树突状细胞疫苗对人肺腺癌GLC-82细胞体外杀伤作用的实验观察

目的 通过建立负载人肺腺癌细胞株GLC-82可溶性抗原的树突状细胞(DC)疫苗,探讨应用DC疫苗的致敏特异性杀伤性T细胞(CTL)体外杀瘤细胞的可行性和实验条件,为后期l临床应用提供实验依据.方法 通过用定量摩尔氯化钾提取法获得人肺腺癌细胞GLC-82的可溶性抗原多肽(TSA),从人外周血单核细胞(PBMC)中用GM-CSF、白细胞介素-4和肿瘤坏死因子-α体外诱导扩增并鉴定获取DC,构建DC疫苗;利用DC疫苗刺激同种异体外周血T淋巴细胞活化增殖,诱导产生具有识别肺癌细胞抗原的特异性CTL的可行性及MTT法检测该CTL对GLC-82、肺癌CALU-6和人红白血病K 562细胞的体外杀伤效应.结果 人PBMC体外经7d诱导出的DC,经形态学、免疫组化证实具有典型的树突状细胞特性;负载GLC-82抗原的DC疫苗能有效诱导同种异体T淋巴细胞活化增殖产生CTL,最适浓度为1:10;诱导活化的CTL对靶细胞的杀伤活性明显高于未经肿瘤抗原致敏的组.结论 诱导培养人外周血PBMC中的Mo可获取大量DC,诱导出的DC功能较强,适宜临床应用;DC疫苗能强烈刺激初始型同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖产生CD 8+表达增加的CTL;激活的CTL对肺癌靶细胞发挥高效而特异的细胞毒效应,对非肺组织瘤靶细胞也具有非特异性杀伤效应.     

负载冻融抗原的DC诱导特异性CTL杀伤胃癌细胞的实验研究

目的 研究负载肿瘤抗原的树突状细胞(DC)活化的特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTLs)对胃癌细胞的体外杀伤作用.方法 冻融法获取胃癌细胞抗原,联合应用粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rhGM-CSF)、白细胞介素4(IL-4)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)诱导培养外周血BC并负载肿瘤抗原,激活自体T淋巴细胞,制备特异性CTLs,MTT法检测对胃癌细胞的体外杀伤作用.ELISA法检测γ干扰素(IFNγ)分泌情况.结果 负载胃癌抗原的DC激活的CTLs表现出对胃癌细胞的特异性杀伤作用,产生高水平的IFNY(P<0.01);而对B16黑色素瘤细胞没有杀伤作用不产生高水平的IFNγ.未负载胃癌抗原DC刺激的CTLs对胃癌细胞无杀伤作用.结论 应用细胞因子从人外周血中诱导的DC负载胃癌抗原后,激活的CTLs在体外对胃癌细胞能产生高效而特异性的杀伤作用.     

灵芝多糖对体外树突状细胞诱导细胞毒性T-淋巴细胞的调节作用(英文)

目的:研究灵芝多糖(Gl-PS)在抗原提呈阶段对体外培养树突状细胞(DC)诱导特异性细胞毒性T-淋巴细胞(CTL)功能的调节及其机制。方法:体外培养小鼠骨髓来源DC经P815肿瘤细胞冻融抗原冲击致敏,并与不同浓度Gl-PS(0.8,3.2,或12.8 mg/L)共培养。成熟DC与脾淋巴细胞共培养诱导P815特异性CTL生成。第5天收集各组悬浮细胞及培养上清,采用乳酸脱氢酶法比较CTL特异性杀伤活性;RT-PCR法测定T扰素γ(IFNγ)及颗粒酶B mRNA在CTL的表达;ELISA或Western blot法检测IFNγ或颗粒酶B蛋白的表达。结果:3种浓度的Gl-PS均可增高培养上清中释放的LDH活性(P<0.01);增加CTL表达IFN7及颗粒酶B mRNA(IFNγ:Gl-PS 12.8 mg/L组与RPMI-1640组,P<0.05;颗粒酶B:P<0.01);促进CTL培养上清中IFNγ蛋白生成(P<0.05)以及CTL表达颗粒酶B蛋白(Gl-PS 12.8 mg/L组与RPMI-1640组,P<0.05)。结论:Gl-PS可在抗原提呈阶段促进P815肿瘤冻融抗原冲击致敏DC所诱导的特异性CTL的杀伤活性,其机制可能是通过IFNγ及颗粒酶B途径的调节。     

