被膜支架治疗食管癌术后吻合口狭窄及食管气管瘘

目的：评价被膜支架腔内治疗和修补食管癌术后吻合口狭窄衣食管气管瘘的安全性和有效性。材料与方法：62个月内12例食管癌术后吻合口狭窄及食管气管瘘的病人使用16支被膜支架进行治疗。结果：支架置入的技术成功率为100％,被膜支架置入后术后吻合口狭窄有效缓解,食管气管瘘得到了严密封堵,肺内继发感染完全吸收。病人的临床状况得到了改善,其生活质量明显提高。结论：被膜支架置入缓解食管癌术后吻合口狭窄和修补食管气管瘘是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

癌性食管—气管瘘的被膜自膨胀式金属内支架植入治疗

目的：探讨内支架植入术治疗癌性食管－气管瘘的效果。材料与方法：Ｘ线电视导向下，向２８例病变食管内植入被膜自膨胀式金属内支架２８个。结果：２８个内支架一次性植入到位，２８例食管－气管瘘全部堵塞成功，病人即刻恢复进食并彻底根除了食物溢入气管，２７例肺部感染得以治愈，病人体质改善。结论：被膜自膨胀式金属内支架治疗癌性食管－气管瘘安全、简单而有效。     

应用金属内支架治疗食管及贲门部恶性狭窄

目的：评价金属内支架治疗食管及贲门部恶性狭窄的效果。材料和方法：１４例食管，贲门部恶性狭窄患者，１例合并有食管气管瘘。经口操作，先行球囊导管对狭窄段进行扩张，后置入金属内支架，其中１３例置入国产被覆涤纶膜Ｚ型内支架（共１５枚）。另１例应用Ｓｔｒｅｃｋｅｒ ｓｔｅｎｔ。结果：内皮架置入全部成功，术后患者狭窄得到改善，食管气管瘘孔安全封闭。术后患者平均生存时间为５．５个月。结论：金属内支架是治疗食管及     

覆膜内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘临床分析

目的评价覆膜食管内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床效果。方法本组89例食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘的患者,其中并发食管气管瘘28例。食管内覆膜支架置入均在数字减影血管造影机(DSA)监视下进行。结果 89例患者均成功置入覆膜内支架,27例中上段食管气管瘘完全被封闭,进水呛咳症状消失。18例术后再狭窄,再次置入支架。结论食管覆膜内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘安全有效,能提高患者生活质量,延长生存期。     

食管胸腔胃吻合口内支架并发食管气管瘘的内支架再置入治疗

目的 探讨食管癌术后食管胸腔胃吻合口狭窄行支架置入后形成食管-气管瘘,再次采取支架置入治疗的疗效.方法 6例食管胸腔胃吻合口狭窄支架置入后并发食管气管瘘.X线监视下,取出原食管支架,再次置入1枚较长的食管覆膜支架,消除食管与支架成角现象.结果 本组原支架取出顺利,未出现严重并发症.均再次置入较原支架长20 ～ 40 mm的支架,支架置入后均出现不同程度咽部疼痛不适,患者能够耐受,进食顺利.结论 食管胃吻合口狭窄支架置入后并发食管-气管瘘,可以置换稍长支架进行补救.     

上消化道狭窄及瘘的内支架治疗

目的 评价内支架对上消化道良恶性狭窄及上消化道的治疗价值，总结上消化道内支困的置入操作要点及术后处理经验。材料与方法 本组２２例，男５例，女７例，年龄４５－６８岁，平均５４岁，食管癌性狭窄１１例，食管或胃术后吻合口狭窄８例，食管癌并食管－气管瘘１例，气管插管后气管－食管瘘１例，胃癌术后腹部淋巴结转移幽门狭窄１例。除食管、气管瘘直接安放褂膜支轲外，单纯狭窄病例均经双腔气囊扩张后经专用输送装置放入裸露     

国产被覆自膨式金属内支架治疗恶性食管狭窄及食管-气管瘘

目的：评价国产被覆自膨式金属内支架治疗恶性食管狭窄及食管－气管瘘的效果和适用性。方法：利用DSA高清晰度X线电视造影、定位和监视释放。经口在0．038inch Amplatz直头导丝引导下，对食管癌引起的恶性狭窄12例置入单喇叭型；对癌性食管-气管瘘12例置入双喇叭型国产被覆自膨式金属内支架，随访3－10个月。结果：24个内支架一次性植入成功，患者可即刻吞食水，不再呛咳。结论：国产支架操作简单、 成功率高、安全、效果立竿见影，价值低廉能为众多患者接受。     

