Minimally invasive straight laparoscopic total proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis

Introduction: We have performed straight laparoscopic total proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis, in which all procedures, including transection of the rectum and anastomosis, were performed in the abdominal cavity. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate whether straight laparoscopic total proctocolectomy is technically feasible and safe. Methods: A retrospective database identified 22 consecutive patients who underwent straight laparoscopic total proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis between March 1998 and September 2007. Patients were excluded if they required emergency surgery. First, to create a stoma site, a mini‐laparotomy to insert a 15 mm trocar was performed. Seven other trocars, 5 mm in diameter, were then inserted. Mobilization and dissection of the colorectum and anastmosis were performed completely intracorporeally under laparoscopic guidance. Anastomosis of an ileal J‐pouch to the anal canal was performed using the double‐stapling technique. Results: Nineteen patients were underwent ileal pouch anal canal anastomosis; two underwent ileorectal anastomosis; and one underwent abdominoperineal resection. The median operation time was 355 min (range 255–605); the median blood loss was 50 g (range 0–800); and the median postoperative hospital stay was 24.5 d. Postoperative complications occurred in eight patients, including three (13.6%) with bowel obstruction, two (9.1%) with portal vein thrombosis, one (4.5%) with anastomotic leakage, and one (4.5%) with postoperative hemorrhage. The morbidity rate was 36.4%. There were no intraoperative complications or conversions to conventional surgery. Conclusion: In the context of this study, we have shown that straight laparoscopic total proctocolectomy is technically feasible and safe in patients with ulcerative colitis.     

Two‐stage laparoscopic curative resection for synchronous multiple colorectal cancers: A case report

A 75‐year‐old man tested positive for occult blood in the stool. A subsequent examination indicated concurrent locally advanced cancer (cT3) at the hepatic flexure and lower rectum cancer in the external anal sphincter. Because of the locally advanced rectal cancer (cT4), preoperative chemoradiotherapy was administered. First, laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and colostomy were performed at the sigmoid colon. Chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer was initiated on day 18 after the surgeries. Seven weeks after chemoradiotherapy had been completed, laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and right lateral pelvic lymph node dissection were performed. This case demonstrated that a second radical surgery for rectal cancer could be performed safely and laparoscopically after laparoscopic colectomy and colostomy.     

Combined laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and robotic‐assisted prostatectomy for synchronous double cancer of the rectum and the prostate

Here we report a combined laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and robotic‐assisted prostatectomy. A 74‐year‐old man was diagnosed with T4b low rectal and prostate cancer. The operation was performed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for the rectal cancer. The procedure used eight ports in total, five for laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and six for robotic‐assisted prostatectomy. First, laparoscopic total mesorectal excision including division of the inferior mesenteric artery was performed, and then, robotic dissection of the prostate was performed. The en bloc specimen was removed through the perineal wound. Then, robotic urethrovesical anastomosis was performed. An extraperitoneal end colostomy was created to finish the operation. The operating time was 545 min, and blood loss was 170 mL. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient discharged on postoperative day 17. The combined laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and robotic‐assisted prostatectomy were performed safely without any additional technical difficulty, as both procedures shared port settings and patient positions.     

Case report of perineal hernia after laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection

Perineal hernia (PH) is a rare complication following laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection (APR) for rectal cancer. We present a case report of perineal hernia after laparoscopic APR and discuss its management. The patient was a 77‐year‐old man who was diagnosed with lower rectal cancer. He underwent laparoscopic APR and bilateral lateral lymph node dissection. Two months after the surgery, pain and bulging in the perineal region developed, and PH was diagnosed by CT. Repair with a polypropylene mesh was performed using a combination of laparoscopic abdominal and transperineal approaches. Reportedly, the incidence of secondary PH after APR has increased along with the rate of laparoscopic surgery. Treatment of secondary PH with transperineal repair alone may cause injuries to other organs because of adhesion of the pelvic viscera. In the present case, we safely repaired the hernia repair using a laparoscopy‐assisted perineal approach.     

腹腔镜下超低位直肠癌根治术可行性分析

【目的】探讨腹腔镜在超低位直肠癌保肛根治术中应用的效果。【方法】回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年12月本科收治的59例超低位直肠癌患者行腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术的临床资料。【结果】所有患者均顺利完成腔镜手术,无中转开腹者,保肛成功率100％,无术中死亡病例。平均手术时间（147±38）min,手术切除淋巴结（5～21）枚,平均出血量（123±47）mL,术后肠道功能恢复时间2～4 d,患者住院时间（8～17） d。【结论】腹腔镜超低位直肠癌保肛根治术安全可行。     

A case of successful laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh plus technique repair for perineal hernia after laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection

The frequency of secondary perineal hernia after abdominoperineal resection has been reported as 0.83%-26%. The optimal surgery for secondary perineal hernia and surgical indication remains controversial. An 87-year-old woman diagnosed with lower rectal cancer underwent laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection. Follow-up computed tomography at 6 months postoperatively revealed secondary perineal hernia. She reported no discomfort and no incarceration was apparent, but she complained of perineal discomfort 3 months later. Laparoscopic repair surgery was performed using an intraperitoneal onlay mesh plus technique with VENTRALIGHT® ST mesh (Medicon, Osaka, Japan), a non-absorbable mesh with a biodegradable coating. No recurrence of peritoneal hernia was seen as of 3 months postoperatively. A time lag can exist between imaging findings and symptom appearance. This laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh plus technique might become the optimal treatment for perineal hernia.     

