Global,Regional, and National Burden of Protein–Energy Malnutrition: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Background: Statistical data on the prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of protein–energy malnutrition are valuable for health resource planning and policy-making. We aimed to estimate protein–energy malnutrition burdens worldwide according to gender, age, and sociodemographic index (SDI) between 1990 and 2019. Methods: Detailed data on protein–energy malnutrition from 1990 to 2019 was extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. The global prevalence, deaths, and DALYs attributable to protein–energy malnutrition and the corresponding age-standardized rates (ASRs) were analyzed. Results: In 2019, the global prevalence of protein–energy malnutrition increased to 14,767,275 cases. The age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) showed an increasing trend between 1990 and 2019, while the age-standardized deaths rate (ASDR) and age-standardized DALYs rate presented a significantly decreasing trend in the same period. Meanwhile, there was a clearly ASPR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALYs rate downtrend of the prediction curve when the SDI went up. Conclusions: PEM still has a relatively serious disease burden in the world, especially in children and the elderly. At the same time, this phenomenon will be more obvious due to the aging of the world’s population. Effective prevention measures should be strengthened to continuously improve public health conditions.     

Increased Incidence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections,United States, 2004–2016

Salmonella is a major cause of foodborne illness in the United States, and antimicrobial-resistant strains pose a serious threat to public health. We used Bayesian hierarchical models of culture-confirmed infections during 2004–2016 from 2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance systems to estimate changes in the national incidence of resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella infections. Extrapolating to the United States population and accounting for unreported infections, we estimated a 40% increase in the annual incidence of infections with clinically important resistance (resistance to ampicillin or ceftriaxone or nonsusceptibility to ciprofloxacin) during 2015–2016 (≈222,000 infections) compared with 2004–2008 (≈159,000 infections). Changes in the incidence of resistance varied by serotype. Serotypes I 4,[5],12:i:- and Enteritidis were responsible for two thirds of the increased incidence of clinically important resistance during 2015–2016. Ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible infections accounted for more than half of the increase. These estimates can help in setting targets and priorities for prevention.     

江苏省食源性非伤寒沙门菌疾病负担

目的了解江苏省食源性非伤寒沙门菌的感染负担。方法对江苏省食源性疾病哨点医院2010年7月-2011年6月主动监测和社区人群调查结果,综合急性胃肠炎发病率及各项乘数,获得食源性非伤寒沙门菌的发病率。结果全省累计采集2 328例食源性疑似病例粪便或者肛拭标本,检出非伤寒沙门菌阳性菌株22株;全省调查10 959人,急性胃肠炎的月患病率为4.7%,年发病率为0.63次/人年;推算出江苏省沙门菌的食源性感染发病率为560/10万。结论非伤寒沙门菌食源性感染是江苏省重要的疾病负担之一,应加强以实验室为基础的主动监测系统。     

Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infection,Guangdong Province,China, 2012

We used active and passive surveillance to estimate nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection during 2012 in Guangdong Province, China. Under passive surveillance, for every reported NTS infection, an estimated 414.8 cases occurred annually. Under active surveillance, an estimated 35.8 cases occurred. Active surveillance provides remarkable advantages in incidence estimate.     

Pharmaceutical Portfolio Management: Global Disease Burden and Corporate Performance Metrics

BackgroundBiopharmaceutical companies face multiple external pressures. Shareholders demand a profitable company while governments, nongovernmental third parties, and the public at large expect a commitment to improving health in developed and, in particular, emerging economies. Current industry commercial models are inadequate for assessing opportunities in emerging economies where disease and market data are highly limited.ObjectiveThe purpose of this article was to define a conceptual framework and build an analytic decision-making tool to assess and enhance a company’s global portfolio while balancing its business needs with broader social expectations.MethodsThrough a case-study methodology, we explore the relationship between business and social parameters associated with pharmaceutical innovation in three distinct disease areas. The global burden of disease–based theoretical framework using disability-adjusted life-years provides an overview of the burden associated with particular diseases. The social return on investment is expressed as disability-adjusted life-years averted as a result of the particular pharmaceutical innovation. Simultaneously, the business return on investment captures the research and development costs and projects revenues in terms of a profitability index.ConclusionsThe proposed framework can assist companies as they strive to meet the medical needs of populations around the world for decades to come.     

