Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Associated with Novel Virus Strain, Uganda, 2007�C2008

During August 2007–February 2008, the novel Bundibugyo ebolavirus species was identified during an outbreak of Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever in Bundibugyo district, western Uganda. To characterize the outbreak as a requisite for determining response, we instituted a case-series investigation. We identified 192 suspected cases, of which 42 (22%) were laboratory positive for the novel species; 74 (38%) were probable, and 77 (40%) were negative. Laboratory confirmation lagged behind outbreak verification by 3 months. Bundibugyo ebolavirus was less fatal (case-fatality rate 34%) than Ebola viruses that had caused previous outbreaks in the region, and most transmission was associated with handling of dead persons without appropriate protection (adjusted odds ratio 3.83, 95% confidence interval 1.78–8.23). Our study highlights the need for maintaining a high index of suspicion for viral hemorrhagic fevers among healthcare workers, building local capacity for laboratory confirmation of viral hemorrhagic fevers, and institutionalizing standard precautions.     

Postmortem Stability of Ebola Virus

The ongoing Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa has highlighted questions regarding stability of the virus and detection of RNA from corpses. We used Ebola virus–infected macaques to model humans who died of Ebola virus disease. Viable virus was isolated <7 days posteuthanasia; viral RNA was detectable for 10 weeks.     

Regional Spread of Ebola Virus,West Africa, 2014

To explain the spread of the 2014 Ebola epidemic in West Africa, and thus help with response planning, we analyzed publicly available data. We found that the risk for infection in an area can be predicted by case counts, population data, and distances between affected and nonaffected areas.     

埃博拉出血热的研究进展

埃博拉病毒(ebola virus,EBOV)是传染性疾病埃博拉出血热(ebola hemorrhagic fever,EBHF)的病原体,已在非洲造成多次大规模的暴发流行,死亡率极高。它可通过与患者体液直接接触,或与患者擦伤的皮肤、暴露的黏膜等接触而传染。典型症状及体征主要表现为常规的发热、乏力、肌肉酸痛、头痛、咽喉痛、结膜出血和休克,随后出现呕吐、腹泻、皮疹及多器官功能衰竭等。其致病机制与病毒包膜糖蛋白(viral envelope glycoprotein,GP)有密切的关系。现已制造出使猴群不会被埃博拉病毒感染的疫苗,但尚无对人类有效的疫苗。     

Effectiveness of Ring Vaccination as Control Strategy for Ebola Virus Disease

Using an Ebola virus disease transmission model, we found that addition of ring vaccination at the outset of the West Africa epidemic might not have led to containment of this disease. However, in later stages of the epidemic or in outbreaks with less intense transmission or more effective control, this strategy could help eliminate the disease.     

Ebola Virus Persistence in Semen Ex Vivo

On March 20, 2015, a case of Ebola virus disease was identified in Liberia that most likely was transmitted through sexual contact. We assessed the efficiency of detecting Ebola virus in semen samples by molecular diagnostics and the stability of Ebola virus in ex vivo semen under simulated tropical conditions.     

Effect of Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus–Zaire Ebola Virus Vaccination on Ebola Virus Disease Illness and Death,Democratic Republic of the Congo

We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the effect vaccination with the live-attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus vaccine had on deaths among patients who had laboratory-confirmed Ebola virus disease (EVD). We included EVD-positive patients coming to an Ebola Treatment Center in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo during 2018–2020. Overall, 25% of patients vaccinated before symptom onset died compared with 63% of unvaccinated patients. Vaccinated patients reported fewer EVD-associated symptoms, had reduced time to clearance of viral load, and had reduced length of stay at the Ebola Treatment Center. After controlling for confounders, vaccination was strongly associated with decreased deaths. Reduction in deaths was not affected by timing of vaccination before or after EVD exposure. These findings support use of preexposure and postexposure recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus vaccine as an intervention associated with improved death rates, illness, and recovery time among patients with EVD.     

Risk Prediction Score for Pediatric Patients with Suspected Ebola Virus Disease

Rapid diagnostic tools for children with Ebola virus disease (EVD) are needed to expedite isolation and treatment. To evaluate a predictive diagnostic tool, we examined retrospective data (2014–2015) from the International Medical Corps Ebola Treatment Centers in West Africa. We incorporated statistically derived candidate predictors into a 7-point Pediatric Ebola Risk Score. Evidence of bleeding or having known or no known Ebola contacts was positively associated with an EVD diagnosis, whereas abdominal pain was negatively associated. Model discrimination using area under the curve (AUC) was 0.87, which outperforms the World Health Organization criteria (AUC 0.56). External validation, performed by using data from International Medical Corps Ebola Treatment Centers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during 2018–2019, showed an AUC of 0.70. External validation showed that discrimination achieved by using World Health Organization criteria was similar; however, the Pediatric Ebola Risk Score is simpler to use.     

