支气管哮喘患儿TH1/TH2细胞因子失平衡状态及其在发病中作用的初步探讨

本文通过对发作期、缓解期支气管哮喘(BA)患儿及正常儿童血清白介素13(IL 13)及IL 18水平进行检测,旨在探讨BA患儿的TH1/TH2失平衡状态以及细胞因子分泌失平衡在该过敏性疾病中的作用;同时探讨IL 18在哮喘发病中的可能作用。研究对象:正常对照组2 0名(男7名,女13名) ,年龄为4～13(7 8±4 1)岁,均为我院体检健康者。BA发作组30例(男13例,女17例) ,年龄为4 5～14 0 (8 1±3 7)岁,所选病例均为本院1998年以来住院或门诊患儿,均符合1992年我国制定的哮喘诊断标准,且均因哮喘发作而入院,入选患儿1个月内未应用皮质激素治疗。支气管哮喘…     

影响胆道闭锁疗效的因素与对策

<正>肝门空肠吻合术(Kasai手术)和肝移植是治疗胆道闭锁(Biliary Atresia,BA)的两种方式。与欧美国家不同,受医疗模式、经济水平、传统观念等因素影响,我国目前对胆道闭锁的治疗以两者结合为主或以Kasai手术为多~([1])。Kasai手术可使部分患儿长期靠自体肝存活,或使肝移植的年龄推后。本文     

胆道闭锁15例

目的探讨胆道闭锁(BA)的临床特点、治疗与预后的关系。方法回顾性分析经中国医科大学附属盛京医院小儿外科近2 a来诊治的15例BA患儿的临床症状、体征、实验室检查结果,诊断、治疗经过及预后,并结合文献报道,对其发病原因、治疗经验、疾病转归及预后进行综合分析。结果男9例,女6例;年龄28~90 d。胆总管闭锁型(Ⅰ型)、肝管闭锁型(Ⅱ型)各3例,肝门区胆管闭锁型(Ⅲ型)8例,胆总管闭锁并先天性肠旋转不良1例。11例生后即出现黄疸,4例出生1周内逐渐发生黄疸。大便进行性变浅或表现为陶土样便13例,2例生后2 d即排陶土样便。15例胆红素水平均有升高,且排泄性肝胆超声均表现为胆囊收缩不良。并巨细胞病毒感染14例,感染率为93%。患儿均行手术治疗,术后病理结果均表现为胆汁淤积性肝硬化。10例患儿术后6~28 d出院,5例患儿术后2 d家属放弃治疗出院。目前随访患儿共12例,随访时间1个月~1.5 a,生长发育均良好,9例有黄疸,10例有黄绿色便排出,2例排陶土样便,4例Ⅰ型和3例Ⅱ型的BA患儿胆红素水平术后可降至正常水平,2例Ⅲ型BA患儿胆红素在术后1个月左右降至正常水平,但反复发生毛细胆管炎。结论BA的病因与病毒感染...     

胆道闭锁患儿早期胆红素变化

目的：比较胆道闭锁及婴儿肝炎综合征（以下简称为婴肝）患儿出生后2个月内胆红素水平,分析胆道闭锁和婴肝患儿胆红素变化的规律,探讨胆道闭锁患儿胆红素水平与年龄的内在联系。方法选择2000年1月至2009年4月因黄疸于出生后60 d 内行血清胆红素检查的胆道闭锁患儿68例,为胆道闭锁组;2005年1月至2009年4月因婴儿肝炎综合征于出生后60 d 内行血清胆红素检查的患儿72例,为婴肝组;正常对照组为近1年内非肝脏疾病于出生60 d 内行胆红素检查的54例患儿。分析各组血清胆红素水平随年龄变化的特点,并计算检查时年龄、直接胆红素与总胆红素的比例。将上述结果分组进行对比分析,研究各组血清胆红素与年龄之间的关系。结果胆道闭锁患儿血清总胆红素、直接胆红素水平明显高于婴肝组患儿（P ＜0.05）。胆道闭锁组患儿出生后10 d 内血清总胆红素、直接胆红素水平明显高于婴肝组和正常对照组。胆道闭锁组患儿直接胆红素水平、直接胆红素与总胆红素比值随年龄增长缓慢升高,而婴肝组患儿直接胆红素水平、直接胆红素与总胆红素比值在出生20 d后变化甚微。结论胆道闭锁患儿总胆红素水平在新生儿期逐渐下降,1个月后再缓慢升高;且并不是一开始就表现为以直接胆红素升高为主的高胆红素血症,出生后20 d 内其与婴肝相似,均表现为以间接胆红素升高为主的黄疸。年龄小于2个月的婴儿,直接胆红素占总胆红素的水平超过0．7可以作为诊断胆道闭锁的线索。     

