股外侧皮神经骨盆出口处的应用解剖与神经卡压综合征

目的：研究股外侧皮神经骨盆出口处的位置及变异情况.方法：取20例成年国人尸体,男13例,女7例.大体解剖出双侧股外侧皮神经的骨盆出口处的骨纤维管道,测量股外侧皮神经的横径,以髂前上棘为基点,测量股外侧皮神经及其纤维管道的位置.结果：股外侧皮神经骨盆出口位点介于髂前上棘后2 cm以远与腹股沟韧带外1/3之间.结论：股外侧皮神经骨盆出口位点存在变异,55.0%经髂前上棘前（内）侧、腹股沟韧带（外1/3）的深面出骨盆.     

骨盆骨折髂腹股沟入路避免神经血管损伤的临床解剖学

目的　为髂腹股沟入路在骨盆骨折手术中避免神经血管损伤提供解剖学依据。  方法    在15具(男9具,女6具)30侧成尸标本上选择髂前上棘、耻骨结节和腹股沟韧带为标志观测股外侧皮神经(Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve,LFCN)、髂腹股沟神经(Ilioinguinal nerve,IN)、股神经耻骨肌支和闭孔动脉(Obturator artery,OA)的走形特点,所测数据统计学处理。  结果     ① LFCN在髂前上棘内侧穿出腹股沟韧带占96.67% (29/30侧),距髂前上棘中心点(20.01±0.32)mm;被腹股沟韧带纵横纤维所包裹的占33.33% (10/30侧);在阔筋膜形成的筋膜鞘中走行占46.67%(14/30侧)。② IN穿出腹内斜肌部位距离髂前上棘中心点为(5.41±0.50)mm,穿出腹外斜肌腱膜部位距离耻骨结节中心点为(18.04±0.21)mm。  结论　在显露髂骨翼内侧面和骶髂关节时,应在LFCN走行的阔筋膜和腹股沟韧带部位进行显露和预防性松解,以免牵拉损伤;切开腹外斜肌腱膜时应从腹股沟韧带两端上方5 mm处开始,防止损伤深面的IN。在显露髂耻隆起时先寻找和结扎闭孔血管耻骨支,以免引起不可控制的出血。     

髋关节前外侧入路的应用解剖及临床意义

目的 :为髋关节前外侧入路及易损伤结构提供解剖学依据。方法 :对 6 0侧成尸下肢标本 ,参照手术进路的层次对相关结构和神经血管进行解剖观测。结果 :(1)股外侧皮神经干 80 %斜跨切口线下部 ;第一分支阔筋膜浅层穿出点位于髂前上棘下方 (6 .2± 2 .5 )cm ,主干阔筋膜深层穿出点位于髂前上棘下方 (1.6± 1.2 )cm ,此段主干位于阔筋膜浅深两层之间 ,周围充满脂肪组织。 (2 )股直肌直头呈圆柱形 ,其前内侧是股三角 ,后外侧是髋关节囊 ,仅遮挡髋关节囊前内侧 1 6部分。 (3)股神经股外侧肌支从前内上行向下外斜跨切口延长线 ,分数支入股外侧肌 ,其最上支与切口延长线交点位于髂前上棘下方 (12 .4± 2 .6 )cm ,结论 :(1)此入路浅层分离时应先在髂前上棘下 5 .0cm以内的阔筋膜浅深两层之间脂肪组织中寻找并保护股外侧皮神经 ,然后再分离切口下部浅筋膜。 (2 )在深层分离时应沿股直肌直头外侧深入至髋关节囊 ,切匆误入其前内侧的股三角。股直肌直头如果没有挛缩 ,可不必切断 ,以便患者尽早进行功能锻炼。 (3)切口如需向下延长时 ,不宜超过髂前上棘下 9.0cm ;如果必须再延长应向外侧偏斜 ,以免伤及股神经股外侧肌支。     

