量较高的元素是Zn、Pb、Ba、Cu,含有量随地域和季节有一定波动。对6家焚烧厂飞灰采用醋酸缓冲溶液法(HJ/T 300—2007)做浸出实验发现浸出浓度易超标的重金属主要是Cd和Pb,进一步通过Tessier法研究飞灰中Pb的化学形态,发现其潜在浸出能力和生物可利用性非常大,在飞灰稳定化处理中需特别关注。     

Historical Characteristics of Contamination and Risk of Heavy Metals in Weishan Lake,China

Combined with the dating analysis of ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs, the historical concentration and risk of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in the core sediment of Weishan Lake were determined. Pollution concentrations, enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index, and ecological risk index of these metals and C/N ratio indicate that the natural inputs prevailed till early 1900s. From late 1970s onwards, the risk posed by these metals was significantly increased. Cu and Hg might cause adverse biological effects. The increase of soil erosion and wastewater discharge in the watershed promoted input and accumulation of these metals in the lake. The coal and petroleum industry in the catchment led the more accumulation of Hg, Cd and Cu in the lake.     

淮河干流沉积物中重金属含量及分布特征

为客观描述淮河干流沉积物中重金属含量及分布特征,并为进一步开展环境健康风险评价和环境综合治理提供科学依据。通过搜集1980—2009年有关淮河流域重金属的研究结果,整合分析淮河干流上50个采样断面沉积物中铬、锰、铜、锌、镉、铅、汞和砷等8种重金属的污染范围、程度及分布情况,并与其他流域沉积物的污染水平进行比较。结果显示铬在淮河干流沉积物中的平均含量为63.7 mg/kg(47.2～123.6 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中铬平均值的1.10倍,高于黄河、松花江、珠江口、海河干流和辽河流域沉积物中的水平。锰的平均含量为719 mg/kg(439～1 124 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物平均值的1.05倍,高于长江、黄河、松花江和海河流域。铜的平均含量为29.9 mg/kg(6.0～65.6 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中铜含量平均值的1.42倍,高于长江、黄河、松花江和辽河流域。锌的平均含量为79.2 mg/kg(39.2～230.1 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中锌含量平均值的1.16倍,高于长江和黄河流域。镉的平均含量为0.29 mg/kg(0.10～0.96 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中镉含量平均值的2.07倍,高于长江和辽河流域。铅的平均含量为29.5 mg/kg(17.3～72.8 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中平均值的1.18倍,高于长江、黄河、松花江和辽河流域。汞的平均含量为0.08 mg/kg(0.03～0.36 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中汞含量平均值的2.00倍,高于淮河、长江、黄河和辽河流域。砷的平均含量为12.6 mg/kg(9.0～21.8 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中砷含量平均值的1.38倍,高于长江、松花江、珠江口和辽河流域。淮河干流沉积物中8种重金属含量大于我国水系沉积物中重金属平均值的断面百分比从高到低排序为砷镉锌汞铜锰铬铅,分别为90.5%,88.1%,68.0%,66.7%,65.8%,57.6%,55.3%和50.0%。综述显示,与我国其他流域相比,淮河干流沉积物中重金属含量总体处于较高水平,其中铬和锰在我国7大流域中污染相对最严重,铬含量仅次于长江沉积物黄土中的含量,锰含量仅次于淮河流域沉积物中的含量。     

上海浦东新区公园绿地土壤重金属的分布特征及其评价

目的了解城市公园绿地土壤中重金属的含量及来源,有利于改善城市生态环境质量和保障人体健康。方法于2007年12月采集了上海浦东新区6个公园绿地（公园1-6）75个土壤样品,利用全谱直读电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪和测汞仪．对样品中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Ni及Hg含量进行了分析,研究了上述重金属的分布特征。结果浦东新区公园绿地土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Hg及Ni含量范围分别为21.08-69.31,41.87-91.71,104.65-213.83,84.63-894.28．0.15-0.26,19.14-25.32,0.02-0.55,39.30-454.36m/kg,与上海市土壤背景值相比,除Cd外的所有重金属均有不同程度的累积。从单因子污染指数来看,仅公园1受到相对较严重的Ni和Cr污染;从综合污染指数来看,公园1为重度污染,其余公园未受污染。结论本次调查的公园绿地土壤在一定程度上受到某些重金属的污染。     

城市污泥中重金属的去除方法研究进展

简述了全国范围内污泥中重金属赋存水平以及污泥施用到农田后重金属产生的危害,重点阐述了采用物理、化学、微生物方法去除污泥中重金属,并对这几种方法的去除效率、处理成本以及环境安全性进行了比较,最后展望了今后进一步研究的发展方向和工作重点。     

Contrasting Effects of Heavy Metals on Sponge Cell Behavior

Mediterranean coastal areas are highly contaminated by heavy metals, which have been reported to produce harmful effects in marine organisms. Sponges are particularly vulnerable to waterborne metals because they are able to process large amounts of water. Dissociated sponge cells can move in response to external stimuli, and the cell body changes shape through production of pseudopodia and phylopodia. We studied for first time the effects of heavy metals (cadmium copper and mercury) on motility and aggregation of isolated sponge cells. Cell shape was assessed by using several shape indices. The three metals studied induced changes of different sign on cell shape. Mercury arrested movement of sponge cells, which tended to be rounded, without pseudopodia. In contrast, moderate concentrations of copper and cadmium enhanced pseudopodia formation and cell motility. On the other hand, the three metals enhanced cell aggregation at the concentrations assayed. Our results show that sponge cells respond to metal pollution in different ways and that these responses can be assessed by calculating several shape indices.     