GPC1在胆道闭锁患儿肝组织中表达水平及临床意义的初步探索

目的初步探讨GPC1在胆道闭锁患儿发病过程中的临床意义。方法选取深圳市儿童医院2016年7月至2018年2月收治的胆道闭锁患儿35例作为观察组,同期选取本院收治的先天性胆总管扩张症患儿42例作为对照组。通过免疫组化结果了解GPC1在胆道闭锁肝脏中的分布情况;通过qPCR及Western Blot对胆道闭锁(BA)及先天性胆总管扩张症(CC)患儿肝脏中的CGPC1蛋白水平、GPC1 mRNA水平进行检测。结果本研究结果显示GPC1主要分布在胆道闭锁肝脏胆管细胞顶部,观察组和对照组患儿GPC1 mRNA表达水平(0.65±0.05 vs. 2.54±0. 12,P0.05)、蛋白表达量(1.31±0.14 vs. 2.83±0.25,P0.05)比较,差异有统计学意义。结论 GPC1 mRNA和蛋白产物的低表达可能与胆道闭锁的发病密切相关。     

腹腔镜与开放Kasai手术治疗Ⅲ型胆道闭锁中期疗效的对比

目的比较腹腔镜与开放Kasai手术治疗先天性胆道闭锁的中期疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年9月至2011年9月在本院行Kasai手术并获得随访的103例Ⅲ型胆道闭锁患儿,根据手术方式分为腹腔镜辅助Kasai手术组(LP组)和开腹Kasai手术组(OP组)。通过术后12~30个月肝生化ALT和TBil中位数的秩和检验,比较两组Kasai术后中期肝功能情况;应用Kaplan-Meier生存分析比较两组中期生存率;比较两组对二期自体肝移植手术及术后生存情况的影响。结果 103例Ⅲ型胆道闭锁患儿中,LP组55例,OP组48例;两组年龄分布、性别比例、术前肝功能(TBil、ALT、AST)中位数等均无统计学差异。术后12个月、18个月、24个月、30个月两组肝功能(TBil,ALT)恢复情况无统计学差异。Kasai术后LP组和OP组的自体肝生存率,1年生存率分别为78.2%和75%,2年生存率分别为66.9%和55.8%,3年生存率分别为66.9%和55.8%。Kasai术后实施肝移植11例(LP组4例,OP组7例),1例移植术后死亡。结论胆道闭锁患儿实施腹腔镜Kasai手术与开放Kasai手术后中期效果无明显差异。     

活体肝移植治疗胆道闭锁:22例单中心诊治经验

目的 总结活体肝移植治疗儿童终末期肝病胆道闭锁(BA)的外科治疗经验.方法 2006年6月至2009年7月,共完成亲属活体部分肝移植治疗胆道闭锁22例.术后平均随访18.5(1至36个月)个月,回顾总结肝移植患儿临床病理资料.结果 22例胆道闭锁患儿中已行Kasai手术9例,20例低于1岁,21例低于10kg.其手术平均时间、平均出血均无差别.供肝受体质量(GR/WR)比3.5(2.1～5.7)%.有27例次术后并发症,包括3例术后出血再手术止血,1例门静脉并发症,肝静脉并发症1例,3例肝动脉并发症,胆道并发症1例.有3例围手术死亡,1例再次移植,急性排斥5例(22.7%).6个月、1年和3年受体生存率分别为86.4%、82.2%和82.2%.结论 受体体重,移植物受体质量比,是否行Kasai手术对肝移植手术效果无影响;适当的供肝质量,细致的手术技巧可增加手术成功率.     

血清MMP-7检测在梗阻性黄疸鉴别诊断中的价值：多中心临床诊断准确性研究

目的进一步验证血清MMP-7对胆道闭锁的诊断准确性, 明确血清MMP-7在梗阻性黄疸鉴别诊断流程中的价值。方法前瞻性分析2020年6月至2021年5月复旦大学附属儿科医院、厦门市儿童医院等9家儿童医学中心收治的因梗阻性黄疸自愿要求检测血清MMP-7的患儿临床资料。根据手术探查结果或肝活检病理检查结果或保守治疗随访过程中黄疸消退与否为诊断标准, 将患儿分为BA组(确诊胆道闭锁)及Non-BA组(排除胆道闭锁), 比较两组血清MMP-7值差异。绘制受试者操作特征曲线及诊断四格表, 计算灵敏度、特异度等。以复旦大学附属儿科医院为例, 比较近年来胆道探查阴性率及Kasai手术年龄差异, 采用Kruskal-Wallis检验比较不同时期的患儿手术日龄差异。结果符合纳入排除标准的患儿共217例, 其中130例为BA组, 87例为Non-BA组。BA组血清MMP-7中位浓度为60.10(37.00, 97.94)ng/ml, Non-BA组为11.10(7.97, 14.83)ng/ml, 组间比较差异有统计学意义(Z=11.63, P<0.001)。血清MMP-7受试者操作特征曲线下面积为0...     

