左旋布比卡因与布比卡因在臂丛神经阻滞中的药效学比较

目的比较左旋布比卡因与布比卡因在臂丛神经阻滞中的药效学特性.方法60例上肢手术患者,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分成三组,Ⅰ组为0.375%布比卡因,Ⅱ组为0.375%左旋布比卡因,Ⅲ组为0.375%左旋布比卡因加1：200 000肾上腺素.肌间沟法行臂丛神经阻滞.观察阻滞起效时间及持续时间、神经阻滞节段数、术中镇痛质量、不良反应以及注药前、注药后5、10、30、60 min时心率（HR）和平均动脉压（MAP）.结果Ⅱ、Ⅲ组麻醉起效时间短于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05）;麻醉持续时间Ⅱ、Ⅲ组长于Ⅰ组但差异无显著性,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组间比较差异无显著性;各组阻滞节段数、术中牵拉痛发生率、HR及MAP差异无显著性;Ⅰ组寒战发生率高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组（P＜0.05）.结论左旋布比卡因有与布比卡因相似的药效学特性,可安全用于临床臂丛神经阻滞;肾上腺素不延长左旋布比卡因的麻醉持续时间.     

左旋布比卡因腰麻在剖宫产手术的应用

目的比较0.5%重比重左旋布比卡因与0.5%重比重布比卡因腰麻用于剖宫产手术的麻醉效果.方法选择ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级患者60例于腰麻下行择期剖宫产手术,随机、双盲均分为两组：L组用药0.5%重比重左旋布比卡因2.4 ml（12 mg）,B组用药0.5%重比重布比卡因2.4 ml（12 mg）.术中连续监测呼吸和循环状况,评估麻醉效应和维持时间,并观察围手术期不良反应的发生及新生儿情况.结果两组胸椎最高阻滞平面、术中运动神经阻滞级别、T11痛觉阻滞消失时间、腰麻的运动和感觉神经阻滞作用的消退时间比较均无显著性差异;两组腹腔牵拉反应时VAS评分比较无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;低血压发生率L组为20%,B组为23.3%;患者满意率L组为85%,B组为87%.新生儿Apgar 1分、5分的评分两组比较无显著性差异（P＞0.05）.结论与0.5%重比重布比卡因的比较,0.5%重比重左旋布比卡因腰麻用于剖宫产手术同样安全有效.     

罗哌卡因、左旋布比卡因与布比卡因低位硬膜外麻醉的比较

目的比较罗哌卡因、左旋布比卡因与布比卡因低位硬膜外麻醉的临床效果。方法60例行下腹部手术病人。随机分成三组,每组20例。Ⅰ组：0．5％罗哌卡因;Ⅱ组：0．5％左旋布比卡因;Ⅲ组：0．5％布比卡因。行连续低位硬膜外麻醉。观察感觉阻滞起效时间、感觉阻滞平面上界、运动阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞程度及麻醉质量。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组首次局麻药用量分别为（14．38±1．57）、（14．75±0．50）和（13．80±1．30）ml。Ⅰ组运动阻滞起效时间比Ⅲ组长（P〈0．05）,Ⅰ组Bromage评分为1分的例数多于Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）。与Ⅲ组比较,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组感觉阻滞起效时间、感觉阻滞平面上界差异均无统计学意义。Ⅲ组SBP在感觉阻滞平面达上界及运动阻滞起效时有明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论0．5％罗哌旨因、左旋布比卡因或布比卡因连续硬膜外麻醉均可产生良好的感觉和运动阻滞,三种药物药效学相似。     

剖宫产术后患者左旋布比卡因、罗哌卡因与布比卡因混合芬太尼硬膜外镇痛的效应

目的 比较左旋布比卡因、罗哌卡因和布比卡因复合芬太尼用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛的效果和副作用。方法 采用随机双盲法,将51例择期行剖宫产术的足月、单胎孕妇分为三组:左旋布比卡因组(L组)、罗哌卡因组(R组)和布比卡因组(B组),每组17例。术后分别采用0.125％左旋布比卡因、0.2％罗哌卡因及0.125％布比卡因复合小剂量芬太尼(2μg·ml-1)行病人自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)。观察各组术后48 h内镇痛效果、运动阻滞程度变化以及恶心呕吐、尿潴留等副作用的发生率。结果 三组产妇术后视觉模拟评分、改良Bromage评分比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。三组产妇对PCEA的非常满意率差异无显著性(L组88.2％,R组76.5％,B组81.3％,P>0.05)。三组不良反应发生率及排气时间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 0.125％左旋布比卡因混合芬太尼(2μg·ml-1)用于产科术后硬膜外镇痛可获得满意的镇痛效果且无明显毒副作用。     

罗哌卡因与左旋布比卡因低位硬膜外麻醉效果比较

目的比较应用罗哌卡因与左旋布比卡因实施低位硬膜外麻醉的效果。方法随机将76例接受低位硬膜外麻醉的患者分为2组,每组38例。观察组采用0.5%左旋布比卡因,对照组应用0.5%罗哌卡因。比较2组麻醉起效时间、完全起效时间、麻醉持续时间、麻醉药物用量及不良反应发生率。结果观察组麻醉起效时间、完全起效时间均短于对照组,麻醉持续时间长于对照组,不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组麻醉药物用量比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论左旋布比卡因用于低位硬膜外麻醉,麻醉效果好且不良反应发生率低,临床应用价值高。     