Risk Factors for Death from Invasive Pneumococcal Disease,Europe, 2010

We studied the possible association between patient age and sex, clinical presentation, Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype, antimicrobial resistance, and death in invasive pneumococcal disease cases reported by 17 European countries during 2010. The study sample comprised 2,921 patients, of whom 56.8% were men and 38.2% were >65 years of age. Meningitis occurred in 18.5% of cases. Death was reported in 264 (9.0%) cases. Older age, meningitis, and nonsusceptibility to penicillin were significantly associated with death. Non–pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) serotypes among children <5 years of age and 7-valent PCV serotypes among persons 5–64 years of age were associated with increased risk for death; among adults >65 years of age, risk did not differ by serotype. These findings highlight differences in case-fatality rates between serotypes and age; thus, continued epidemiologic surveillance across all ages is crucial to monitor the long-term effects of PCVs.     

Global Burden of Aflatoxin-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Risk Assessment

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or liver cancer, is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, with prevalence 16–32 times higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Aflatoxin, a contaminant produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in maize and nuts, is a known human liver carcinogen.

Objectives

We sought to determine the global burden of HCC attributable to aflatoxin exposure.

Methods

We conducted a quantitative cancer risk assessment, for which we collected global data on food-borne aflatoxin levels, consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence. We calculated the cancer potency of aflatoxin for HBV-postive and HBV-negative individuals, as well as the uncertainty in all variables, to estimate the global burden of aflatoxin-related HCC.

Results

Of the 550,000–600,000 new HCC cases worldwide each year, about 25,200–155,000 may be attributable to aflatoxin exposure. Most cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and China where populations suffer from both high HBV prevalence and largely uncontrolled aflatoxin exposure in food.

Conclusions

Aflatoxin may play a causative role in 4.6–28.2% of all global HCC cases.     

上海市闸北区居民伤害流行特征的研究

[目的]了解闸北区居民伤害的流行特征和疾病负担,为开展伤害预防和干预工作提供科学依据。[方法]采用多阶段抽样方法,对在全区随机抽出的99个居委会中,再随机抽出5377名居民进行回顾性调查。[结果]闸北区伤害标化发生率为41.10‰,男女伤害发生率之比为0.76:1;最常见的伤害依次为跌倒/坠落、无生命机械力、交通事故。伤害发生率最高的是老年组,最低是儿童组;儿童和老年组以跌倒/坠落为主,中青年人群中交通事故所致伤害高于其他各年龄组;伤害发生与职业、既往有无残疾和慢性病史有统计学关联。伤害标化死亡率为0.34‰,每1例死亡,就有2例伤害残疾发生和超过100例伤害病例,每例伤害平均休息11.67d。平均每例死亡的潜在寿命损失年数(YPLL)为33.38年,潜在工作损失年数(WYPLL)为18.55年,潜在价值损失年数(VYPLL)为18.92年;平均每例伤害直接经济损失为764.49元。[结论]伤害已成为危害该区人民身体健康的重要公共卫生问题,加强对伤害的预防和控制意义重大。     

Increasing Incidence of Invasive Group A Streptococcus Disease in First Nations Population,Alberta, Canada, 2003–2017

The incidence of invasive group A Streptococcus (iGAS) disease in the general population in Alberta, Canada, has been steadily increasing. To determine whether rates for specific populations such as First Nations are also increasing, we investigated iGAS cases among First Nations persons in Alberta during 2003–2017. We identified cases by isolating GAS from a sterile site and performing emm typing. We collected demographic, social, behavioral, and clinical data for patients. During the study period, 669 cases of iGAS in First Nations persons were reported. Incidence increased from 10.0 cases/100,000 persons in 2003 to 52.2 cases/100,000 persons in 2017. The 2017 rate was 6 times higher for the First Nations population than for non–First Nations populations (8.7 cases/100,000 persons). The 5 most common emm types from First Nations patients were 59, 101, 82, 41, and 11. These data indicate that iGAS is severely affecting the First Nations population in Alberta, Canada.     

Magnitude,Temporal Trends,and Inequalities in the DALYs and YLDs of Nutritional Deficiency among Older Adults in the Western Pacific Region: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2019

The population in the Western Pacific region is aging rapidly. Nutritional deficiency is prevalent in older adults; however, information regarding nutritional deficiency in this population is scarce. Using the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) results, the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLDs) from nutritional deficiency were estimated between 1990 and 2019 for this population. Average annual percentage change (AAPC) was used to assess temporal trends, and linear mixed-effects models were used to examine socioeconomic and sex inequalities. From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized DALYs of nutritional deficiency in this population decreased from 697.95 to 290.95 per 100,000, and their age-standardized YLDs decreased from 459.03 to 195.65 per 100,000, with the greatest declines seen in South Korea (AAPCs < −5.0). Tonga had the least decline in DALYs (AAPC = −0.8), whereas Fiji experienced an increase in YLDs (AAPC = 0.1). Being female and having a lower sociodemographic index score was significantly associated with higher age-standardized DALYs and YLDs. The magnitude and temporal trends of the nutritional deficiency burden among older adults varied across countries and sex in the region, indicating that health policies on nutritional deficiency among older adults must be crafted to local conditions.     

