脑电神经反馈训练在提高工作记忆中应用的研究与挑战

脑电（EEG）神经反馈技术是基于脑科学和行为认知科学发展形成的一种非侵入式、改善大脑功能和结构的训练方法。工作记忆是个体在心理认知活动中保持和加工信息的记忆系统,在人类学习、推理和创造力等高级认知活动中发挥着重要作用。将EEG神经反馈技术应用于工作记忆训练中,能有效提升个体工作记忆绩效,调节个体的精神、情感状态及相关脑区的认知功能。本文以EEG神经反馈技术在工作记忆训练中的应用研究与挑战为综述对象,从EEG神经反馈调控工作记忆的神经信息处理工程、EEG神经反馈作用工作记忆的相关激活脑区、基于EEG神经反馈工作记忆训练的系统构成和训练类型、基于EEG神经反馈的工作记忆训练系统的影响因素,以及对目前相关研究存在的问题和未来研究发展趋势等情况进行全面综述。     

脑卒中后情感障碍认知事件相关电位研究进展

事件相关电位(ERP)与神经影像学联用,尤其与功能性磁共振成像(f MRI)结合探讨脑卒中后情感和认知功能障碍脑网络功能的改变是目前研究的热点和趋势。文章就脑卒中患者ERP特征、情感障碍患者ERP特征及脑卒中后情感障碍患者ERP进行阐述,分析了认知电位及影像学改变的相关研究进展,ERP与f MRI联用探讨脑卒中后情感和认知功能障碍脑网络功能改变的研究尚未有系统报道。提出探究脑卒中情感和认知功能障碍ERP时间层次同时,探索空间网络功能变化,更深层次探索情绪-认知整合的神经机制,是未来的研究方向。     

运动训练对缺血性脑卒中神经可塑性影响的研究进展

缺血性脑卒中后患者易出现运动功能障碍和认知能力下降,这些症状往往与神经元功能如神经营养因子的分泌、大脑半球间连接和突触活动的中断有关。神经可塑性反映了神经系统在外界和内在因素刺激下结构和功能方面自身修复的能力。运动训练作为一种有效可行的康复措施,近年来,人们逐渐发现运动训练在缺血性脑卒中后患者恢复期同样发挥着重要的作用,即其可以通过促进神经可塑性来改善卒中后患者的运动功能和认知能力。本文将重点围绕运动训练下大脑突触的结构和功能、神经营养因子、神经元再生、脑功能重组等方面的变化展开论述。     

精神分裂症患者认知功能损伤的神经生物学基础和电生理表现

精神分裂症患者存在严重的认知功能损伤，认知功能损伤的重要神经生物学基础是患者脑内神经递质水平异常，这会导致患者出现异常神经元电活动，脑电图指标可以客观、定量反映神经递质导致的异常神经元电活动。本文主要对国内外精神分裂症患者认知功能损伤的神经生物学和电生理学等研究情况进行综述，回顾了认知功能损伤相关神经递质的生物学机制，梳理了与之相关的异常神经生物电指标，为精神分裂症的发病原理和辅助诊断提供相应参考。未来的研究应更多关注疾病的致病基因、神经影像学等生物学标记物，建立精神分裂症辅助诊断的指标体系。     

脑-机交互运动训练的神经反馈方法及康复应用

运动功能是人类存活、劳动及对外交流的必备功能,但常因疾病或意外而受损甚至丧失。脑卒中即是运动功能损伤的疾患典型,已成为我国乃至全世界成年人第一致残疾病。而传统康复训练难以诱导患者主动操控肢体的皮层-肌肉耦合,尤缺镜像神经元与神经可塑机制配合,导致康复效果受限。近年来,采用基于脑-机接口(BCI)等新兴人机交互技术的运动神经反馈训练(NFT)新方法,能使患者中枢神经信息量化可视与肢体运动真实可感,促进整体神经传导通路与运动功能全面按意愿主动修复与重建。通过综述脑-机交互运动训练的神经反馈基本原理,结合目前基于视觉、听觉、触觉、多感官融合的反馈训练方法以及临床应用,展望未来脑-机交互训练在多感官协调方面,调动患者自身能动性与外在辅助功能相结合的闭环可控、可调训练模式的发展。     

睡眠剥夺对认知功能影响的研究进展

为了充分探究睡眠对认知的作用机制，睡眠剥夺是一个有效的途径。目前有多种手段研究睡眠剥夺如何影响认知功能，包括认知心理学评价、脑成像方法、脑电生理的变化等。所研究的方面覆盖认知科学的多个领域，目前国内外均有学者致力于此研究，并已经取得了初步的成果，但是存在多种影响因素，尚未得到统一的结论。我们从睡眠剥夺引起认知功能下降的机制出发，综述了通过脑成像方法研究神经生理学变化以及脑电生理方法评价认知功能下降的研究进展，并分析研究的影响因素和目前关注的发展方向。     