等剂量罗哌卡因、左布比卡因腰麻应用于剖宫产术中的比较

目的比较0.75%罗哌卡因和0.75%左布比卡因对剖宫产手术腰麻的临床效果。方法 160例ASA1～2级择期剖宫产手术患者随机分为0.75%罗哌卡因（R）组和0.75%左布比卡因（L）组。采用25G腰麻穿刺针,于L3～4间隙穿刺。监测两组感觉运动阻滞情况、麻醉效果及不良反应情况。结果 R组最大阻滞时间、最大运动阻滞时间均高于L组;而运动恢复时间,R组低于L组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论等剂量罗哌卡因和左旋布比卡因腰麻麻醉效果和不良反应差异无统计学意义,左旋布比卡因运动神经阻滞比罗哌卡因更完全,罗哌卡因则具有运动神经阻滞起效慢而恢复较快的特点。     

小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合麻醉用于急诊剖宫产术效果分析

目的观察小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合麻醉用于急诊剖宫产术的效果。方法将68例实施急诊剖宫产术的产妇随机分为2组,每组34例。2组均在左侧卧位下于L_(2～3)间隙用针内针方法使用0.75%布比卡因行腰-硬联合麻醉。对照组布比卡因用量为7.5 mg,观察组布比卡因用量为5 mg加复合芬太尼25μg。比较2组麻醉起效时间、完全麻醉时间、痛觉恢复时间、不良反应发生率和新生儿Apgar评分。结果观察组麻醉起效时间、完全麻醉时间均短于对照组,痛觉恢复时间长于对照组,不良反应发生率低于对照组。差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合麻醉用于急诊剖宫产术,麻醉起效快、阻滞完全,而且不良反应少。     

左旋布比卡因与甲磺酸罗派卡因用于断指再植臂丛神经阻滞的疗效比较

目的 比较左旋布比卡因与甲磺酸罗哌卡因用于肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的效果.方法 断指再植手术患者80例,随机分为两组（n=40）,实验组0.375%左旋布比卡因30ml,对照组0.596%甲磺酸罗派卡因30ml,行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞.记录患者生命体征,感觉神经阻滞起效时间、持续时间,运动神经起效时间、持续时间,不良反映及麻醉满意度.结果 两组患者生命体征、感觉和运动神经阻滞起效时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.感觉和运动神经阻滞持续时间试验组显著长于对照组P〈0.01.结论 左旋布比卡因用于手术需时较长,或要求术中肢体不动的显微外科手术麻醉,更有优势.     

国产0.5%盐酸左旋布比卡因用于硬膜外麻醉的可行性

目的采用多中心、随机、双盲、平行对照Ⅱ期临床试验,评价国产0.5%盐酸左旋布比卡因用于硬膜外麻醉的可行性.方法120例行下腹部或下肢手术的患者,随机分为两组对照组使用0.5%布比卡因连续硬膜外麻醉,试验组使用0.5%盐酸左旋布比卡因连续硬膜外麻醉,每组60例.药物有效性的观察指标包括感觉阻滞起效时间、运动阻滞起效时间、感觉阻滞平面上界、运动阻滞程度及麻醉质量.安全性的观察指标包括血压(BP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、术前及术后24h血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)浓度等,并观察自用药后至出院前的不良事件.结果两组患者感觉起效时间和运动阻滞起效时间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).试验组患者感觉阻滞上界略低于对照组(P＜0.05),但两组患者最高感觉阻滞平面均达到T3水平.试验组患者运动阻滞程度达2～3分者约占46.7%,而对照组则为78.3%,试验组低于对照组(P＜0.05).两组患者麻醉质量差异无显著性(P＞0.05).两组患者的BP、HR和SpO2在各时间点差异无显著性(P＞0.05).两组患者手术前、后血清ALT、AST、Cr、BUN浓度差异无显著性(P＞0.05).两组患者不良事件发生率差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论国产0.5%盐酸左旋布比卡因用于连续硬膜外麻醉可以产生良好的感觉和运动阻滞,且具有与布比卡因相同的安全性.     

罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞在剖宫产术中的应用

目的观察不同浓度罗哌卡因用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞剖宫产术的麻醉效能、母婴安全和相关不良反应。方法采用随机双盲法,将60例剖宫产手术的足月单胎产妇均分为三组：0．5％罗哌卡因组（L1组）,0．75％罗哌卡因组（L2组）和0．5％布比卡因组（C组）。记录蛛网膜下腔阻滞后产妇的感觉阻滞和运动阻滞的起效和持续时间、麻醉质量评价、恶心呕吐等不良反应及术中HR、BP、SpO2和新生儿1min和5min Apgar评分。结果L1和L2组比C组起效慢,阻滞平面低,平面固定时间长。L2组感觉阻滞时间比L1组和C组长。L2组和C组肌松评分优于L1组。运动神经阻滞改良Bromage评分,L1组〈k组〈C组（P〈0．05）。三组术中低血压及其他不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论0．75％罗哌卡因用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞剖宫产时,其麻醉效能弱于0．5％布比卡因,而强于0．5％罗哌卡因,三者均具有较好的安全性。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.