髂腹股沟神经的应用解剖

目的：为临床上阑尾切除术、腹股沟斜疝修补术、剖宫产术等手术作腹壁切口时，弄清髂腹股沟神经和切口的关系提供应用解剖学资料。方法：在33具（66侧）教学用的成人尸体标本上对髂腹股沟神经的行程进行了观察。用游标卡尺测量了该神经在穿出腹横肌、腹内斜肌、腹外斜肌腱膜时距骨性标志点的距离。结果：髂腹股沟神经腹横肌穿出点，位于距髂嵴最高点下方2．5cm处。腹内斜肌穿出点位于髂前上棘内侧3～4cm处，腹外斜肌腱膜穿出点位于距耻骨结节外侧1．5cm处。结论：下腹部的麦氏切口及斜切口等手术，要避开髂腹股沟神经的穿肌点，以免损伤该神经。     

股神经阻滞麻醉中股神经定位的超声影像学和解剖学观察

目的 探讨股神经及其与周围毗邻器官的解剖关系,以及股神经在腹股沟区的体表投影与体表标志之间的关系,为下肢股神经阻滞麻醉的穿刺点提供解剖学和超声影像学依据。方法 2014年3月—2015年1月,选取16具10%甲醛溶液固定的成人尸体标本(解剖组),进行解剖观察;2014年9—10月,选取健康成人志愿者30例(超声组),对其双侧股神经进行超声扫描。两组分别经应用解剖和超声探测,观察股神经的走行情况与周围器官的毗邻关系,并测量腹股沟韧带下缘股神经的宽度、距皮肤的距离,及股神经体表投影位置与耻骨结节线、髂前上棘线的水平距离。结果 解剖组结果显示:股神经在腹股沟韧带下缘、腹股沟韧带中点稍外侧(1.28±0.60)cm处发出,被髂筋膜包裹,内侧与股鞘内的股动脉、股静脉相邻,外侧是缝匠肌;股神经的宽度平均(0.71±0.06)cm,距皮肤的距离平均(0.85±0.19)cm,与耻骨结节线水平距离平均(7.25±0.67)cm,与髂前上棘线水平距离平均(7.24±0.41)cm。超声组检查显示:股神经在股动脉的外侧,呈倒立三角形高回声的浅色区域,外侧是呈深色高回声区的缝匠肌,内侧紧邻的股动脉和股静脉呈圆形高回声黑色图像;在腹股沟韧带下缘股神经的宽度平均(0.66±0.04)cm,距皮肤平均(0.97±0.22)cm,股神经在体表的投影与耻骨结节线水平距离平均(7.58±0.75)cm,距髂前上棘线水平距离平均(6.95±0.42)cm。解剖组和超声组测量的股神经宽度、距皮肤距离、距耻骨结节线水平距离及距髂前上棘线水平距离,差异均无统计学意义(t=1.055、1.197、1.774、1.348,P值均＞0.05)。结论 超声测量结果与尸体解剖结果相近,符合股神经实际解剖的位置关系,揭示超声引导下的股神经阻滞穿刺定位方法安全、可靠。     

股外侧皮神经的观察及测量

对30具尸体60侧股外侧皮神经进行了观察和测量，描述了60侧股外侧皮神经的行程和分支，测量了股外侧皮神经与骼前上棘的距离，穿出间筋膜的位置和股外侧皮神经的宽度，为股外侧皮神经做为神经移植体及临床应用提供解剖学依据。     

髂腹股沟入路相关解剖学研究

目的：为髂腹股沟入路如何避免易损伤结构提供解剖学依据。方法：对20侧成尸骨盆标本,按照手术进路的层次对相关结构和神经血管进行解剖观测。结果：（1）髂外血管与闭孔血管的吻合支直径为（2.56±0.72）mm,与耻骨联合的距离为（52.41±8.12）mm。（2）股神经由腰大肌和髂肌间穿出处至腹股沟韧带间的距离为（32.58±3.97）mm,在穿腹股沟韧带处与腹股沟韧带的垂直距离为（14.33±3.00）mm。（3）坐骨神经出骨盆时,与坐骨大切迹的距离为（15.53±3.6）mm。结论：在手术先后显露耻骨上支、髂窝及坐骨大切迹时,注意不要损伤髂外血管与闭孔血管的吻合支、股神经和坐骨神经。     

