Clinical significance of urothelial dysplasia concomitant with superficial bladder cancer]

OBJECTIVE: Retrospective analysis was carried out to evaluate the prognostic value of urothelial dysplasia with superficial bladder cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 62 patients with bladder cancer of pTa or pT1 who had been treated by transurethral resection (TUR-Bt), underwent random mucosal biopsies in the urinary bladder. The results of random biopsies were classified into 3 groups: negative group, dysplasia group and CIS group. The recurrence rate, progression rate and type of recurrences (true recurrence/new occurrence) were compared among the 3 groups. RESULTS: The results of random biopsies were as follows; negative group was found in 42 (68%), dysplasia group in 17 (27%) and CIS group in 3 (5%). There were no significant difference in the characteristics of the patients among the 3 groups. The recurrence rates at 1, 2 and 5 years after TUR-Bt were 3%, 12% and 21%, respectively, for negative group, and 37%, 51% and 67%, respectively, for dysplasia group (p < 0.01). For CIS group, 2 of 3 cases (67%) recurrenced within 1 year after TUR-Bt. Non of negative group progressed to muscle invasion, whereas 57% of dysplasia group invaded bladder muscle after 6 years post operatively (p < 0.001). No significant relationship was observed between the absence or presence of concomitant dysplasia and the rate of true recurrence. Dysplasia group revealed a higher rate (47.1%) of new occurrence than negative group (2.4%) (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The presence or absence of concomitant dysplasia of superficial bladder cancer seems to be an important prognostic factor for future new ocurrence and progression after TUR-Bt.     

Clinical management of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia as diagnosed by extended needle biopsies

OBJECTIVE: To examine the results of the clinical management of patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), as diagnosed by extended needle biopsies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The clinical data were reviewed from a cohort of 387 men who underwent > or = 10 core prostate needle biopsies between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 1997 by one urologist (W.C.D.). Two study groups were identified; the first comprised 47 patients with only high-grade PIN and the second was a control group of 137 patients with only benign findings on their biopsies. Those patients with cancer, atypia or a prostatic biopsy with fewer than 10 cores were excluded. The clinical and histological data were evaluated. The criteria for re-biopsy were two successive increases in prostate specific antigen (PSA) level or any change in the findings on digital rectal examination (DRE). All patients were monitored at 6-12 month intervals. RESULTS: Of the 387 patients, 46% had normal findings, 5.2% had atypia, 12.6% had PIN alone, 15 (3.9%) had PIN plus atypia, 6.7% had PIN plus cancer and 32.3% had cancer. There was no significant difference between the PIN and control groups in age, DRE, PSA level, prostate size (by ultrasonography), free testosterone level, number of the cores and time of follow-up (median 34.8 and 36.6 months for the PIN and control groups, respectively). Of the PIN and control groups, 21 (45%) and 43 (31%) respectively had at least one re-biopsy. Five patients (24%) in the PIN and one (2.3%) in the control group developed cancer (P = 0.0124). All these patients had organ-confined disease and were found to have either Gleason scores 3 + 3 or 3 + 4 on surgical specimens. There was no correlation between the original location of PIN and the location of subsequent malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with one set of extended needle biopsies with high-grade PIN should be followed clinically every 6-12 months, and it may be safe to reserve repeat biopsy for those with changes in PSA level and/or in the DRE.     

The significance of prior benign needle biopsies in men subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: We determine the relationship between a history of benign needle biopsies, and the volume and location of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 395 men who underwent radical prostatectomy for stage T1c (nonpalpable) prostate cancer. RESULTS: Of the men 74 had 1 or more prior benign needle biopsies. Prior benign biopsy correlated with tumor in the anterior or lateral portion of the radical prostatectomy specimen (p = 0.044) and prostate weight (p = 0.002). The likelihood of prior benign biopsy was 32.5% for men with a 75 gm. or greater prostate compared to 15.2% for those with a less than 75 gm. prostate. Although prior benign biopsy correlated with "very limited" tumor in the prostate (less than 0.2 cc, no Gleason pattern 4 or 5 and organ confined disease) (p = 0.005), only 28.4% of patients with prior benign biopsy had "very limited" tumor. In a multivariate analysis prior benign biopsy correlated only with anterior or lateral distribution and enlarged prostate size. Of the prior benign biopsy cases 12% had positive margins, average tumor volume was 1.15 cc and 27% had nonorgan confined disease. These figures were not different from those in cases with cancer on the first biopsy. In prior benign biopsy cases although PSA velocity predicted tumor volume and "very limited" tumor, a specific clinically useful cutoff value was not present. Needle biopsy grade and number of positive cores were not predictive of tumor volume or "very limited" cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Prior benign biopsy in men subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer does not indicate indolent tumor. Benign biopsies are more likely in larger prostate glands and when cancer is in the anterior and lateral regions of the gland, suggesting the need for different biopsy strategies to improve cancer detection.     