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals and their Genotoxic Effect on Freshwater Mussel

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - Contamination of fresh water bodies like riverine system is utmost concerned environmental issue. This study was aimed to assess the...     

2013年11—12月济南市大气中重金属和类金属分布特征及健康风险评价

目的分析济南市空气中重金属及类金属元素的分布特征及其通过呼吸途径对人群的健康风险。方法选择济南市的两个监测点作为采样点,采集2013年11—12月间济南市大气中的PM_(2.5)样品,分析其中的Cr、Mn、Ni、As、Se、Cd、Pb和Hg 8种重金属及类金属元素的含量和污染特征,并进行健康风险评价。结果 2013年11—12月济南市两个监测点空气中PM_(2.5)以及As的质量浓度超标,其中历城区监测点空气中PM_(2.5)及Cr、Mn、Cd、Hg、Pb的含量显著高于市中区,其余3种重金属及类金属的质量浓度差异无统计学意义。健康风险评价结果表明,市中区与历城区两个监测点空气中8种重金属及类金属单一存在对人群健康的危险度不显著,其中Cr和As的潜在危险相对较大。但8种重金属及类金属危险度的总和,对成年人的健康风险接近人群可接受水平(10~(-6))。结论历城区监测点的空气污染程度要高于市中区,这可能与历城区有相对较多的重工业及化工企业有关;致癌污染物导致的健康风险要高于非致癌污染物,且对不同人群的健康风险有明显差异。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液重金属地球化学研究

综述了垃圾填埋场渗滤液重金属的研究现状,指出研究存在的问题,阐述了垃圾渗滤液重金属的地球化学特征、带来的危害,提出治理措施,并指明今后的研究方向。     

Study on the Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Shallow-Water and Deep-Sea Hagfishes

Hagfish, the plesiomorphic sister group of all vertebrates, are scavengers, and many of them live at depths reaching thousands of meters. They are caught for use as food and serve as a substitute for leather in crafts in Asian hagfisheries. At present, the amount of various pollutants present in hagfishes from bioaccumulation through the food chain is unknown. To understand the bioaccumulation characteristics of heavy metals in deep-sea scavengers, selected heavy metals, including iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb), were analyzed and compared in two hagfish species, Paramyxine nelsoni (Pn) (found at approximately 200 m) and Myxine formosana (Mf) (found at approximately 850 m) caught in southwestern Taiwanese waters. Hagfish muscle (PnM and MfM) and liver (PnL and MfL) samples were lyophilized, and their metal levels were then analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The metals with the highest levels in Pn tissues included Cu and As (PnL > MfL and PnM > MfM); in contrast, those that were higher in Mf tissues were Cd, Hg (both MfL > PnL and MfM > PnM), and Zn (MfM > PnM). Multivariate analyses, i.e., principle component analysis and partial least squares for discriminant analysis of metal levels were able to clearly separate these four tissue types into two groups corresponding to the two species: Pn and Mf. The present data also show differences in the levels of certain heavy metals in these tissues of the two hagfish species. These differences might have resulted not only from depth-related environmental factors but also from different species’ accumulation characteristics. Fe, Cu, and Hg concentrations were much higher in hagfish muscle than have been found in other fishes from adjacent polluted regions, and Hg was approximately 10- to 100-fold higher in hagfish muscles. Public health issues related to the consumption of hagfish are also discussed.     

焊工体内重金属负荷与氧化应激损伤

目的研究焊工接触多种重金属与其体内氧化应激损伤的关系。方法采用横断面流行病学调查方法,以123名焊工和82名非焊工为研究对象,以石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法检测血清铅、镉和锰含量,采用超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)评价体内氧化应激水平。结果焊工血铅(115.49±79.22)μg/L和血镉(3.67±3.19)μg/L含量高于对照组;焊工GSH-Px活力(185.4±31.8)U低于对照组,MDA含量(391.0±128.2)μg/L高于对照组。焊工血铅与GSH-Px水平成负相关,与MDA呈正相关;血锰与MDA成正相关。焊工血铅与GSH-Px和MDA的剂量效应关系拟合曲线分别为y=-0.1353x+212.35和y=0.0059x+4.6407。结论氧化应激水平升高是焊工体内过量铅和锰导致神经行为功能改变的机制之一。     

南京市不同功能区不同粒径路面沉积物的重金属污染分布

目的了解不同功能区不同粒径路面沉积物中重金属污染特性,为道路沉积物重金属污染的有效治理提供科学依据。方法于2011年选取南京某高校附近6个不同功能区的路面沉积物为研究对象,以人工采样的方法对沉积物的粒径以及各粒径中重金属的分布进行检测,重金属含量采用消解后原子吸收分光光度法进行测定。结果不同采样点沉积物粒径在0.1～0.25 mm时质量分布最高;沉积物中重金属Cu、Cr、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cd、Ni的平均含量最大值分别为643.93、4 604.31、103.21、801.20、3 258.91、5.34、674.31 mg/kg。Cu的平均含量在人行道处最高,居民区中最低;Cr含量在机动车道处最高,立体交叉道路处最低;Zn含量在居民区最低;Pb含量在人行道处最高,居民区中最低;Mn含量在机动车道处最高,居民区中最低;各采样点的Cd含量均不高;Ni含量在立交道路和人行道处最高。不同采样点沉积物重金属浓度均随沉积物粒径减小而增大。结论不同功能区路面沉积物中重金属含量不同,且与沉积物粒径有关,随粒径减小而增大。