髋臼上方置钉骨盆外固定的应用解剖

目的:为髋臼上方置钉进行骨盆外固定手术提供应用解剖学参考资料.方法:对20例40侧尸体骨盆的髂前下棘区域进行观察测量,获取髂前下棘与股动脉、股神经、股外侧皮神经、旋髂深动脉等毗邻血管神经的距离.对髋臼上置钉的钉道进行测量,获取钉道的长度、宽度,钉道与髋臼边缘及坐骨大切迹的距离等.所得数据按性别分组进行统计学处理.结果:髂前下棘为股直肌起始部,表面为髂肌覆盖,缝匠肌由外上至内下斜行越过髂前下棘外下方.男性股动脉位于髂前下棘内侧(27.54±3.53)mm,女性为(27.15±0.81)mm;男性股神经位于髂前下棘内侧(17.61±3.47)mm,女性为(19.26±4.21)mm.男性股外侧皮神经位于髂前下棘外侧(23.24±5.33)mm,女性为(17.82±3.26)mm;男性旋髂深动脉位于髂前下棘上方(16.26±1.77)mm,女性为(14.06±2.16)mm.男性髋臼上钉道长度为(147.76±7.39)mm,女性为(142.75±6.36)mm;男性钉道位于髋臼上方(25.10±4.43)mm,女性为(19.35±3.54)mm;男性钉道位于坐骨大切迹上方(25.01±3.61)mm,女性为(21.34±3.17)mm.结论:髋臼上方置钉骨盆外固定手术,应选取在腹股沟韧带外侧1/4下方约1 cm处作一平行切口,采用纵形钝性劈开髂肌的方式,以套筒保护下在髂前下棘处置入固定钉,避免损伤周围组织.由髂前下棘到髂后上棘间的钉道为一完整连续的骨性钉道,可为骨盆外固定提供足够的钉道长度和固定强度.     

股外侧皮神经在髂前上棘附近的解剖学和超声观察

目的 感觉异常性股痛(MP)常由股外侧皮神经(LFCN)的机械嵌压引起,通常发生在股外侧皮神经走行至髂前上棘的部位。MP最佳手术治疗方法有待确定,部分原因是LFCN周围筋膜平面的精细结构尚未阐明。本研究的目的是利用生物塑化和超声确定LFCN在髂前上棘附近的筋膜结构。方法 选择11具尸体（6名女性,5名男性, 38～97岁）制作薄层生物塑化切片。对34名健康志愿者（19名女性,15名男性,20～62岁）进行LFCN超声评估。结果 LFCN在腹内斜肌筋膜纤维和髂筋膜之间出骨盆,然后在缝匠肌表面和位于髂前上棘（ASIS）下方的阔筋膜张肌之间走行。在缝匠肌和阔筋膜张肌之间,LFCN走行在独立封闭的筋膜鞘中。结论 LFCN在髂前上棘处位于腹内斜肌腱膜内。LFCN在缝匠肌表面及外侧走行至大腿前外侧区域。超声定位LFCN有助于外科手术。     

髂腹股沟神经皮支营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为髂腹股沟神经皮支及其营养血管为蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学基础。方法:在27侧经红色乳胶液灌注的会阴及下肢标本上解剖观测髂腹股沟神经皮支及其营养血管的来源、走行、分布、吻合及外径,2侧成人新鲜标本灌注墨汁,观测营养血管的墨染范围。结果:髂腹股沟神经来源于第1腰神经腹侧支,其皮支从腹股沟管浅环穿深筋膜,穿出点横径为(1.89±0.47)mm,穿出时位于精索或子宫圆韧带下方。髂腹股沟神经皮支营养血管主要来源于阴部外浅动脉的升支、降支及股内侧支,并沿途发出皮支营养周围皮肤。结论:可以设计以髂腹股沟神经营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.