疾病负担的研究进展

目的 本文对疾病负担的国内外研究现状及测量方法两个方面进行了综述。结果 国内外研究结果表明：疾病谱已发生改变，慢性非传染性疾病占疾病负担的首位，对人们的健康造成严重的威胁。采用世界银行介绍的新指标DALY，确定卫生领域的投资优先重点，能更全面合理地表达疾病对人群健康的影响，是目前比较公认、科学的方法。结论 国内应大力引用DALY方法进行疾病负担的研究工作。     

Burden of Cervical Cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region During the Years 2000 and 2017: Retrospective Data Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study

BackgroundCervical cancer is a growing health concern, especially in resource-limited settings.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the burden of cervical cancer mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) and globally between the years 2000 and 2017 by using a pooled data analysis approach.MethodsWe used an ecological approach at the country level. This included extracting data from publicly available databases and linking them together in the following 3 steps: (1) extraction of data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study in the years 2000 and 2017, (2) categorization of EMR countries according to the World Bank gross domestic product per capita, and (3) linking age-specific population data from the Population Statistics Division of the United Nations (20-29 years, 30-49 years, and >50 years) and GBD’s data with gross national income per capita and globally extracted data, including cervical cancer mortality and DALY numbers and rates per country. The cervical cancer mortality rate was provided by the GBD study using the following formula: number of cervical cancer deaths × 100,000/female population in the respective age group.ResultsThe absolute number of deaths due to cervical cancer increased from the year 2000 (n=6326) to the year 2017 (n=8537) in the EMR; however, the mortality rate due to this disease decreased from the year 2000 (2.7 per 100,000) to the year 2017 (2.5 per 100,000). According to age-specific data, the age group ≥50 years showed the highest mortality rate in both EMR countries and globally, and the age group of 20-29 years showed the lowest mortality rate both globally and in the EMR countries. Further, the rates of cervical cancer DALYs in the EMR were lower compared to the global rates (2.7 vs 6.8 in 2000 and 2.5 vs 6.8 in 2017 for mortality rate per 100,000; 95.8 vs 222.2 in 2000 and 86.3 vs 211.8 in 2017 for DALY rate per 100,000; respectively). However, the relative difference in the number of DALYs due to cervical cancer between the year 2000 and year 2017 in the EMR was higher than that reported globally (34.9 vs 24.0 for the number of deaths and 23.5 vs 18.1 for the number of DALYs, respectively).ConclusionsWe found an increase in the burden of cervical cancer in the EMR as per the data on the absolute number of deaths and DALYs. Further, we found that the health care system has an increased number of cases to deal with, despite the decrease in the absolute number of deaths and DALYs. Cervical cancer is preventable if human papilloma vaccination is taken and early screening is performed. Therefore, we recommend identifying effective vaccination programs and interventions to reduce the burden of this disease.     

疾病经济负担研究综述

疾病负担研究分为疾病的流行病学负担和经济负担两方面,前者主要为率的指标和一系列寿命指标;后者主要为直接经济负担、间接经济负担和无形经济负担,通常用货币来衡量。疾病经济负担的研究内容正在由传染病向慢性病、伤害和干预措施评价转变。大部分研究主要从家庭的角度、部分研究从社会的角度进行的,没有发现从医院的角度来评价疾病经济负担的文献。在研究方法上,国内外的文献基本上都采用二部模型法和人力资本法,分别计算直接经济负担和间接经济负担。在影响因素上关注最多的是疾病的类型、严重程度、诊治单位以及经济收入和医疗保障形式,不同的研究目的,研究的影响因素有所不同。     

Increased Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica I Serotype 4,[5],12:i:- Infections Associated with Pork,United States, 2009–2018

Reports of Salmonella enterica I serotype 4,[5],12:i:- infections resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphamethoxazole, and tetracycline (ASSuT) have been increasing. We analyzed data from 5 national surveillance systems to describe the epidemiology, resistance traits, and genetics of infections with this Salmonella strain in the United States. We found ASSuT-resistant Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- increased from 1.1% of Salmonella infections during 2009–2013 to 2.6% during 2014–2018; the proportion of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- isolates without this resistance pattern declined from 3.1% to 2.4% during the same timeframe. Among isolates sequenced during 2015–2018, a total of 69% were in the same phylogenetic clade. Within that clade, 77% of isolates had genetic determinants of ASSuT resistance, and 16% had genetic determinants of decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, or azithromycin. Among outbreaks related to the multidrug-resistant clade, 63% were associated with pork consumption or contact with swine. Preventing Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- carriage in swine would likely avert human infections with this strain.     