带膜气管支架置入治疗气管食管瘘

气管食管瘘是由于各种原因造成食管与气管相通，一般均采用带膜食管支架置入来封堵瘘口进行治疗，而用带膜气管支架治疗气管食管瘘笔者少见相关报道。2002年4月至2004年8月，我院利用纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）直视下联合X线透视放置带膜镍钛记忆合金气管支架，治疗气管食管瘘4例，取得了良好的效果，现报道如下。     

晚期食管癌的被膜支架治疗

晚期食管癌患者大部分伴有食管狭窄或食管气管瘘，部分患者术后可并发吻合口瘘，严重影响患者的饮食，直接危及患者的生命，置入被膜支架已成为治疗晚期食管癌的重要方法。2001年以来，我院采用国产带膜支架治疗晚期食管癌48例，均收到良好效果。     

内支架置入对食管良恶性狭窄姑息性治疗的临床应用

目的 采用内支架置入的方法对食管良恶性狭窄和食管瘘患者进行姑息性治疗,观察并比较进口支架和国产支架的临床应用情况。方法 20例食管癌所致食管狭窄患者中,手术后吻合口狭窄3例,合并食管－气管瘘4例,食管－纵 隔瘘1例。置入进口支架10个;国产支架10个。对4例食管造影显示完全梗阻和7例严重狭窄的患者,先行球囊扩张,后置入支架。9例直接置入。结果 15例单纯食管狭窄患者置入支架后,进食情况明显改善,5例合并瘘者置入带膜支架后,瘘口消失。分别随访2个月至2年。1例20d后死于消化道大出血。3例6个月后再次出现狭窄,1例行放射治疗,2例第2次置入支架。其余患者均未出现明显的进食障碍。结论 食管内支架置入术简单、安全、近期疗效明显,无严重并发症,是食管癌性狭窄和食管瘘的一种良好的姑息性治疗方法。国产支架与进出口支架疗效相仿,值得临床推广应用。     

带膜支架在食管狭窄中的临床应用

目的：本文回顾性分析了金属带膜支架对恶性食管狭窄、吻合口狭窄及食管气管瘘和吻合口瘘的治疗功效,方法：36例吞咽困难患者放置了Gianturco-Z和自彭式金属带膜支架。其中包括恶性食管梗阻（32例）、吻合口狭窄（4例）,合并食管气管瘘（3例）和吻合口瘘（1例）。结果：37根支架被成功释放。吞咽困难在33例患者中获得明显缓解,平均吞咽困难积分从3．02减低到0．81。3例食管气管瘘和1例吻合口瘘完全堵住。并发症包括胸骨后疼痛（23例）、支架移位（21例）、上消化道出血（12例）、返流性食道炎（1例）和气管受压迫（1例）。结论：金属带膜支架是治疗食道梗阻、食管气管瘘及吻合口瘘安全、有效的方法。     

被覆内支架治疗食管-气管瘘和食管狭窄的临床应用

目的评价应用被覆金属内支架治疗食管-气管瘘和食管狭窄病人的疗效。方法根据食管狭窄的程度、长度、瘘口部位及狮窄上缘距食管上端开口处距离，确定支架长度和支架位置。5例患者均在X线电视监视下完成操作。结果5例病人均1次成功放置被覆金属内支架，患者呛咳及吞咽困难症状消失，术后均能进普通流食。正侧位胸片检查，支架位置准确，形状为两头呈喇叭口样，中间狭窄部直径可达1．1cm～1．5cm。管瘘病人的二种很好的非创伤性姑息性治疗手段。结论X线透视下置入被覆金早内支架，是晚期食管癌合并食管-气管瘘病人的二种很好的非创伤性姑息性治疗手段。     

Delayed complications after esophageal stent placement for treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions and esophagorespiratory fistulas