基因修饰的树突状细胞体外免疫功能的初步研究

目的 制备转染乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(HBcAg)基因、人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)来源的树突状细胞(DC)疫苗,观察HBcAg的表达效率,检测其在体外诱导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocytes,CTL)对HepG2.2.15细胞的杀伤效应.方法 体外诱导并培养DC;将HBcAg基因导入...     

多表位BCR—ABL融合抗原体外诱导对白血病原代细胞的特异性杀伤

目的 体外观察多表位BCR—ABL融合抗原诱导对白血病细胞的特异性杀伤效应，探索慢性髓细胞性白血病(chronic myeloid leukemia，CML)免疫治疗新途径。方法从外周血单个核细胞培养DC，以BCR—ABL融合抗原脉冲刺激DC，诱导特异性CTL产生；MTT法检测CTL对白血病靶细胞的特异性杀伤活性。结果 融合抗原刺激产生的CTL能特异性杀灭含BCR—ABL融合基因的白血病靶细胞。结论 我们所设计表达的多表位BCR—ABL融合抗原能在体外诱导特异性抗白血病免疫反应，对白血病细胞产生特异性杀伤，为进一步的体内的实验奠定了基础。     

胎儿来源的树突状细胞诱导抗膀胱癌效应的研究

目的：研究胎儿来源的树突状细胞（DC）体外诱导抗膀胱癌的特异性细胞免疫的效果.方法：从胎儿骨髓获得单个核细胞,经粒细胞-单核细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）、IL-4和TNF-α诱导产生DC.利用50%～70%硫酸铵饱和沉淀法获取膀胱癌细胞系EJ含热休克蛋白（HSP）成分的细胞溶解物,以该抗原负载DC,激活胎脾细胞产生肿瘤特异性的细胞杀伤性T淋巴细胞（CTL）.利用IL-2刺激胎脾细胞产生LAK细胞.应用MTF法分别检测CTL和LAK细胞对EJ细胞的杀伤效应.结果：胎儿骨髓可诱导出功能成熟的DC,高表达CD1a、CD86、HLA-DR和CD83.负载EJ抗原的DC可诱导产生CD8＋CTL.其对EJ细胞的杀伤作用明显强于LAK细胞.结论：含HSP成分的肿瘤细胞溶解物负载胎儿来源的DC,体外可诱导出更强的特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答.     

脐血浆培养的脐血树突状细胞对胃癌细胞的特异杀伤作用

目的尝试用脐血浆代替胎牛血清培养脐血树突状细胞（DCs）,并使之负载胃癌抗原,观察其对胃癌细胞的特异杀伤作用。方法分离脐血单个核细胞（CBMCs）并在含10％同源脐血浆的培养体系中诱导培养,部分细胞加入胃癌冻融抗原冲击。流式细胞仪检测细胞表面抗原CD1a和CD83表达,MTT法检测DCs体外刺激淋巴细胞增殖活性,LDH法检测DCs诱导的细胞毒T淋巴细胞（CTLs）对胃癌及肝癌细胞的细胞毒作用。结果CBMCs能分化为表型正常的未成熟DCs,并进而吞噬胃癌细胞冻融抗原成熟,刺激淋巴细胞增殖并诱导对胃癌细胞株特异的CTLs毒性。结论脐血浆培养的脐血DCs能有效捕获胃癌冻融抗原,激发针对胃癌细胞的特异杀伤效应。本实验采用的DCs制备方法具有方法简单、成本较低、瘤苗制备时间较短等优点。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血树突状细胞状况的初步研究