尘肺病治疗中国专家共识(2018年版)

  目的  了解江苏省南京市1956 — 2021年尘肺患者的生存状况及可能的影响因素,进一步探究其疾病负担水平,为制定新时代尘肺防治措施提供科学依据。  方法  于2022年10月整群抽取江苏省职业病防治信息管理系统中1956年1月1日 — 2021年12月31日南京市上报的3456例尘肺确诊患者进行随访调查,采用寿命表法和Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,应用Cox比例风险回归模型对生存时间的相关因素进行分析,并采用伤残调整寿命年（DALY）、因早死造成健康生命年的损失（YLL）和因伤残造成的健康寿命年的损失（YLD）综合分析尘肺的疾病负担。  结果  南京市1956 — 2021年累计报告尘肺病例3333例,以男性（89.3%）、初次诊断分期为I期（89.3%）、矽肺（72.1%）为主。生存分析结果显示,截至2021年12月31日,南京市尘肺患者中位数生存时间为30.20（95%CI = 29.53～30.86）年。多因素Cox比例风险回归分析结果显示,诊断年龄 ≥ 30岁和初次诊断分期为III期是南京市尘肺患者存活的危险因素,女性和制造业是南京市尘肺患者存活的保护因素。疾病负担分析结果显示,1956 — 2021年南京市尘肺共造成累计DALY损失27529.49人年,例均DALY损失8.26年;累计YLD损失23440.46人年,例均YLD损失7.03年;累计YLL损失4089.03人年,例均YLL损失2.53年。南京市1956 — 2021年因尘肺造成的例均YLD、例均YLL和例均DALY总体均呈下降趋势（χ²_趋势 = 776.437、206.153和1040.571,均P < 0.001）,YLD和DALY在1991 — 2000年造成的损失最大,分别为10042.02人年和10619.59人年,YLL则随时间的推移逐渐变大,2011 — 2021年造成的损失最大为1956.35人年。  结论  南京市1956 — 2021年尘肺的防控形势整体可控,但造成的疾病负担不容忽视,建议相关部门加强对重点人群、重点病种及重点行业的防控。     

Global Burden of Nutritional Deficiencies among Children under 5 Years of Age from 2010 to 2019

Under-five years of age is a critical period for children’s growth and development. Nutritional deficiency during this period is associated with wasting, underweight and stunting. We aimed to conduct an epidemiological study using data derived from the GBD2019 to found the global distribution and changing trends of nutritional deficiencies among children under 5 years old, as well as the correlation between social development status and nutritional deficiencies. Nutritional deficiencies in children under 5 years has been substantially improved in the past decade; however, the progress has been unevenly distributed globally. The incidence and DALY rate decreased with the increase of socio-demographic index. In 2019, the incidence (51,872.0 per 100,000) was highest in Central Sub-Saharan Africa and the DALY rate (5597.1 per 100,000) was the highest in Western Sub-Saharan Africa. Among five subcategories of nutritional deficiencies in children under 5 years, vitamin A deficiency accounted for the largest proportion of incident cases (100,511,850, 62.1% in 2019), while the proportion of DALYs caused by protein–energy malnutrition was the highest (9,925,276, 62.0%). Nutritional deficiency in some countries remains worrisome, for whom policies guarantees and sustained efforts to control nutritional deficiencies are urgently needed.     

Estimating the Frequency of Lyme Disease Diagnoses,United States, 2010–2018

By using commercial insurance claims data, we estimated that Lyme disease was diagnosed and treated in ≈476,000 patients in the United States annually during 2010–2018. Our results underscore the need for accurate diagnosis and improved prevention.     

2008—2010年乳山市居民脑卒中、冠心病疾病负担分析

目的应用疾病负担指标衡量乳山市脑卒中、冠心病的危害程度,定量估计疾病对健康状况的影响程度和经济损失。方法利用乳山市2008—2010年本地户籍的脑卒中、冠心病患者资料,计算脑卒中、冠心病的潜在寿命损失年(years of potential life lost,PYLL)、致残率、经济损失。结果乳山市脑卒中、冠心病的总体死亡率分别为167.71/10万、117.60/10万,平均每例因脑卒中、冠心病死亡的PYLL分别为10.34、10.02年,PYLL率(减寿率)为3.68‰、2.92‰。结论乳山市脑卒中、冠心病的死亡率随着年龄的增加而增加,男性高于女性;脑卒中的疾病负担和济负担均于冠心病;40岁以上的疾病负担总负担的90%以上。