脑电在脑卒中运动功能评估中的应用研究进展

脑电（EEG）作为一种非侵入式、低成本检测大脑皮层神经电位手段，能够反映大脑的神经功能活动，目前被广泛应用于脑卒中患者运动功能评估的研究中。通过EEG研究脑卒中患者的运动功能状态及其神经机制，有助于理解脑卒中的神经及康复机制，实现患者损伤严重程度和康复效果的个体化预测。本文首先概述了EEG的分析流程及方法，从皮质振荡活动、定量化EEG、脑功能连接等3个方面，总结EEG在脑卒中患者运动功能评估中的应用研究进展，并从EEG技术优势、康复效果评价、临床辅助决策等3个方面进行讨论，最后对未来的发展方向进行展望。     

抗抑郁剂对抑郁症患者认知功能的改善作用

本文综述了近年来国内外关于抗抑郁剂对抑郁症患者认知功能的改善作用的研究概况,陈列了来自神经心理学和神经电生理学的证据,并详尽阐述了其可能的机制。     

老年抑郁症脑神经环路改变的影像学研究进展

目的综述老年抑郁症脑神经环路的变化及影像改变中的应用。方法文献综述法。结果大量的研究表明,老年抑郁症患者存在神经解剖环路(边缘-皮质-纹状体-苍白球-丘脑通路)的改变。结论老年抑郁症核心症状是情感的障碍以及认知功能的改变,老年抑郁症患者神经解剖神经环路功能的异常可通过DTI、MRS、fMRI及其它脑功能成像技术得到证实。     

中风康复运动中脑电-肌电相干性分析

本文针对中风康复患者运动功能障碍相关的神经肌肉功能评价问题,研究有效的脑电(EEG)信号与肌电(EMG)信号相干性分析及相干显著性判断方法,探索运动功能障碍患者的脑、肌电相干差异性表现。提出一种基于小波分解的脑、肌电相干性分析方法,定义了相干显著性指标定量描述EEG、EMG信号在某频域内的相似性和锁相活动。通过对中风患者和健康人膝关节"屈"、"伸"运动中脑、肌电相干性分析实验,得到以下结论:在相同运动模式下患者健侧的脑、肌电相干性与正常人无明显差异,患者患侧的脑、肌电相干性在gamma频段存在明显缺失;但随着运动功能的康复,患者患侧的脑、肌电相干性与健侧gamma频带脑、肌电相干性的差异会逐渐减小。     

Sleep efficiency and neurophysiological patterns in middle‐aged men are associated with cognitive change over their adult life course

Disrupted sleep is a contributing factor to cognitive ageing, while also being associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Little is known, however, about the relation of sleep and the gradual cognitive changes over the adult life course. Sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns are potential markers of the cognitive progress. To test this hypothesis, we assessed sleep architecture and EEG of 167 men born in the Copenhagen Metropolitan Area in 1953, who, based on individual cognitive testing from early (~18 years) to late adulthood (~58 years), were divided into 85 subjects with negative and 82 with positive cognitive change over their adult life. Participants underwent standard polysomnography, including manual sleep scoring at age ~58 years. Features of sleep macrostructure were combined with a number of EEG features to distinguish between the two groups. EEG rhythmicity was assessed by spectral power analysis in frontal, central and occipital sites. Functional connectivity was measured by inter‐hemispheric EEG coherence. Group differences were assessed by analysis of covariance (p < 0.05), including education and severity of depression as potential covariates. Subjects with cognitive decline exhibited lower sleep efficiency, reduced inter‐hemispheric connectivity during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and slower EEG rhythms during stage 2 non‐REM sleep. Individually, none of these tendencies remained significant after multiple test correction; however, by combining them in a machine learning approach, the groups were separated with 72% accuracy (75% sensitivity, 67% specificity). Ongoing medical screenings are required to confirm the potential of sleep efficiency and sleep EEG patterns as signs of individual cognitive progress.     

Mobile EEG and its potential to promote the theory and application of imagery-based motor rehabilitation

Studying the brain in its natural state remains a major challenge for neuroscience. Solving this challenge would not only enable the refinement of cognitive theory, but also provide a better understanding of cognitive function in the type of complex and unpredictable situations that constitute daily life, and which are often disturbed in clinical populations. With mobile EEG, researchers now have access to a tool that can help address these issues. In this paper we present an overview of technical advancements in mobile EEG systems and associated analysis tools, and explore the benefits of this new technology. Using the example of motor imagery (MI) we will examine the translational potential of MI-based neurofeedback training for neurological rehabilitation and applied research.     