目的 研究慢性乙型肝炎(慢性乙肝)患者外周血树突状细胞(DCs)的状况。方法 外周血单个核细胞，在含重组人白细胞介素4(rhIL-4)(500U／m1)和重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rhGM-CSF)(100ng／m1)完全培养基中培养诱导出DCs。在显微镜下观察DCs生长状况，并采用直接计数法以了解DCs的增殖速度。采用LDH法检测DCs诱导的细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)杀伤能力。以MTT法检测DCs刺激同种异体混合淋巴细胞反应的能力。结果 慢性乙肝患者外周血单个核细胞中通过诱导培养所产生的DCs的细胞数量明显少于正常人群；慢性乙肝患者的DCs的增殖速度与正常人DCs无显著性差异，但细胞发育不良。慢性乙肝患者的DCs诱导CTL杀伤作用的能力明显弱于正常人；并且在经过体外培养3、6、9天后，慢性乙肝患者的DCs刺激同种异体混合淋巴细胞反应的能力均显著低于同培养时段的正常人DCs。结论 慢性乙肝患者体内的DCs不仅细胞数量明显少于正常人，而且发育不良、功能低下。这可能是导致慢性乙肝患者抗HBV特异性免疫功能低下的重要原因之一。     

超抗原金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C和肿瘤可溶性抗原诱导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的杀瘤效应

目的 探讨肿瘤可溶性抗原(TSA)联合超抗原金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C(SEC)诱导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTLs)对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用.方法 实验分为对照组(淋巴细胞)和实验组(SEC+ TSA+淋巴细胞).分离肿瘤患者外周血淋巴细胞,经TSA、超抗原SEC联合作用诱导产生CTLs,对其增殖、细胞表型、杀瘤活性进行观察和测定.结果 经TSA、SEC联合刺激的淋巴细胞组增殖活性明显增强.实验组和对照组CD3均阳性表达,实验组CD8+明显高于对照组(49.07％比27.52％,P＜0.05).经肺癌TSA、超抗原SEC联合刺激淋巴细胞组培养诱导的CTLs,当效靶比为20∶1时对CALU-6、自体肺癌细胞、Hela细胞杀伤活性明显高于效靶比为10∶1[分别(89.6±3.7)％比(51.5±4.0)％,(92.0±4.0)％比(54.5±4.0)％,(65.0±3.8)％比(35.3±2.4)％,均P＜0.05];效应细胞对人肺癌细胞株CALU-6、自体肺癌细胞的杀伤活性明显高于Hela细胞(P＜0.05).结论 经肿瘤抗原和超抗原SEC诱导的CTL能够产生高效特异性的杀瘤效应.     

前列腺特异性抗原细胞毒性T淋巴细胞表位多抗原肽的抗肿瘤免疫效应研究

目的:研究前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)来源的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)表位多抗原肽对前列腺癌的抗肿瘤免疫效应。方法:体外分离培养来源于人白细胞抗原(HLA)-A2.1阳性的健康志愿者外周血单个核细胞的成熟树突状细胞(DC),按单抗原肽组(PSA146-154)、多抗原肽组(PSA146-154-MAP4)、阴性对照组(人类免疫缺陷病毒表位肽HIVpol476-484)培养制备相应的效应细胞,以前列腺癌细胞株LNCaP、DU-145和结肠癌SW480细胞为靶细胞,采用标准4 h51Cr释放试验检测不同效应细胞/靶细胞细胞个数比(效/靶比,10∶1、20∶1、40∶1、80∶1)的特异性杀伤效应(以特异性杀伤效率为指标),酶联免疫斑点(ELISPOT)法检测各组效应细胞分泌γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的CD8+效应细胞数量。结果:各组效应细胞对DU-145、SW480细胞均无特异性杀伤效应,单抗原肽组和多抗原肽组效应细胞对LNCaP细胞具有明显的特异性杀伤效应,且多抗原肽组强于单抗原肽组,与效/靶比呈正相关。与阴性对照组比较,单抗原肽组和多抗原肽组分泌IFN-γ的CD8+效应细胞数量明显增加;与单抗原肽组比较,多抗原肽组分泌CD8+细胞数量明显增加(P<0.05)。结论:PSA多抗原肽能诱导机体产生强于单抗原肽的PSA特异性抗肿瘤免疫效应,并可以在一定程度上增强非特异性的抗肿瘤效果。     

