肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤6例临床分析

目的探讨肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的临床特点、诊治方法和预后。方法对我科2003～2009年收治的6例肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的相关资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组经腹直肠肛门切除术5例,1例生存至今48个月,4例分别于术后22、23、31、34个月发生局部复发或远处转移死亡;放弃手术1例,6个月后死亡。结论肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤临床少见,容易误诊漏诊,外科手术是首选的治疗方法,术后生活质量和生存期均不理想,提高治疗水平的唯一途径是早期诊断和早期规范治疗。     

肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的诊断和治疗（附9例分析）

目的 探讨肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的临床特点。方法 回顾性分析1996～2003年我科收治的9例肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的临床特点、诊治方法和预后。结果 肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤最常见的临床表现是便血(78％)。本组行腹会阴联合切除术5例，局部广泛切除术2例，随访发现7例均在术后2年内发生局部复发或远处转移。最长生存32个月，2例晚期患者存活不到3个月。结论 肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤临床少见，容易误诊漏诊，外科手术是首选的治疗方法，但是无论Miles’术还是局部广泛切除术，术后生活质量和生存期均不理想，提高治疗水平的唯一途径是早期诊断和早期规范治疗。     

肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤33例

作者报告了１９６６年～１９９４年本院收治的经病理检查证实的肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤（ＡＲ－ＭＭ）３３例，并对ＡＲＭＭ的病因、临床诊断及治疗进行了讨论。对３３例ＡＲＭＭ患者分别行根治性切除术（Ｍｉｌｅ′ｓ术）和局部切除术，并辅以化疗、生物治疗、放疗，或单纯化疗。２５例患者获随访，随访时间为６个月～６年。随访结果，Ｍｉｌｅ′ｓ术组中位生存时间为２３．５个月，局部切除组中位生存时间为１７．５个月，单纯化疗组中位生存时间仅为５．５个月。作者认为，提高ＡＲＭＭ患者生存率的关键是早期诊断和早期治疗。对于经病理证实的患者，主张行Ｍｉｌｅ′ｓ术，对伴有腹股沟淋巴结转移或可疑者行腹股沟淋巴结清扫。     

33例复发性腹膜后肉瘤的治疗及其预后

目的探讨复发性腹膜后肉瘤的治疗方法及其预后。方法回顾性分析１９７２年～１９９６年收治的３３例复发性腹膜后肉瘤的临床资料。结果１７例（５１５％）患者在首次复发时完整切除肿瘤;２、３、１例患者分别在首次、２次和３次复发时进行联合脏器切除。共１４例患者术后接受不同剂量的放疗和化疗。对２９例患者进行６个月至１２年的随访,其中１５例（５１７％）死亡,７例生存５年以上,２例生存１０年以上。１、３、５年生存率分别为８５７％,５４９％和４２３％。结论外科手术切除肿瘤是提高复发性肉瘤生存率最重要的手段,联合脏器切除能提高肿瘤完整切除率,对多次复发的肿瘤不应放弃手术机会,放疗和化疗对复发性肉瘤可起一定的控制作用。病理类型为高分化脂肪肉瘤者,预后优于患其他类型肉瘤者     

直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤的诊治

目的 探讨直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后。方法 回顾性分析了1981－1996年我科诊治的直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤6例，并进行随访。结果 6例患者肿块位于齿状线附近，肉眼观为紫黑色或褐色，均行手术治疗，其中2例行Mile′s术，2例行后盆腔清扫术，1例行经肛门肿块局部扩大切除术，1例行剖腹探查术，所有患者手术时均已有淋巴结或肝脏转移。6例患者于确诊后5－23个月死亡，平均存活14．7个月。结论 直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤恶性度极高，死亡率高，较早发生淋巴和血行转移，宜采用根治手术辅以化疗及生物治疗的综合性治疗。     

肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的诊治

目的 探讨肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的临床特点，诊断，治疗及预后。方法 对近21年来经手术及病理证实的11例肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤临床特征，治疗方法及预后进行回顾性分析。结果 11例中7例有不同程度的便，肛周疼痛等肛门症状，术前误诊7例。全组均行腹会阴联合切除术，术后平均生存18个月，最长存活39个月。结论 肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤恶性程度极高，死亡率高，较早发生淋巴和血行转移，宜 采用根治手术，辅以化疗及生物治疗的综合性治疗。     

治疗方式对肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤预后的影响

目的 探讨不同治疗方式对肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的预后影响.方法 回顾性分析1965-2007年收治的60例肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤患者的临床资料,并对预后进行生存分析和COX风险因素分析.结果 60例患者中,肿瘤发生于直肠者50例,发生于肛管者10例.53例行手术切除治疗.对行单纯手术的23例患者和术后辅助化疗、放疗、生物治疗等综合治疗的30例患者的资料进行生存分析,总生存率差异无统计学意义(X2=0.078,P>0.05).53例手术病例中,37例行Miles术,16例行局部扩大切除术,两种术式生存分析差异无统计学意义(X2=1.464,P>0.05).风险因素分析结果提示,肿瘤浸润深度为危险因素,治疗方式为保护因素.结论 手术切除是肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的主要治疗手段,对肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤病变局限者,应首选局部扩大切除术;病变深度和治疗方式是影响预后的风险因素.     