Case of lower urinary tract symptoms caused by urothelial papilloma-inverted type as diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography at voiding

A 54-year-old male visited our hospital, complaining of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as loss of urinary force following the unsuccessful treatment using an alpha1-blocker. Transabdominal ultrasonography performed for measuring postvoid residual urine volume incidentally detected a solid tumor at the bladder neck. In addition, transrectal ultrasonography at voiding confirmed the tumor to obstruct prostatic urethra during voiding. Pathological diagnosis of the tumor resected transurethrally was urothelial papilloma-inverted type. Following the operation, LUTS improved markedly. Voiding TRUS was of clinical use for the definitive diagnosis of the etiology of LUTS.     

A case of bilateral renal angiomyolipoma diagnosed by fine needle biopsies

We describe a 37-year-old female with bilateral renal angiomyolipoma. She visited the Emergency Department at our hospital because of right severe flank pain. Computed tomography (CT) disclosed a bilateral renal tumors with fat components and high density lesions compatible with a hematoma. Conservative treatment was started, resulting in the improvement in laboratory findings and symptoms. Needle biopsies were performed under the guidance of ultrasonography. The histology was renal angiomyolipoma. She has been receiving a follow-up study at our out-patient clinic with an uneventful course.     

Natural history of urothelial dysplasia of the bladder

Urothelial dysplasia is the putative precursor of urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) and invasive urothelial carcinoma of the urinary tract. Urothelial dysplasia is frequently identified in patients with urothelial CIS and cancer. However, very little is known about the clinical presentation and natural history of urothelial dysplasia in the absence of urothelial CIS or invasive cancer. The authors studied 36 patients with isolated urothelial dysplasia at the Mayo Clinic between 1969 and 1984. None of these patients had previous or concurrent urothelial CIS or invasive cancer, and none received treatment for dysplasia. The histopathologic features of urothelial dysplasia were examined, and long-term clinical follow-up was obtained. Progression was defined as the development of urothelial CIS or carcinoma. The male-to-female ratio was 2.6:1, and the mean patient age at the time of diagnosis was 60 years (range 25-79). Urothelial dysplasia has a predilection for the posterior wall. Eleven patients had urinary irritative symptoms, 10 had hematuria, 3 had both irritative symptoms and hematuria, and 12 were found to have dysplasia incidentally. The mean follow-up was 8.2 years (range 0.1-25.5). Seven (19%) of 36 patients developed biopsy-proven progression, including 4 with CIS and 3 with invasive cancer, and 1 of them died of bladder cancer. The intervals from diagnosis to progression ranged from 6 months to 8 years (mean 2.5 years). One of the remaining 29 patients had positive cytologic results 2.5 years after the initial diagnosis of dysplasia. The authors conclude that urothelial dysplasia is a significant risk for the development of CIS and invasive urothelial carcinoma, and patients with urothelial dysplasia should be followed up closely.     

The significance of random bladder biopsies in superficial bladder cancer

Introduction: Today, there is no consensus about taking random bladder biopsies during transurethral resection of superficial bladder tumors for staging and to determine the urothelial abnormalities like dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. The aim of our study was to evaluate the results and indications of random bladder biopsies for primary superficial bladder cancer.Patients and methods: Random bladder biopsies were taken from 84 patients with primary superficial bladder cancer after transurethral resection. 40 patients had Ta and 44 had T1 tumor. The random biopsies were taken from right and left bladder walls, anterior and posterior walls, dome, trigone and prostatic urethra. The incidence of urothelial abnormalities were evaluated according to the stage and grade of the tumor.Results: None of the patients had carcinoma in situ or dysplasia with Ta tumor. In T1 group, 4 patients (9.1%) had carcinoma in situ and 3 patients (6.8%) had dysplasia. There was a statistically significant difference with regard to urothelial abnormalities between groups Ta and T1. The same difference was also seen between low and high grade tumors.Conclusion: In our study, only 7/84 (8.3%) of patients with primary superficial bladder cancer had urothelial abnormalities like carcinoma in situ or dysplasia. All of these pathologies were seen in T1 tumors. According to our results, we believe that random biopsies are not useful in superficial bladder cancers to detect urothelial abnormalities and also do not help for the planning of further treatment.     