Apoptic renal carcinoma cells are better inducers of cross-presenting activity than their primary necrotic counterpart

Vaccination with tumor-loaded dendritic cells (DC) is a promising treatment strategy for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Cells undergoing cell death proved useful as a source of tumor antigen for DC loading. Both apoptotic and necrotic tumor cells have been shown to efficiently load RCC-tumor antigens on DC. However, no direct comparison of these two kinds of death has been attempted in the same RCC. We compared DC pulsed with apoptotic cells, whole cell lysates or their supernatants of the cell line K1, derived from a patient with clear cell RCC, to determine their ability to activate T cells. Monocyte-derived DCs were pulsed with the different sources of tumor antigen, matured and co-cultured with autologouos peripheral blood lymphocytes. After three weekly re-stimulations with DCs, generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes CTL was assessed by IFN-gamma release in an ELISpot assay in the presence of the sensitizing target. By comparison with lysate, apoptotic tumor cells induced a higher frequency of MHC class I-restricted IFN-gamma releasing lymphocytes. A higher CTL response was induced by pulsing DCs with cell lysate supernatant compared with whole cell lysate. These results indicate that, although necrotic death has been regarded as highly permissive when compared to apoptotic death, the immunogenicity of the death treatment may vary from one tumor to another.     

树突状细胞介导的CTL在裸鼠体内外抑制白血病细胞生长的研究

目的研究白血病细胞可溶性蛋白抗原（SPA）致敏树突状细胞（DC）介导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）反应在裸鼠体内、外抑制白血病细胞生长的效应,为白血病DC免疫治疗提供理论依据。方法利用人骨髓单个核细胞（MNC）体外培养DC,经形态、表型及功能综合鉴定。用纳米粒包裹白血病细胞SPA并致敏DC,在体外诱导出特异性CTL,用MTT法测定其活性。另分别将HL-60细胞与淋巴细胞（LC）或与CTL同时注入裸鼠体内,通过肿瘤体积、成瘤时间、肿瘤抑制率等对比各组抑制肿瘤生长的效果。结果（1）培养的DC具有DC的形态特征并高表达CD1a、CD83。（2）MTT法测定各组CTL活性,发现A1组较A2组和A3组、B1组较B2组和B3组有明显差异（均P〈0.05）。A3组及B3组CTL活性最高,A2组及B2组活性次之。（3）在裸鼠体内实验中,1组与2组、3组的肿瘤体积及成瘤天数比较均有明显统计学差异（P〈0.05）,而2组与3组比较却无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;2组与3组肿瘤抑制率分别为（50.70±13.74）%和（52.29±13.68）%。结论在体外实验用白血病细胞SPA及纳米粒包裹的SPA致敏DC,均能可介导较强的CTL作用,且纳米粒包裹SPA组的CTL活性更高。用白血病细胞SPA及纳米粒包裹的SPA致敏的DC在裸鼠体内同样可诱导出较强的CTL作用,表现为肿瘤体积明显小于对照组,成瘤天数也明显晚于对照组,但纳米粒包裹SPA致敏DC组在体内试验中未显示出更强的抑瘤活性。通过DC介导特异性的CTL可有效的抑制白血病细胞,是一种有良好临床应用前景的细胞免疫治疗方法。     

Protective antitumor activity through dendritic cell immunization is mediated by NK cell as well as CTL activation