Contact Tracing Activities during the Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic in Kindia and Faranah,Guinea, 2014

The largest recorded Ebola virus disease epidemic began in March 2014; as of July 2015, it continued in 3 principally affected countries: Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Control efforts include contact tracing to expedite identification of the virus in suspect case-patients. We examined contact tracing activities during September 20–December 31, 2014, in 2 prefectures of Guinea using national and local data about case-patients and their contacts. Results show less than one third of case-patients (28.3% and 31.1%) were registered as contacts before case identification; approximately two thirds (61.1% and 67.7%) had no registered contacts. Time to isolation of suspected case-patients was not immediate (median 5 and 3 days for Kindia and Faranah, respectively), and secondary attack rates varied by relationships of persons who had contact with the source case-patient and the type of case-patient to which a contact was exposed. More complete contact tracing efforts are needed to augment control of this epidemic.     

Uveitis and Systemic Inflammatory Markers in Convalescent Phase of Ebola Virus Disease

We report a case of probable Zaire Ebola virus–related ophthalmologic complications in a physician from the United States who contracted Ebola virus disease in Liberia. Uveitis, immune activation, and nonspecific increase in antibody titers developed during convalescence. This case highlights immune phenomena that could complicate management of Ebola virus disease–related uveitis during convalescence.     

Increased Likelihood of Detecting Ebola Virus RNA in Semen by Using Sample Pelleting

Ebola virus RNA can reside for months or years in semen of survivors of Ebola virus disease and is probably associated with increased risk for cryptic sexual transmission of the virus. A modified protocol resulted in increased detection of Ebola virus RNA in semen and improved disease surveillance.     

直面埃博拉病毒病患者53天无次代传播的护理体会

目的总结直面埃博拉病毒病（EVD）的护理防控经验,为以后类似疫情开展护理防控行为提供参考。方法笔者作为第五批中国（湖南）援塞医疗队队员、护理组组长,回顾性分析抗击埃博拉病毒病53 d的亲身经历,并总结护理防控经验。结果整个医疗队全队共40名医务人员,未发生1例埃博拉病毒感染;塞方工作人员共105名也未发生交叉感染,埃博拉患者治愈率100%。结论建设与发挥团队凝聚力,严格培训和执行标准工作流程,做好诊疗中心环境的感控管理是护理人员在诊治过程中做到零感染的重要因素。     

埃博拉病毒病的发病机制和诊疗策略

埃博拉病毒是一种强致死性病原体,可引起类似于感染性休克的严重出血热——埃博拉病毒病。埃博拉病毒病在2014年西非地区发生历史上最大的大流行疫情,其临床特点为凝血功能障碍、毛细血管渗漏综合征和休克。迄今为止尚无针对性抗病毒药物治疗。本文从病原学、感染途径、发病机制、临床特征、辅助检查、诊断及治疗特点等方面探讨埃博拉病毒病的机制和诊疗策略。     

埃博拉出血热的防控策略及其研究进展

本文从四个方面对埃博拉出血热的防控及其研究进展加以述评。第一,埃博拉出血热流行情况及社会影响;第二,埃博拉出血热病原学特性、传播特点、临床特征、预后;第三,治疗状况、疫苗研制状况;第四,埃博拉出血热在非洲防控现状及国际组织为疫情防控采取的相关措施。     

Evolution of Ebola Virus Disease from Exotic Infection to Global Health Priority,Liberia, Mid-2014

Over the span of a few weeks during July and August 2014, events in West Africa changed perceptions of Ebola virus disease (EVD) from an exotic tropical disease to a priority for global health security. We describe observations during that time of a field team from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and personnel of the Liberian Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. We outline the early epidemiology of EVD within Liberia, including the practical limitations on surveillance and the effect on the country’s health care system, such as infections among health care workers. During this time, priorities included strengthening EVD surveillance; establishing safe settings for EVD patient care (and considering alternative isolation and care models when Ebola Treatment Units were overwhelmed); improving infection control practices; establishing an incident management system; and working with Liberian airport authorities to implement EVD screening of departing passengers.