直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤的临床特征分析

目的了解原发性直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤的临床特点。方法回顾性分析9例原发性直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤的临床资料,并复习文献。结果直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤以女性多见,平均发病年龄56岁,病程5.8个月;首发症状以血便为最常见,其次为肛门肿物突出。94.7%的直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤在距离肛缘5.0cm范围内;肿瘤最大径(3.3±2.1)cm;其中54.5%可活动;有19.1%的肿瘤表面光滑;6.6%的肿瘤质地软;14.0%同期发现转移,肝转移最常见,腹股沟淋巴结转移其次;的病例出现误诊,超过者被误诊为良性疾病;手术治疗中以Miles术为主,经肛门局部切除术其次。结论直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤极易误诊。手术治疗为主。     

低位直肠癌保肛手术中扩大根治术的临床意义

低位直肠癌中选择部分病例实施保肛手术是可行的。报道了选择６２例低位直肠癌在扩大根治术基础上，保留肛门括约肌，术式为经肛门环扎式结肠－直肠（肛管）吻合术。术后上方淋巴结转移率５３．４％，侧方淋巴结转移率１７．２％，下方淋巴结转移率０％，转移率９．１％。随访１￣３年，未见盆腔软组织、淋巴结、吻合口复发。因肝转移死亡５例。影响低位直肠癌保肛术后生存率主要原因是血行转移，不是局部复发。低位直肠癌中合理选择     

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目的 探讨胃癌病人淋巴结转移个数与胃癌人预后以及病理参数之间的关系。方法 对１７４例有淋巴结转移的胃癌病人行胃癌根治术加Ｄ２或Ｄ３淋巴结清扫,分析淋巴结转移阳性个数、部位与预后及病理参数之间的关系。结果 胃癌要治术后（Ｄ２、Ｄ３）５年生存率为２９．５９％（５０例）。阳性淋巴结个数为１～５个时５年生存率为４６．６７％（３３例）,大于５个的为１７．３５％（１７例）（Ｐ〈０．００５）。５年生存率随着阳性     

直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤的外科治疗及预后

目的探讨直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤的外科治疗及局部复发、预后的影响因素。方法回顾性分析50例直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤患者的临床病理资料,并对预后进行单因素及多因素分析。结果本组47例患者行肿瘤切除术,其中31例行腹会阴联合根治术,16例行肿瘤局部切除术;术后局部复发率分别为16.1%（5/31）和68.8%（11/16）。χ^2检验显示,手术方式与局部复发相关（P=0.001）。47例患者5年生存率18.2%,单因素分析显示,病灶单发（P=0.0458）和肿瘤侵犯深度（P=0.0053）与预后相关。多因素分析显示,肿瘤侵犯深度（P=0.010）是影响预后最主要因素。结论直肠肛管恶性黑色素瘤预后差,影响预后最主要的因素是肿瘤侵犯深度,腹会阴联合根治术后复发率低。     

Malignant melanoma of the anorectum: report of four cases

Four cases of anorectal malignant melanoma are reported in this paper. All patients underwent an abdominoperineal resection with lymph node dissection for a curative operation and received postoperative chemotherapy with dacarbazine, ranimustine, and vincristine, either with or without interferon-β. One of these patients has been observed for more than 6 years postoperatively without any evidence of recurrence. The other three patients had advanced diseases at the time of diagnosis, and died within 3 years after operation. The prognosis of anorectal malignant melanoma is considered to be directly related to tumor size and depth. Therefore, a staging system and treatments based on the tumor size and depth (or thickness) are needed. Received: March 28, 2001 / Accepted: November 20, 2001     

胰腺癌术后预后因素的探讨

目的　探讨胰腺癌术后影响预后的因素。方法　回顾分析 72例行手术治疗的胰腺癌病人的临床病理特点、手术方式和术后化疗效果 ,分析术后生存时间之间的差异。结果　 72例胰腺癌病人 ,淋巴结无转移组与淋巴结转移组相比较 ,前者的生存率显著增高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;同样 ,无远隔脏器转移组、肿瘤细胞呈高分化组、行根治术组、术后化疗组与他们各自对照组相比较 ,生存率均显著增高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而且在进展期癌也得到相同结果 ;但肿瘤大小与生存率无差异 (P=0 .2 193)。结论　有无淋巴结转移和远隔脏器转移、肿瘤细胞的分化度是判断胰腺癌术后预后的重要因素 ,根治性手术和术后适当化疗是延长胰腺癌患者生存时间的有效途径     