活体肝移植治疗胆道闭锁:22例单中心诊治经验

目的 总结活体肝移植治疗儿童终末期肝病胆道闭锁(BA)的外科治疗经验.方法 2006年6月至2009年7月,共完成亲属活体部分肝移植治疗胆道闭锁22例.术后平均随访18.5(1至36个月)个月,回顾总结肝移植患儿临床病理资料.结果 22例胆道闭锁患儿中已行Kasai手术9例,20例低于1岁,21例低于10kg.其手术平均时间、平均出血均无差别.供肝受体质量(GR/WR)比3.5(2.1～5.7)%.有27例次术后并发症,包括3例术后出血再手术止血,1例门静脉并发症,肝静脉并发症1例,3例肝动脉并发症,胆道并发症1例.有3例围手术死亡,1例再次移植,急性排斥5例(22.7%).6个月、1年和3年受体生存率分别为86.4%、82.2%和82.2%.结论 受体体重,移植物受体质量比,是否行Kasai手术对肝移植手术效果无影响;适当的供肝质量,细致的手术技巧可增加手术成功率.     

A prospective controlled trial of probiotics on cholangitis after Kasai procedure for biliary atresia

目的 探讨益生菌对胆道闭锁(biliaty atresia,BA)术后胆管炎的预防作用.方法 采用前瞻、随机、对照的研究方法,对60例获得知情同意的Ⅲ型BA术后患儿按照手术后是否辅以益生菌治疗随机分为实验组(30例)和对照组(30例).测定患儿血清总胆红素(TB)、直接胆红素(DB)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)水平,结合术后胆汁排出率和随访获得的黄疽消退率及胆管炎发生率综合评定益生菌对胆道闭锁术后胆管炎的预防作用.结果 实验组和对照组患儿平均手术年龄为(52.75±34.30)d和(55.87±29.23)d,手术前各项血生化指标TB(131.49±41.40)μmol/L和(120.16±47.68)μmol/L、ALT(161.01±30.06)μmol/L和(150.21±36.24) μmol/L经统计学分析差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后2周时两组胆汁排出率为93.3％和90.0％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).随访结果表明术后3个月、6个月时实验组与对照组的胆管炎发生率为58.6％和62.1％、52.0％和54.2％,疗效指标差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 益生菌对胆道闭锁术后胆管炎的发生无明显预防作用.     

Age-dependency of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors on thrombocytes and lymphocytes of asthmatic and nonasthmatic children

Among the possible mechanisms which may cause wheezing or asthmatic episodes a genetically determined -adrenoceptor blockade and a hyperresponsiveness of -andrenoceptors has been postulated. Evidence to support this hypothesis stems from an increased bronchial sensitivity to -blockers, a reduced formation of cyclic AMP in response to -adrenergic stimulation and enhanced -adrenergic responses in asthmatic subjects. The recent development of techniques for measuring the specific, high-affinity binding of radiolabeled -and -adrenergic antagonists made it possible to study - and -adrenoceptors in vitro. Based upon the assumption that a change in the number and/or affinity of adrenergic receptors might be a general phenomenon, we have performed - and -receptor binding studies on lymphocytes and platelets from wheezing infants and asthmatic children as well as of infants, children, and adults not suffering from these diseases.Using ¹²⁵[I]-cyanopindolol (ICYP) and ³[H]-yohimbine (HYOH) as highly specific ligands for - and -adrenoceptors, the following results were obtained: (1) Lymphocytes and platelets from control subjects and asthamatics bound similar amounts of ICYP and HYOH and thus showed no differences either in the number or the affinity of - and -adrenoceptors. Lymphocytes and platelets of wheezing and nonwheezing infants also bound the same amounts of the radioligands. (2) In asthmatic children receiving 4×2 puffs salbutamol -adrenoceptor were down-regulated and this may mimic -adrenoceptor blockade. (3) When subjects were divided into four categories according to age (0–5, 5–10, 10–20 years, adults) the number of -adrenoceptor binding sites showed an age-dependent increase. The number and affinity of -adreneceptor binding sites on platelets was neither influenced by age nor disease.It is concluded that the - and -adrenoceptors of wheezing infants and asthmatic children at least on blood cells are normal. However the -adrenoceptors show an age-dependent maturation process, which may account for an unresponsiveness to -adrenoceptor agonists in wheezing infants.Supported by a grant from the Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, NRWPresented at the 19th Workshop for Pediatric Research, University of Göttingen, March 10–11, 1983     

