三维完美主义量表的编制和信效度检验

目的 根据Hewitt的理论编制三维完美主义量表,检验其信度、效度.方法 174名大学生回答新编项目,采用探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析确定量表结构与项目保留,选用内部一致性系数检验量表的信度.结果 因素分析表明因素结构与量表编制的理论构想一致,最后确定量表为3个维度、25项,各维度及总量表的α值在0.67～0.83之间.结论 三维完美主义量表具有很好的项目区分度、信度、效度.     

中学生羞耻感量表的编制

目的:编制中学生羞耻感量表。方法:用探索性因素分析发展量表的初步理论结构,再用验证性因素分析证明理论结构的合理性和正确性,以此为基础编制了中学生羞耻感量表,并对正式问卷测量结果进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析。结果:探索性因素分析确定量表含4个因素,解释了总变异的69.56%;α系数、重测信度分别为0.71-0.93,0.57-0.90。验证性因素分析显示拟合指数χ2/df,SRMR,GFI,AGFI,NNFI,CFI分别为3.63,0.047,0.91,0.90,0.93,0.94。结论:该量表的信效度都达到了测量学的要求。     

大学生一般完美主义量表的编制

目的：编制大学生一般完美主义量表。方法：用探索性因素分析发展量表的初步理论结构,再用验证性因素分析证明理论结构的合理性和正确性。结果：探索性因素分析确定量表含追求高标准和在乎错两个因素,解释总变异的51.6%;浕系数为0.841和0.835,分半信度为0.852和0.790,重测信度为0.720和0.781;验证性因素分析显示拟合指数χ2/df=3.622,GFI=0.92,AGFI=0.91,NFI=0.87,NNFI=0.90,RMSEA=0.069,CFI=0.90,IFI=0.90。追求高标准与SCL-90、SDS、SAS和SWLS等效标不相关,与SES的相关为0.241（P〈0.01）;在乎错误与SCL-90、SDS、SAS、SES和SWLS等效标相关系数分别为0.299、0.301、0.302、-0.354、-0.218（均P〈0.01）。结论：该量表的信效度都达到了测量学的要求。     

初中生未来时间洞察力问卷的编制

目的编制初中生未来时间洞察力问卷,并检验所编制问卷的信度和效度。方法用探索性因素分析初步探究理论结构,用验证性因素分析验证理论结构的合理性和正确性。结果1探索性因素分析确定该问卷包括5个因子,共解释总变异量的50.036%;2总量表的Cronbach's α系数、分半信度和重测信度分别为0.787、0.809、0.829;3问卷的结构效度和内容效度较高,结构稳定。结论编制的初中生未来时间洞察力问卷共包括5个因子,量表具有较好的信效度。     

大学生网络利他行为量表的编制

目的:编制大学生网络利他行为量表。方法:通过开放式问卷调查,形成57个项目的量表初稿,然后采用探索性和验证性因素分析对量表结构进行检验。结果:量表包含30个项目,分为4个因子,解释了总变异的54.647%;总量表的α系数、分半信度和重测信度分别为0.937、0.891和0.859,各维度的α系数在0.800～0.878之间,分半信度在0.781～0.858之间,重测信度在0.711～0.813之间;验证性因素分析显示各拟合指数达到要求。结论:大学生网络利他行为量表具有较好的信度和效度,可以作为进一步研究的工具。     

大学生择业效能感量表的编制

目的 编制大学生择业效能感量表.方法 通过访谈和开放式量表等方法,编制了大学生择业效能感量表,并时其进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析.结果 ①探索性因素分析显示:大学生的择业效能感由4个维度组成:自我评价、就业应对效能、自我了解和信息收集效能;②验证性因素分析表明4个因素与构想模型拟舍较好(χ2/df=1.812,N...     

空中乘务员心理素质测评量表的编制

目的编制空中乘务员心理素质测评量表。方法用探索性因素分析发展量表的初步理论结构，用验证性因素分析证明理论结构的合理性和正确性。结果①探索性因素分析确定该量表包括16个因子，共解释变异总量的79.851%；②总量表的Cronbach＇s a系数、分半信度和重测信度分别为0.922、0.901和0.896；3量表的结构效度和内容效度都比较理想。结论编制的空中乘务员心理素质测评量表共包含16个因子，量表具有较好的信效度。     

中国青少年完美主义量表在827名大学生中的应用

目的测定中国青少年完美主义量表在大学生中的实用性。方法对827名大学生被试的测试结果进行探索性和验证性因素分析等统计处理。结果量表项目聚合为6个维度(分量表),分别是完美期待、个人高标准、担心错误、条理性、自省和父母要求。6个维度可解释总方差的53.37%,各维度的项目载荷在0.43～0.86之间。分量表的分半信度为0.72～0.88,同质性信度为0.80～0.91,重测信度为0.76～0.90(P<0.01),与SCL-90的相关为0.41～0.60。验证性因素分析指标χ2、RM-SEA、NFI、CFI、GFI分别为4782.631、0.067、0.804、0.863、0.870。结论中国青少年完美主义量表在大学生群体中具有较理想的信效度,适合其使用。     

大学生心理健康量表的编制和信效度研究

目的：编制适合大学生的心理健康测量工具。方法：用探索性因素分析发展量表的初步理论结构，再用验证性因素分析证明理论结构的合理性和正确性。结果：①探索性因素分析确定量表含有9个因素，共解释了总变异的52．88％。②量表Cronbach's α系数、分半和重测相关系数分别为0．95，0．93，0．83。③验证性因素分析显示拟合指数X^2／df，GFI，AGFI，CFI，TLI，RMSEA，RMR分别为2．94，0．87，0．86，0．88，0．87，0．04，0．05。结论：该量表信效度都达到了心理测量学的要求。     

心理健康量表的初步编制

目的 :建构普通人群心理健康评价模式 ,初步编制一个适合我国 15岁以上普通人群的心理健康量表。方法 :根据第四次和第五次全国人口普查资料取样共 10 0 0名 ,女性 4 79名 ,男性 5 2 1名 ,年龄 15～ 90岁 ,平均 37.0±16 .9岁 ;采用探索性因素分析法发展心理健康量表的初步理论结构 ,再选用验证性因素分析证明理论结构的合理性和正确性。结果 :(1)通过项目分析和初步的因素分析 ,确定心理健康量表由 10 4个项目组成。 (2 )探索性因素分析确定量表含有 13个一阶因素和 3个二阶因素 ,分别解释总变异的 5 2 %和 6 3%。 (3)验证性因素分析证明一、二阶理论结构模型与测验变量拟合良好 ,支持该量表的理论结构。结论 :初步完成了心理健康量表的建构工作 ,且验证性因素分析证明该量表结构较为合理。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.