PURPOSE: To evaluate delayed complications after esophageal expandable metallic stent placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From April 1993 to December 1997, 90 expandable metallic stents were placed in 82 consecutive patients with inoperable malignant esophageal obstruction (n = 49) or malignant esophagorespiratory fistula (n = 33). Stents used included covered Gianturco-Rosch Z stents (n = 20), Wallstents (covered, n = 31; uncovered, n = 13), and Ultraflex stents (covered, n = 8; uncovered, n = 10). Patients were followed prospectively and monitored for delayed complications, defined as major (hemorrhage, tracheal compression, stent migration, perforation or fistula formation, granulomatous obstruction, tumor ingrowth and overgrowth, funnel phenomenon, and stent covering disruption) or minor (reflux, chest pain, and food impaction). RESULTS: Mean survival was 4.5 months after stent placement (range, 3 weeks to 26 months). The overall incidence of delayed complications was 64.6%, with 17 patients (20.7%) experiencing more than one complication. The rates of delayed complications in patients with Z stents, Wallstents, and Ultraflex stents were 75.0%, 68.1%, and 44.4%, respectively (P <.05). Most complications were life-threatening and occurred more frequently when stents were placed in the proximal third of the esophagus, compared with more distally (P <.05). Thirteen patients (15.9%) died from complications directly related to stent placement. CONCLUSION: Esophageal stent placement for malignant obstruction or fistula is associated with a substantial incidence of delayed complications.     

食管内支架留置术治疗恶性食管-支气管瘘

目的：评价用带膜食管支架治疗恶性食管－支气管瘘的临床应用价值。材料与方法：共３例食管－支气管瘘病人，其中食管癌所致２例，另外１例为肺癌所致。所用２个支架均为金属自膨式Ｚ型支架，直径１８ｍｍ，长度１０－１２ｃｍ，支架置入术在Ｘ监视下进行。结果：２个支架植入均获成功。术后立即食管吞钡造影显示瘘口被有效封闭，进食再无呛咳出现，随访时间最长１例已达６个月。随访期间，患均进食正常，部分体重增加，未出现瘘口     

Malignant esophageal-tracheobronchial strictures: parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents

Purpose: To assess the safety and clinical effectiveness of the parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents in the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures.

Material and Methods: Under fluoroscopic guidance, parallel stents were placed in 12 symptomatic patients with both malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures. Seven of these 12 patients also had an esophagorespiratory fistula (ERF) and one patient had an esophagocutaneous fistula. Technical success, clinical improvement, complications, and survival rates were evaluated.

Results: A total of 28 esophageal and airway stents were successfully placed. The grade of dysphagia and dyspnea score significantly decreased after stent placement (P = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively). ERF and esophagocutaneous fistula were sealed off in all eight patients after esophageal stent placement; however, the esophagocutaneous fistula reopened 1 month later. Complications included stent migration or expectoration (n = 3), tracheal compression by the esophageal stent (n = 3), new fistula development due to covering membrane degradation of the esophageal stent (n = 1), and symptomatic sputum retention (n = 1). Stent removal was easily performed for two stents; one migrated stent and the other with covering membrane degradation. All 12 patients died within the mean survival period of 72.50 days (range 7-375 days).

Conclusion: Parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents is safe and effective for the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures.     

Esophagorespiratory fistula: long-term results of palliative treatment with covered expandable metallic stents in 61 patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term clinical results of palliative treatment of esophagorespiratory fistulas (ERFs) with covered expandable metallic stents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients with ERFs due to esophageal or bronchogenic carcinoma and one patient with ERF due to pressure necrosis caused by initial esophageal stent placement for esophageal carcinoma were treated with covered expandable esophageal or tracheobronchial metallic stents. Information about technical success of stent placement, initial clinical success and failure, fistula reopening, and complications was obtained. Survival curves for both patient groups with initial clinical success and failure were obtained and compared with Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank test. RESULTS: Stent placement was technically successful in all patients, with no immediate procedural complications. The stent completely sealed off the fistula in 49 (80%) of 61 patients so that they had no further aspiration symptoms (initial clinical success). Twelve (20%) of 61 patients had persistent aspiration symptoms due to incomplete ERF closure (initial clinical failure). During follow-up, the fistula reopened in 17 (35%) of 49 patients with initial clinical success: In eight patients, the reopened ERF was sealed off successfully with stent placement or balloon dilation. In two patients with reopened ERF caused by food impaction, the reopened fistula resolved spontaneously. Seven patients did not undergo further treatment. All patients died during follow-up, and mean survival was 13.4 weeks (range, 1-56 weeks) after stent placement. Mean survival in patients with initial clinical success was significantly longer than that in patients with initial clinical failure (15.1 vs 6.2 weeks, P <.05). CONCLUSION: Covered expandable metallic stents were placed in 61 patients with ERFs, but the initial clinical success rate was poor and the rate of reopening was high; however, interventional treatment was effective for sealing off reopened ERFs. Copyright RSNA, 2004     