Case report of a laparoscopically resected rectal villous tumor associated with electrolyte depletion syndrome

A 70‐year‐old woman had been aware of lower extremity weakness and anal discomfort for 3 years. A soft, elastic, palm‐sized mass covered by a large amount of mucus was found protruding from the anus. Biopsy revealed a villous adenoma. On the basis of these results, a villous adenoma associated with electrolyte depletion syndrome was diagnosed. After electrolyte abnormalities were improved by fluid replacement therapy, laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection was performed. The surgically resected specimen was a circumferential villous tumor measuring 210 × 140 mm. The histopathological diagnosis was an intramucosal papillary adenocarcinoma. The patient recovered uneventfully after surgery, and the electrolyte abnormalities gradually improved. She was discharged on the 28th postoperative day. The electrolyte levels normalized about 3 months after surgery.     

Laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer after Whitehead's hemorrhoidectomy: A case report

A 65‐year‐old man presented with bloody stool. Colonoscopy revealed a raised tumor in the rectum, above the peritoneal reflection. He underwent endoscopic mucosal resection, but the pathological findings suggested the possibility of residual cancer. We performed laparoscopic low anterior resection using a circular stapling instrument for additional curative surgery. However, we could not insert the shaft of the endoscopic circular stapler from the anus because of anal stenosis due to Whitehead's hemorrhoidectomy the patient had undergone 20 years earlier. Therefore, we planned to use a linear stapler to insert an anvil into the rectum. The cartridge‐carrying instrument was inserted from the sigmoidal side, and we performed a side‐to‐end anastomosis. The patient was discharged without anastomotic leakage or defecation disorder. We present this case because laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer with anal stenosis has not been previously reported.     

Laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection with lateral lymph node dissection for anorectal melanoma: A case report

Because anorectal melanoma, a rare cancer with a poor outcome, does not respond well to local radiation therapy or systemic chemotherapy, surgery is the primary treatment. Herein, we present a case of anorectal melanoma with lateral and inguinal lymph node metastases. A 61‐year‐old woman presented with rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy revealed a black tumor with ulceration in the anorectum. A CT scan revealed an anorectal tumor with left lateral lymph node swelling and right inguinal lymph node swelling. We performed a laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection with lateral lymph node dissection and right inguinal lymph node dissection. One year after the initial operation, pulmonary metastases were observed, and pulmonary resection was performed. After the pulmonary resection, brain metastases developed, and surgical resection was performed. Despite the recurrence of disease, the patient has survived for 52 months since the initial surgery and continues to receive systemic chemotherapy.     

腹腔镜下拉下式直肠癌超低位前切除术后排便功能的研究

目的探讨腹腔镜下拉下式直肠癌低位前切除术后肛门排便功能的影响情况。方法选取2011年1月至2012年6月期间在武汉同济医院胃肠外科低位直肠癌患者60例随机分为A组(腹腔镜下拉下式直肠超低位前切除术),B组(腹腔镜辅助下双吻合器法直肠低位前切除术),术后随诊,分别于术后3个月、6个月、12个月按徐忠法五项十分的标准评价其肛门排便功能。结果 (1)A组与B组术后6个月内肛门排便功能受到影响(P<0.05),术后6¹2个月肛门排便功能均明显改善(P<0.05);(2)A组术后早期(6个月内),在肛门排便感觉、肛门控制力、便意感三项指标上优于B组。结论作腹腔镜下低位保肛术的患者采用拉下式或双吻合器法术后近期肛门功能均受到影响,但半年后逐渐改善,在一年后可达到接近正常生活水平,而不影响生活质量。在术后早期(6个月内)腹腔镜下拉下式直肠超低位前切除术后肛门排便功能优于双吻合器法     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌直肠前切除术的疗效观察