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) capable of inducing the primary T cell response to antigen. Although tumor cells express target antigens, they are incapable of stimulating a tumor-specific immune response due to a defect in the costimulatory signal that is required for optimal activation of T cells. In this work, we describe a new approach using tumor-DC coculture to improve the antigen presenting capacity of tumor cells, which does not require a source of tumor-associated antigen. Immunization of a weakly immunogenic and progressive tumor cocultured with bone marrow-derived DCs generated an effective tumor vaccine. Immunization with the cocultured DCs was able to induce complete protective immunity against tumor challenges and was effective for the induction of tumor-specific CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) activity. Furthermore, high NK cell activity was observed in mice in which tumors were rejected. In addition, immunization with tumor-pulsed DCs induced delayed tumor growth, but not tumor eradication in tumor-bearing mice. Our results demonstrate that coculture of DCs with tumors generated antitumor immunity due to the NK cell activation as well as tumor-specific T cell. This approach would be useful for designing tumor vaccines using DCs when the information about tumor antigens is limited.     

急性粒细胞白血病可溶性蛋白抗原诱导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗白血病作用

目的探索纳米粒包裹白血病可溶性蛋白抗原致敏树突状细胞介导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞对白血病细胞的抑制作用。方法体外培养树突状细胞。冻融法制备白血病细胞可溶性蛋白抗原．用自制的纳米粒包裹抗原并致敏DC,在体外诱导出特异性CTL．采用MTT法测定CTL活性。结果用人骨髓单个核细胞诱生树突细胞,通过形态、表型及功能进行综合鉴定。利用去溶剂化法制备出白蛋白纳米粒并包裹抗原。体纳米粒包裹抗原组CTL活性强于未包裹组,两者有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论用白血病细胞可溶性蛋白抗原及纳米粒包裹的抗原均可诱导特异性的抗自血病CTL作用．后者的CTL活性明显高于前者。通过DC介导特异性CTL可有效地抑制白血病细胞,是一种实用而可行的治疗方法。具有良好的临床应用前景。     

冻融人外周血树突状细胞基因疫苗体外抗肿瘤活性研究

目的观察EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白重组腺病毒(rAd-EBV-LMP2)转染的冻融人外周血树突状细胞(DC)诱导的特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)抗肿瘤活性。方法人外周血来源的单核细胞经细胞因子扩增培养为成熟DC,液氮冻存;rAd-LMP2重组腺病毒转染冻融DC制备疫苗。动态观察细胞形态学特征,四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测DC疫苗刺激同种T淋巴细胞增殖活性,以及诱导的CTL对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性。结果rAd-LMP2转染的冻融DC疫苗具有形态迥异、多突起的典型形态学特征,其刺激同种T淋巴细胞的增殖能力明显高于对照组(P<0.01),能诱导高效的CTL活性(P<0.01),与新鲜DC疫苗差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论rAd-LMP2转染冻融DC疫苗在体外能激发较强的EBV-LMP2特异性的功能性CTL,为EBV相关的鼻咽癌(NPC)的免疫治疗提供策略。     

Dendritic cell vaccine modified by Ag85A gene enhances anti-tumor immunity against bladder cancer