食管气管双支架的临床应用

目的探讨食管癌性狭窄(或瘘)合并气管狭窄双内支架置入的价值。方法透视下,对4例食管-气管瘘合并气管严重狭窄和7例食管狭窄合并气管严重狭窄者先后置入气管、食管内支架。结果支架全部一次性置入成功,患者恢复正常进食,呼吸困难即刻缓解。结论双内支架置入治疗食管癌性狭窄(或瘘)合并气管狭窄损伤小、操作简单安全、并发症少,为后续治疗提供了时机。     

Esophageal and Bronchial Perforations After Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Replacement: Successful Repair with Covered Metallic Stents

Esophageal and bronchial perforations are rare but potentially fatal complications of descending thoracic aortic aneurysm replacement. This report presents a 67-year-old man with both esophageal and bronchial perforations that occurred after descending thoracic aortic aneurysm replacement. Surgical repair was performed, but the lesions perforated again. Two covered metallic stent prostheses introduced into both the esophagus and left main bronchus led to the improvement of mediastinitis by sealing the perforations. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing successful treatment for esophageal and bronchial perforations using covered metallic stents. Placement of covered metallic stents can be an option for the treatment of patients with esophagorespiratory tract perforations, especially those who are in critical condition.     

Nitinol Esophageal Stents: New Designs and Clinical Indications

Purpose To evaluate the clinical use of covered and noncovered, knitted nitinol stents in patients presenting new stent indications. Methods Self-expandable, knitted nitinol stents were implanted in four patients for treatment of dysphagia. In two patients who had malignant strictures and had esophago-respiratory fistulae and in one patient with an esophagocutaneous fistula, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered stents were implanted. One patient received a noncovered stent, but a retrograde approach through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) fistula had to be chosen for recanalization of an esophageal occulusion. Two patients received stents for treatment of benign strictures. Results Recanalization of the stricture and stent implantation were performed under fluoroscopic control without any procedure-related morbidity or mortality. Dysphagia improved in all patients and the esophageal fistulae could be sealed off by covered stents. During a maximum follow-up of 18 months, there was no stent migration or esophageal perforation. Complications observed were stent stenosis due to food impaction (1/4) and benign stent stenosis (2/2). Most complications could be treated by the interventional radiologist. Conclusion Self-expandable, covered Nitinol stents provide an option for the treatment of dysphagia combined with esophageal fistulae. In combination with interventional radiology techniques, even complex strictures are accessible. For benign strictures, the value of stent treatment has not yet been proven.     

个体化全覆膜支架封堵食管-胃吻合口瘘、胸腔胃-气道瘘、化学灼伤后食管瘘

目的探讨个体化可取式覆膜支架,封堵食管-胃连接部吻合口瘘和胸腔胃-主支气管瘘及化学灼伤后食管瘘的治疗方法及临床价值。方法667例上消化道良、恶性病变支架植入病例中,食管-胃吻合口瘘63例,胸腔胃－气道瘘11例,化学灼伤后食管瘘17例。瘘口直径0．5～2cm。瘘口部位：食管－胃颈部吻合口瘘7例,食管－胃胸腔内吻合口瘘33例,食管－胃膈下吻合口瘘23例;胸腔胃－右主支气管瘘9例,胸腔胃－气管隆突瘘2例;化学灼伤后食管上段瘘3例,中段瘘9例,下段瘘5例。均在DSA透视下经口腔植入支架,依据残胃大小及瘘口位置,选定下端为大喇叭口径可取式覆膜支架63枚;气管-支气管分叉型全覆膜支架11枚;全覆硅胶膜长管状“Z”型支架18枚。结果63例食管-胃吻合口瘘及11例胸腔胃-气道瘘和17例化学灼伤后食管瘘,共植入支架92枚。支架植入后分别于2、7、12、17、22、30d,口服碘水DSA下透视检查,所有病例均堵瘘成功。支架取出无一例消化道出血、食管破裂、瘘口复发等并发症出现。结论设计个体化可取式覆膜支架,封堵食管-胃连接部吻合口瘘和胸腔胃-气道瘘及化学灼伤后食管瘘临床疗效肯定,具有临床推广应用价值。