目的探讨腹腔镜超低位直肠癌直肠前切除术的安全性和临床疗效。方法分析2006年1月至2010年2月解放军第150中心医院全军肛肠外科研究所收治的145例采用低位直肠癌根治直肠前切除术的患者,其中腹腔镜手术84例(腹腔镜组),开腹手术61例(开腹组)。观察指标包括手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数目、术后肛门排气时间、住院时间、术后并发症等。结果腹腔镜组和开腹组的一般临床病理资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组均顺利完成手术,无与手术相关的死亡病例。腹腔镜组的手术时间略长于开腹组,但是差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);腹腔镜组的术中失血量明显少于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);腹腔镜组的术后肛门首次排气排便时间、恢复流质饮食时间、住院时间明显短于开腹组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);腹腔镜组检出淋巴结枚数也明显多于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者的生存曲线比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.356,P>0.05)。结论腹腔镜低位直肠癌直肠前切除术术中出血少、淋巴检出个数多,且创伤小、术后恢复快,比开腹直肠癌手术有更大优势。     

Hybrid resection of massive rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor using laparoscopic and transanal approaches

Rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare, and radical surgery such as abdominoperineal resection is necessary for large rectal GISTs to obtain tumor-free resection margins. Here, we describe a 77-year-old man with a locally advanced non-metastatic GIST in the left anterolateral wall of the lower rectum. Tumor size was estimated to be 73 mm, and invasion of the left seminal vesicle and prostate was suspected. Chemotherapy with imatinib mesylate reduced the tumor size, creating a slight gap between the tumor and anterior organs. Therefore, we performed sphincter-sparing partial rectal resection using a hybrid method of laparoscopic and transanal approaches. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient remains disease-free on adjuvant chemotherapy 12 months after surgery. This case suggests that a hybrid method of laparoscopic and transanal surgery allows oncological and function-preserving excision of large rectal GISTs.     

新辅助化疗联合腹腔镜下中低位直肠癌保肛手术的临床效果

目的 探讨新辅助化疗联合腹腔镜手术在中低位直肠癌保肛治疗中的应用价值.方法 选择我院2007年1月-2012年12月收治的可切除的中低位直肠癌54例,分为辅助化疗组24例和对照组30例,两组均行腹腔镜下直肠癌手术治疗,辅助化疗组术前行3周期FOLFOX4方案（奥沙利铂＋亚叶酸钙＋氟尿嘧啶）新辅助化疗,对照组不行任何放化疗.结果 辅助化疗组41.6％的病例肿瘤体积缩小、变软,肿瘤距肛缘距离增加,保肛率为75.0％;对照组保肛率为46.7％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;经腹直肠前切除术比例、淋巴结转移比例与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 术前新辅助化疗联合腹腔镜手术可显著提高中低位直肠癌的根治率及保肛率.     

腹腔镜辅助与完全腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术的临床比较

目的：探讨腹腔镜辅助与完全腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术治疗直肠癌的临床效果。方法60例直肠癌患者随机分为对照组和观察组。对照组采用腹腔镜辅助保肛手术治疗,观察组采用完全腹腔镜保肛手术治疗。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、保肛率等手术情况,比较两组术后并发症发生情况。结果观察组手术时间、术中出血量、术后48小时腹腔引流管血量与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）。观察组肛门排气时间、进食流质食物时间、住院时间显著少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。观察组与对照组术后并发症发生率经统计学分析,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论腹腔镜直肠癌保肛手术利于患者恢复,并发症少,值得临床推广应用。     

Feasibility of laparoscopic surgery after stent insertion for obstructive colorectal cancer

Introduction

A growing number of patients with obstructive colorectal cancer are being treated with self‐expanding metallic stents (SEMS) followed by laparoscopic resection. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of stent insertion and laparoscopic surgery for obstructive colorectal cancer and to compare these outcomes to regular laparoscopic surgery for non‐obstructive colorectal cancer.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of patients with a malignant colonic obstruction who underwent SEMS placement followed by elective laparoscopic resection. The comparison was made between stent‐laparoscopy and laparoscopy alone for non‐obstructive colorectal cancer.

Results

Colonic stenting as a bridge to surgery was successful in 97.1% of all cases. Fifteen patients underwent an elective laparoscopic surgery for left‐sided colon and rectal cancer after SEMS. The mean interval from SEMS insertion to laparoscopic surgery was 21.5 days. There was no conversion to open surgery and no need for a diverting stoma. One patient (6.7%) experienced paralytic ileus. Our comparison of stent‐laparoscopy to regular laparoscopy for non‐obstructive colorectal cancer treatment showed comparable short‐term postoperative outcomes with the exception of blood loss, which was greater in the stent‐laparoscopy group.

Conclusion

Elective laparoscopic surgery after colonic stenting is a safe and feasible strategy for the treatment of an acute malignant colonic obstruction.     