The significance of histological diagnosis in renal allograft biopsies in 2014

In 2014, the renal allograft biopsy still represents the best available diagnostic ‘gold’ standard to assess reasons for allograft dysfunction. However, it is well recognized that histological lesion observed in the biopsy is of limited diagnostic specificity and that the Banff classification as the international diagnostic standard represents mere expert consensus. Here, we review the role of the renal allograft biopsy in different clinical and diagnostic settings. To increase diagnostic accuracy and to compensate for lack of specificity, the interpretation of biopsy pathology needs to be within the clinical context, primarily defined by time post‐transplantation and patient‐specific risk profile. With this in mind, similar histopathological patterns will lead to different conclusions with regard to diagnosis, disease grading and staging and thus to patient‐specific clinical decision‐making. Consensus generation for such integrated diagnostic approach, preferably including new molecular tools, represents the next challenge to the transplant community on its way to precision medicine in transplantation.     

A clinicopathologic analysis of urothelial carcinomas diagnosed on prostate needle biopsy

No data exist on urothelial carcinoma diagnosed on prostatic needle biopsy. We reviewed 21 cases (19 consultations) of urothelial carcinoma diagnosed on prostate needle biopsy from 1991 to 1998. In 13 of 21 (62%) cases, urothelial carcinoma showed in situ urothelial carcinoma involving prostatic ducts and acini (DCIS) only; 6 of 21 (29%) cases showed both DCIS and invasive carcinoma and 2 of 21 (9%) cases showed widespread stromal invasion without DCIS. In contrast to prostatic adenocarcinoma, cases exhibited greater nuclear pleomorphism, variably prominent nucleoli, increased mitoses, and necrosis. Immunostains for PSA and PSAP were negative in all 18 cases studied. CK7 was positive in 14 of 16 cases, CK20 was positive in 13 of 16 cases, and 34betaE12 was positive in 11 of 17 cases. A total of 7 of 17 (41%) men had no prior or subsequent history of urothelial carcinoma outside the prostate, 6 of 17 (35%) had concurrent urothelial cell carcinomas of the bladder (1 with extensive carcinoma in situ [CIS] at cystoprostatectomy), 2 of 17 (12%) had a prior urothelial cell carcinoma, and 2 of 17 (12%) developed urothelial cell carcinomas outside the prostate subsequent to the needle biopsy diagnosis. A total of 14 of 18 (78%) men had an elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA), abnormal digital rectal examination, or abnormal ultrasound suggestive of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Follow-up information was available in 17 cases. Six of nine (67%) patients with DCIS eventually died of disease (DOD) (2 with prior urothelial cell carcinoma, 1 with no prior or subsequent history, 3 without information), and 3 of 9 (33%) patients with DCIS were alive with residual disease (AWD). Of the patients with invasive carcinomas, 4 of 8 (50%) were DOD, 2 of 8 (25%) were AWD, and 2 of 8 (25%) were alive without evidence of disease. All men who are alive were treated aggressively with surgery and often adjuvant chemotherapy-radiation. Overall, 10 of 17 (59%) men were DOD with a mean survival after diagnosis of 23.2 months (2-72 months). The diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma on prostate needle biopsy is difficult because it is rare and clinically can mimic prostatic adenocarcinoma; often there is no history of urothelial carcinoma elsewhere. Although the prognosis is poor even with only apparent DCIS, histologic recognition is essential because the only opportunity for improved outcome is early and aggressive treatment.     

膀胱尿路上皮癌中VEGF、DC的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及树突状细胞(DC)在膀胱尿路上皮癌(UC)组织中的表达及其临床意义.方法:采用免疫组织化学EliVision二步法检测49例UC患者病理组织中VEGF蛋白及S100蛋白标记DC的表达情况,并以8例癌旁正常组织作为对照.结果:VEGF阳性组织DC计数为(8.35±3.25)个,阴性组织计数为(13.75±4.56)个;VEGF表达阳性的癌组织内,DC数目明显减少(P<0.05).结论:VEGF和DC在UC组织中的表达具有负相关性,VEGF可能通过对DC的抑制途径,帮助UC逃避机体的肿瘤免疫反应.     