Lymph nodes and malignant tumors

The planning of locoregional tumor therapy (radical surgical resection, curative radiotherapy) is based on the knowledge of locoregional tumor spread, in particular lymph node metastasis. In general, lymphatic spread follows anatomic rules, skipping of nodes is observed maximally in 3%. According to tumor site, uni- or multidirectional lymph drainage is found. In some tumors (carcinoma of penis, malignant melanoma, breast carcinoma) the concept of detection and examination of sentinel node increasingly is of importance. Lymph node metastasis is to be distinguished from the finding of isolated tumor cells in the sinus of lymph nodes (tumor cell emboli). A definite diagnosis of lymph node metastasis requires a careful histopathologic examination. The incidence of regional lymph node metastasis predominantly depends on tumor type, histological grade of differentiation, lymphatic invasion and depth of invasion/tumor size/tumor volume. A careful histopathologic examination of tumor resection specimens in regard of lymph node metastasis is important for indication to additional postoperative treatment, estimation of prognosis and analysis of treatment results. Adequate quality assurance is necessary.     

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??Impact of lymph node dissection on prognosis in patients performed curative resection of colon cancer DAI Dong-qiu. Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
Abstract Lymph node metastasis is one of the main metastatic paths of colon cancer cells, also contributed to the major cause of recurrence and death in patients performed curative resection of colon cancer. Radical surgery may play a key role in comprehensive treatment of colon cancer, especially in advanced cases with lymph nodes metastasis. Systematic en bloc dissection of regional lymph nodes is a central aspect of colon cancer radical surgery, including paracolic/epicolic lymph nodes, intermediate lymph nodes along the artery and the main lymph nodes at the origin of the artery. A minimum of 12 lymph nodes should be retrieved in each colon cancer specimen. Accurate staging of colon cancer depends on rational standard lymph nodes dissection of radical operation and adequate lymph nodes harvesting of colon cancer specimen, which is important for determining prognosis and planning further treatment in patients performed curative resection of colon cancer.     

Locoregional Lymphadenectomy in the Surgical Management of Anorectal Melanoma

Background

The effect of lymph node metastasis on local tumor control and distant failure in patients with anorectal melanoma has not been fully studied. Understanding the significance of lymphatic dissemination might assist in stratifying patients for either organ preservation or radical surgery.

Methods

A retrospective review of all patients with anorectal melanoma who underwent surgery at our institution between 1985 and 2010. Abdominoperineal resection (APR) was performed in 25 patients (39 %), and wide local excision (WLE) in 40 (61%). Extent of primary surgery and locoregional lymphadenectomy (mesorectal vs. inguinal vs. none) and pattern of treatment failure were analyzed. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were calculated.

Results

In patients undergoing APR, DSS was not associated with presence (29 %) or absence (71 %) of metastatic melanoma in mesorectal lymph nodes. There was a trend toward improved DSS in patients with clinically negative inguinal lymph nodes (n = 17) compared with patients with proven inguinal metastasis (n = 6; P = 0.12). Type of surgery (WLE vs. APR) was not associated with subsequent development of distant disease. Twelve patients (18 %) had synchronous local and distant recurrence. Synchronous recurrence was not associated with surgical strategy used to treat primary tumor (P = 0.28). Perineural invasion (PNI) was significantly correlated with RFS (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Outcome following resection of anorectal melanoma is independent of locoregional lymph node metastasis; lymphadenectomy should be reserved for gross symptomatic disease. PNI is a powerful prognostic marker warranting further exploration in clinical trials.     

Malignant melanoma of the anorectal area. Report of two cases

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Primary anorectal melanoma is a very rare malignant tumor with no more than 300 cases reported in the literature. METHODS: Two cases of anorectal melanoma are reported herein. RESULTS: Both patients, aged 44 and 74 years, presented at the outpatient department with anal bleeding, one after being treated for 3 months with antihemorrhoidal drugs. The diagnosis was established with proctoscopy and biopsy, and a palliative abdominoperineal resection in the presence of lymph node metastases was performed followed by chemotherapy with vindesine. Although the procedures were not curative, both patients had an uneventful postoperative recovery, and lived 4 years and 21 months, respectively, without bleeding problems albeit with the inconvenience of a colostomy. CONCLUSIONS: For the time being there is no convincing proof of the value of either types of proposed surgical management. We agree with those who believe that abdominal perineal resection has an advantage regarding the prognosis and quality of life.     