Safe anastomosis in laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer

Introduction: In laparoscopic rectal surgery, there are some limitations on a surgeon's ability to maneuver, especially in transection of the lower rectum. To achieve minimally invasive surgery, safe anastomosis, including proper rectal transaction, is necessary. Methods: To overcome the difficulty in lower rectal resection, we followed a series of steps. First, we completely mobilized the rectum to the pelvic bottom, just above the anal canal, making the lower rectum mobile and allowing for an easy rectal transection. To secure the transaction, the mesorectum around the transection must be properly divided. We recommend placing the lower right quadrant port as caudal as possible to properly staple the rectum. We found a 60 mm compression‐type stapler most suitable for rectal transection. To wash and flatten the rectum, a detachable intestinal clip is quite useful because of its flexibility. Finally, in addition to conventional abdominal drains around the anastomotic site, we employed transanal tube to actively decompress rectal pressure inside the anastomotic site. Results: Between August 2009 and July 2010, 101 patients underwent laparoscopic low anterior resection using this technique. Most patients, 98.0% (99/101), underwent lower rectum transection using a single‐fire cartridge. The anastomotic leakage rate was only 1.0% (1/101) in total and 1.3% (1/78), when not including patients with diverting stoma. Conclusion: We have to follow up with more patients to conclude whether our technique is effective in the long term. However, this step‐by‐step technique could lead to safe anastomosis in laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer.     

Laparoscopic repair of a large perineal hernia after laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection: A case report

A 75‐year‐old woman underwent laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection. Four months after abdominoperineal resection, the patient complained of a perineal bulge and urination disorder. Abdominal CT showed protrusion of the small intestine and bladder to the perineum. The patient underwent laparoscopic hernia repair with mesh. The size of the hernial orifice was 7.0 × 9.0 cm, and it had no solid rim. The mesh was tacked ventrally to the pectineal ligament and dorsally to the sacrum, and then sutured on the lateral side. The hernia has not recurred 10 months after the operation. Laparoscopic repair is a good treatment choice for secondary perineal hernia and fixing the mesh to the pectineal ligament, and the sacrum prevents the mesh from sagging.     

Laparoscopic anterior resection for rectal cancer in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Laparoscopic surgery has been relatively contraindicated in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS) because of concerns about the effect of the pneumoperitoneum on shunt function. However, there have been recent reports of laparoscopic surgery on the gallbladder and cecum. This is the first report of laparoscopic high anterior resection for rectal cancer without manipulation of the VPS catheter in a patient with VPS. We made a diagnosis of advanced rectal cancer in a 77‐year‐old man who had a VPS to treat hydrocephalus after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. We performed the procedure with the patient in a 15° head‐down tilt and with 10‐mmHg pneumoperitoneum pressure. There were no postoperative complications. We concluded that laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer can be safely performed in patients with VPS.     

结肠癌应用腹腔镜以及开腹手术治疗对机体免疫功能的影响比较

目的研究腹腔镜下结肠癌根治术以及开腹结肠癌根治术对患者免疫功能指标的影响。方法选取110例于该院接受全结肠系膜切除术(CME)的右半结肠癌患者,根据其不同的手术方式分为观察组以及对照组,观察组采取腹腔镜手术治疗,对照组采取开腹手术治疗,比较两组患者治疗后的炎性应激反应以及治疗前后的相关免疫学指标变化情况。结果观察组治疗后的炎性应激指标单核细胞趋化因子蛋白-1(MCP-1)、高迁移率族蛋白-1(HMGB-1)、丁二醇(BG)、胰高血糖素均明显优于对照组,治疗后两组白细胞(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)指标较治疗前明显改善,且观察组的CRP、IL-6、CD4~+、CD8~+和自然杀伤细胞(NK)指标明显优于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜下CME手术有助于缓解机体的炎性应激反应,且对机体的免疫功能影响较小,值得临床推广应用。     

Sphincter preservation in rectal cancer: possibilities and limits of anterior resection

The feasibility of sphincter preservation was studied in surgery of tumours in the upper, middle and lower third of the rectum. All patients operated on for rectal cancer between January 1977 and May 1980 were included in the investigation. Preoperative localization of the tumours was performed with the rigid sigmoidoscope. Every patient was scheduled for post-operative follow up. Altogether 211 patients were operated on for rectal cancer. 111 were treated by anterior resection, 90 by abdominoperineal excision, and 10 by other sphincter-saving methods. All of the 59 tumours located in the upper third of the rectum (12 to 16 cm from the anus) were treated by anterior resection. 62 tumours were located in the middle third (8 to 12 cm). In these cases anterior resection was carried out in 60% of the men and in 82% of the women, whereas the other patients underwent abdominoperineal excision. 80 tumours were located in the lower third (4 to 8 cm). Anterior resection was possible in only 4.4% of the men and in 14% of the women. Irrespective of their localization on sigmoidoscopy, 37% of the tumours which were within reach of the finger on rectal palpation could be removed by anterior resection. Local recurrence after anterior resection occurred in 18.3%, the median follow-up time being 50 months. The cumulative probable survival for all stages was more than 5 years for 60% of the patients.