Parent Preferences and Perceptions of Milliliters and Teaspoons: Role of Health Literacy and Experience

Background and Objectives

A recent American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement recommends milliliter-exclusive dosing for pediatric liquid medications. Little is known about parent preferences regarding units, perceptions about moving to milliliters only, and the role of health literacy and prior milliliter-dosing experience.

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??The physiological characteristics of children determine their own particularity of their needs for the quality and quantity of proteins. Proteins not only play an important role in the development of children’s growth and development??cognitive function and immune function??but also have important effects on the long-term health of children.In this paper??the dietary protein reference intakes??amino acid patterns??dietary amino acid reference intakes??sources of high quality protein??and harm of deficiency and excess of protein in children were discussed in detail.     

婴幼儿膳食营养与生长发育指标调查

目的确定当前3岁以下儿童主要的营养问题，为制定营养改善对策提供科学依据。方法对在本院儿童保健中心定期进行体检的386例6—36个月儿童进行体格测量及智力发育检测，并同时进行膳食分析。结果膳食中能量、蛋白质、视黄醇、硫胺素、抗坏血酸及铁、钙的摄入均达到膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRIs）标准，膳食锌平均摄入量未达到DRIs的80％。Logistic回归分析提示碳水化合物摄入量过高是婴幼儿肥胖的一个危险因素。能量和碳水化合物摄入越多，智力发育指数越高。结论婴幼儿生长发育和膳食状况良好，父母要注意培养婴幼儿科学的膳食习惯。     

Prenatal and postnatal administration of prebiotics and probiotics

Colonization of the neonatal gut by beneficial bacteria is important for the establishment and maintenance of the mucosal barrier, thus protecting the neonate from enteric pathogens and local and systemic inflammation. The neonatal microbiome is influenced by infant diet, environment, and the maternal microbiome. Dysbiosis in pregnancy increases the risk of pre-eclampsia, diabetes, infection, preterm labor, and later childhood atopy. Dysbiosis of the neonatal gut plays an important role in colic in the term infant, in the disease processes which plague preterm infants, including necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis, and in the long-term outcomes of neonates. Administration of enteral prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics during pregnancy, lactation, and postnatal life appears to be a safe and feasible method to alter the maternal and neonatal microbiome, thus improving pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.     

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??Bronchiolitis has been one of the hot spots in the researches on diseases of respiratory system nowadays. However?? the concepts and classifications of this disease remain unclear. In this paper?? the denotative and connotative concepts of bronchioles and bronchiolitis were analyzed from the views of anatomy and development biology?? and the classification changes of adult bronchiolitis were introduced. These content can be used as references for the systematic studies of pediatric bronchiolitis.     

Caring for the health and medical and emotional needs of children of migrants and asylum seekers

Political turmoil, military conflicts and other international sociological upheavals are causing significant immigration of large numbers of people, including infants and children, in Europe. Many of these young migrants are refugees. These youngsters have significant health needs, and medical conditions (such as infectious diseases) and mental health problems due to their previous stressful situations and the difficulties that they often experience while settling, even temporarily, into their new environments. Government authorities must screen for transmissible diseases and ensure that vaccine-preventable infections are adequately covered. Paediatricians must give the best possible care for these children and act as their advocates. This can be enhanced by collaborating with national and international paediatric societies and with international non-government agencies. This problem is not confined to Europe; world-wide, it occurs on a massive scale and causes huge burdens for poorer countries that have serious difficulties in coping with the extra financial, personnel and infrastructure needs imposed by massive, uncontrolled migration of populations that are often unhealthy and inadequately nourished. However, this should not be used as a pretext to deny safe refuge to children and their families who need it.

Conclusion: Massive movements of infant and child immigrants and refugees across European borders over recent years have brought challenges to paediatricians because of the needs for the health and medical and mental health care of these young people. Paediatricians have an important role in their care and by acting, wherever possible, as their advocates. This is a massive problem, world-wide, in which paediatricians can have a potentially significant positive impact.