The clinical significance of urine cytology after a radical cystectomy for urothelial cancer

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of urine cytology on the prediction of the upper urinary tract recurrence (UTR) of urothelial cancer after a radical cystectomy (RC) with urinary diversion. Methods: A total of 125 patients who underwent RC from 1987 to 2005 were retrospectively identified. The median follow‐up period was 64 months. The specimens for urine cytology were obtained from the urine voided or obtained through a catheter or a conduit. The relationship between a positive urine cytology result and UTR detection was determined. Results: UTR was diagnosed in eight patients (6.4%) at a median follow‐up of 63.3 months. The overall rate of a positive urine cytology result was 12.3% for the urine in an ileal conduit, 18.8% in a continental reservoir and 10.5% in an orthotopic neobladder. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the urine cytology for the detection of UTR were 75.0% and 90.6%, respectively. However, UTR could be diagnosed earlier by using urinary cytology, rather than by radiological examinations and/or related symptoms in only 5.9% (1/17 positive urine cytology) of cases. Eleven (64.7%) of 17 patients with positive urine cytology were false positive and eight (72.7%) of the 11 patients with no UTR had a positive urine cytology result only once. Conclusions: Urine cytology after RC was not a potent screening tool for the early detection of UTR because of the difficulty in distinguishing the cancer cells from degenerated intestinal epithelial cells in the urinary diversion urine.     

Maspin蛋白和诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）在膀胱癌中的表达及意义

目的研究诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）蛋白和maspin蛋白在尿路上皮癌中的表达及其意义。方法采用免疫组织学SP法检测54例尿路上皮癌和18例正常膀胱组织中以上两种蛋白的表达。结果两种蛋白在膀胱尿路上皮癌中的表达与在正常膀胱黏膜中表达比较,均有显著性意义（均P〈0.01）。iNOS蛋白表达与maspin蛋白表达间存在负相关（r=-0.992,P〈0.05）,但与TCCs分级无关。maspin表达与浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌呈负相关性。结论 iNOS的高表达和maspin蛋白低表达是膀胱癌预后不良的指征。     

颗粒打压植骨结合骨水泥型髋臼杯在髋关节发育不良髋臼重建中的应用

目的探讨颗粒打压植骨结合骨水泥型髋臼杯在CroweⅡ、Ⅲ型髋关节发育不良（DDH）中应用的早期疗效。方法2005年3月至2008年3月,采用颗粒打压植骨重建髋臼结合骨水泥型髋臼杯治疗11例DDH继发骨性关节炎的患者。女10例,男1例,年龄43～58岁,平均49．4岁;CroweⅡ型9例,Crowem型2例,疼痛病史5～30年,术前Harris评分28～55分,平均45．3分。术后定期随访进行影像学评价和Harris评分。结果本组患者临床随访4～36个月,平均18个月,全部患者髋关节功能恢复良好,无感染、神经损伤、脱位等并发症。术后Harris评分90～98分,平均94．1分,术后随访影像学上显示植骨均与宿主骨愈合,最后一次随访无植骨吸收髋臼假体松动、移位。结论颗粒打压植骨结合骨水泥型髋臼杯治疗CroweⅡ、Ⅲ型DDH患者早期效果可靠。     

Influence of the acetabular cup position on hip load during arthroplasty in hip dysplasia

Placement of the acetabular cup during total hip arthroplasty is of great importance because usually every deviation from the ideal centre of rotation negatively influences endoprosthesis survival, polyethylene wear and hip load. Here we present hip load change in respect to various acetabular cup positions in female patients who underwent total hip replacement surgery due to hip dysplasia. The calculation suggests that, in the majority of cases, for every millimeter of lateral displacement of the acetabular cup (relative to the ideal centre of rotation) an increase of 0.7% in hip load should be expected and for every millimeter of proximal displacement an increase of 0.1% in hip load should be expected (or decreased if displacement is medial or distal). Also, for every millimeter of neck length increase, 1% decrease is expected and for every millimeter of lateral offset, 0.8% decrease is expected. Altogether, hip load decreases when the cup is placed more medially or distally and when the femoral neck is longer or lateral offset is used.