轻度认知障碍患者EEG动力学特征提取与分类方法研究进展

脑电图可用于对轻度认知障碍的病理性变化进行评估。近年来,脑电领域的特征提取和分类方法广泛地应用到对轻度认知障碍疾病的诊断中。首先从局部耦合与全局同步两个方面,深入分析轻度认知障碍患者脑电信号特征提取方法的应用情况及其优势和不足,而后对当前轻度认知障碍患者脑电信号特征进行分类的多种方法进行详细总结与分析,如支持向量机、k均值以及近年来应用广泛的卷积神经网络等,最后对该领域脑电动力学特征提取与分类方法的未来发展趋势进行展望。     

脑电分析在认知研究中的进展

通过脑电分析来认识脑的活动是一种有效的无创手段。近年来,随着认知科学研究的逐渐升温,将脑电信号分析应用于认知研究成为重要的手段之一。本文在对脑电信号处理方法以及认知研究现状等综述的基础上,重点介绍了脑电分析在认知研究中进展状况。文章指出由于EEG良好的时间分辨率等特性,深入研究EEG对于了解认知和思维过程、揭示大脑工作机理具有重要意义。     

Neurofeedback Treatment Study for ADHD by Using the Brain-Computer Interface Neurofeedback System

Neurofeedback or electroencephalogram(EEG) biofeedback technology is widely used in clinical rehabilitation field. In this paper, we used a brain-computer interface(BCI) neurofeedback system for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) children treatment.After 20 training sessions, integrated visual and auditory-conhnuous performance test(IVA-CPT), DSM-IV and conner scale results suggested that the attention ofsubjectshad been strengthened, which showed that the BCI neurofeedback system could provide an effective therapyfor treating ADHDchildren.     

Conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease is predicted by sources and coherence of brain electroencephalography rhythms

Objective. Can quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) predict the conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer’s disease (AD)?     

Could We Speed This Up? Accelerating Progress in Research on Mechanisms of Change in Cognitive Therapy of Depression

Garratt, Ingram, Rand, and Sawalani (2007) comprehensively reviewed research on the specificity of effects of cognitive therapy on depression, as well as the mediating mechanisms of these effects. Comparing their findings with those of a similar review by Whisman (1993), it seems that progress in this area has been slow. Several suggestions are made for accelerating progress in understanding mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy: (a) more work on measurement development; (b) more efficient use of the existing database; (c) disaggregation of complex treatment packages; and (d) more consistent simultaneous consideration of multiple hypotheses.     

卒中后运动神经反馈康复训练研究进展与前景

脑卒中(stroke)是脑区突发血管病变引起局部功能障碍的综合病症,亦是全世界第一致残类恶性神经系统疾病。运动康复训练对卒中后的功能恢复起十分重要作用,其关键在于通过肢体运动,诱发促进脑区受害神经组织产生可塑性改变,以实现运动功能的改善和恢复。但传统的被动重复训练无法调动患者的参与度和积极性,严重影响康复效果。近年来兴起基于运动想象脑-机接口(MI-BCI)的运动神经反馈康复训练模式,可由患者的主观运动意图内源性地驱动相应脑区神经来产生可塑性变化,通过大脑神经功能重组来促进肢体运动康复。评述本体感觉、视觉反馈等不同运动神经反馈模式在卒中康复训练中的应用研究进展,讨论目前MI-BCI神经反馈康复训练系统存在问题及解决对策,并预期未来的发展前景。     

Closed-Loop Brain–Machine–Body Interfaces for Noninvasive Rehabilitation of Movement Disorders

Traditional approaches for neurological rehabilitation of patients affected with movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), dystonia, and essential tremor (ET) consist mainly of oral medication, physical therapy, and botulinum toxin injections. Recently, the more invasive method of deep brain stimulation (DBS) showed significant improvement of the physical symptoms associated with these disorders. In the past several years, the adoption of feedback control theory helped DBS protocols to take into account the progressive and dynamic nature of these neurological movement disorders that had largely been ignored so far. As a result, a more efficient and effective management of PD cardinal symptoms has emerged. In this paper, we review closed-loop systems for rehabilitation of movement disorders, focusing on PD, for which several invasive and noninvasive methods have been developed during the last decade, reducing the complications and side effects associated with traditional rehabilitation approaches and paving the way for tailored individual therapeutics. We then present a novel, transformative, noninvasive closed-loop framework based on force neurofeedback and discuss several future developments of closed-loop systems that might bring us closer to individualized solutions for neurological rehabilitation of movement disorders.