The ability of dendritic cells to provide all the signals required for T-cell activation makes them an ideal cancer vaccine platform. With the use of established DC2.4 cell line, originated from C57BL/6 mice and developed by superinfecting GM-CSF transduced bone marrow cells with myc and raf oncogenes, we investigated whether the DC 2.4 cell line transfected with Ag85A gene could enhance immunity against bladder cancer. Both phenotypic and functional analyses of Ag85A-DCs were done with use of FCM and T cell proliferation test. The cytotoxicity of Ag85A-DCs loaded with tumor cell lysate was verified by LDH. Finally, the production of interferon gamma was assayed by both ELISA and FCM. The immunotherapeutic effect of DC vaccine on murine bladder cancer was assessed pharmacologically and pathologically. Our results showed that Ag85A gene transfected DCs expressed high levels of key surface markers such as CD80, CD86 and MHC-II. The CTL primed with MB49 lysate-pulsed Ag85A-DCs elicits higher activity against MB49 tumor cells and upregulated level of IFN-γ production. Furthermore, the significant inhibitive effect on tumor growth in mice was found in the group of Ag85A-DC vaccine. The infiltration of CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cell within established tumor treated by Ag85A-DC vaccine significantly increased as compared with control groups. It is therefore concluded that DCs engineered by Ag85A gene exerts enhanced anti-tumor immunity against bladder cancer and this study might provide a meaningful mode of action with the use of Ag85A engineered DC vaccination in anti-cancer immunotherapy.     

Cationic Liposomes Loaded with a Synthetic Long Peptide and Poly(I:C): a Defined Adjuvanted Vaccine for Induction of Antigen-Specific T Cell Cytotoxicity

For effective cancer immunotherapy by vaccination, co-delivery of tumour antigens and adjuvants to dendritic cells and subsequent activation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) is crucial. In this study, a synthetic long peptide (SLP) harbouring the model CTL epitope SIINFEKL was encapsulated with the TLR3 ligand poly(inosinic-polycytidylic acid) (poly(I:C)) in cationic liposomes consisting of DOTAP and DOPC. The obtained particles were down-sized to about 140 nm (measured by dynamic light scattering) and had a positive zeta-potential of about 26 mV (according to laser Doppler electrophoresis). SLP loading efficiency was about 40% as determined by HPLC. Poly(I:C) loading efficiency was about 50%, as assessed from the fluorescence intensity of fluorescently labelled poly(I:C). Immunogenicity of the liposomal SLP vaccine was evaluated in vitro by its capacity to activate dendritic cells (DCs) and present the processed SLP to SIINFEKL-specific T cells. The effectiveness of the vaccine to activate CD8⁺ T cells was analysed in vivo after intradermal and subcutaneous immunisation in mice, by measuring antigen-specific T cells in blood and spleens and assessing their functionality by cytokine production and in vivo cytotoxicity. The liposomal formulation efficiently delivered the SLP to DCs in vitro and induced a functional CD8⁺ T cell immune response in vivo to the CTL epitope present in the SLP. The SLP-specific CD8⁺ T cell frequency induced by the poly(I:C)-adjuvanted liposomal SLP formulation showed an at least 25 fold increase over the T cell frequency induced by the poly(I:C)-adjuvanted soluble SLP. In conclusion, cationic liposomes loaded with SLP and poly(I:C) have potential as a powerful therapeutic cancer vaccine formulation.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1208/s12248-014-9686-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.KEY WORDS: cancer immunotherapy, cationic liposomes, CTL epitope, peptide antigen, Poly(I:C)     

热休克蛋白gp96-肽复合物体外对人肝癌细胞的抗肿瘤效应

目的研究热休克蛋白gp96-肽复合物修饰树突状细胞(DC)后对人肝癌细胞的体外特异抗肿瘤效应。方法从人原发性肝癌组织中提取gp96-肽复合物,用其修饰DC细胞后与T淋巴细胞共同培养,以MTT法检测该复合物介导的细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)对不同来源人肝癌细胞的抗肿瘤效应,并与粗提抗原修饰DC细胞组相比较。结果 gp96-肽复合物诱导的CTL对原代肝癌细胞杀伤效率为74.3%,明显高于粗提抗原组(42.5%)和未加抗原组(14.4%)(P<0.01),粗提抗原组对肝癌细胞杀伤效率高于未加抗原组(P<0.01)。且该复合物的抗肿瘤效应具有一定的组织特异性。结论 gp96-肽复合物修饰的DC细胞,在体外能刺激产生特异的抗肿瘤细胞毒性T细胞,因而热休克蛋白gp96在肿瘤免疫治疗中具有重要的实用价值。