Surgical therapy for anorectal melanoma

BACKGROUND: Anorectal melanoma is a rare but highly lethal malignancy. Historically, radical resection was considered the "gold standard" for treatment of potentially curable anorectal melanoma. The dismal prognosis of this disease has prompted us to recommend wide local excision as the initial therapeutic approach. The purpose of this study was to review our results in patients who underwent wide local excision or radical surgery (abdominoperineal resection [APR]) for localized anorectal melanoma. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed the charts of all patients referred for resection of anorectal melanoma between 1988 and 2002. Endpoints included overall survival, disease-free survival, and local, regional, or systemic recurrence. RESULTS: Fifteen patients underwent curative-intent surgery; four underwent APR and 11 underwent wide local excision. Eight patients (53%) are alive; 7 (47%) are disease-free (followup 6 months to 13 years). Of 12 patients who have been followed for more than 2 years, 4 are alive (33%) and 3 are disease-free (25%). Seven patients have been followed for more than 5 years and two are alive and disease-free (29%). All of the longterm survivors underwent local excision as the initial operation. There were no differences in local recurrence, systemic recurrence, disease-free survival, or overall survival between the APR group and the local excision group. Local recurrence occurred in 50% of the APR group and 18% of the local excision group; regional recurrence occurred in 25% versus 27%. Distant metastases were common (75% versus 36%). CONCLUSION: In patients who have undergone resection with curative intent for anorectal melanoma, most recurrences occur systemically regardless of the initial surgical procedure. Local resection does not increase the risk of local or regional recurrence. APR offers no survival advantage over local excision. We advocate wide local excision as primary therapy for anorectal melanoma when technically feasible.     

进展期胃癌淋巴结转移的特点及临床意义

目的 探讨胃癌淋巴结(LN)转移的规律,指导胃癌LN廓清手术治疗。方法 回顾分析我院近5年来D_2或>D_2手术并有完整记录的298例进展期胃癌患者的临床资料,统计胃癌各组LN的转移情况。结果 术中LN肉眼检查与实际病理检查有一定的误差。D_2手术时,只要把No.12LN包括在内,部分LN归属哪一组,并不影响肿瘤的治疗和预后。在各组LN中,No.3、No.7、No.8、No.9 LN转移率最高,而No.13、No.17、No.18 LN对于不同部位的胃癌转移机会均很少,不同部位的胃癌No.3、No.4、No.7、No.8、No.9、No.11、No.16 LN转移机会大致相同。胃癌的LN跳跃式转移见于No.16 LN,而第3站的LN较为少见。探查时若无No.12 LN转移,No.13 LN病理检查均未见转移,可不必清扫。组织学类型分化低的胃癌其第3、4站LN转移相对少见,这可能与分化低的肿瘤易引起远处转移,而使患者失去根治手术的机会有关。结论 掌握胃癌LN的转移规律,对胃癌LN的廓清手术具有重要意义。     

Relatively non-curative resection for lung cancer: is this a complete resection?

A superior outcome is observed for cases of curative resection compared with that of non-curative resection. The Japan Lung Cancer Society revised "General Rule for Clinical and Pathological Record of Lung Cancer" in 1999 and relatively non-curative resection (RNCR) of former rule was categorized as complete resection. The reason and the countermeasure of RNCR for lung cancer were analyzed. During 11 years, 242 patients with primary non-small cell lung cancer were surgically treated in Showa University Hospital. One hundred patients underwent absolutely curative resection (ACR); 64, relatively curative resection (RCR); 55, RNCR; 23, absolutely non-curative resection (ANCR). Three-year survival was 90% for patients with ACR, 48% with RCR, 21% with RNCR, and 13% with ANCR. The cases for RNCR were defined as follows: RNCR-a) incomplete mediastinal lymph node dissection (n = 29), RNCR-b) partial resection of the lung without lymph nodes dissection (n = 5), RNCR-c) N 2 b metastasis (n = 14), RNCR-d) N 3 lymph node dissection with N 3 metastasis (n = 0), RNCR-e) metastasis in other lobes of the ipsilateral thoracic cage (n = 7). RNCR-a) was selected in the poor risk patients who were diagnosed as clinical N 0 or N 1. Only one out of the 29 patients was diagnosed as pathological N 2 after surgery with hilar and mediastinal lymph node sampling. Because of the excellent preoperative staging, only RNCR-a) had three year survivors among RNCR cases and the three year survival rate was 39%. RNCR-b) was selected in the severe risk patients who were diagnosed as clinical N 0. There was no death associated with complication in RNCR-b) group. Some cases of RNCR-c) (pathological N 2 b) were clinical N 0 or N 1 and there was a limitation of the preoperative clinical staging. However, some cases of the clinical N 2 were surgically treated with chemo-radiotherapy and were resulted as RNCR-c). The concepts between curative resectability and complete resectability are different and RNCR-b), c), and e) should not include the curative resection because of the poor prognosis.