不同血液净化方法对脓毒症性急性肾损伤的预后影响

目的 探讨运用急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的RIFLE(Risk,Injury,Failure,Loss,and End-stage kidnev disease)分层诊断标准和急性生理与慢性健康状况评分(APACHE)Ⅱ分析脓毒症性急性肾损伤采取不同血液净化方式对患者预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析2004年3月至2006年9月收住于天津市天和医院ICU的96例脓毒症性急性肾损伤的患者;纳人标准:2001年国际脓毒症定义会议的诊断标准和2004年急性肾损伤的RIFLE分层诊断标准.依据血液净化方式分为持续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)组(54例)和间歇性血液透析(intermittent hemodialysis,IHD)组(42例),CRRT组参照RIFLE标准分为Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期;临床资料采用Excel建立数据库,SPSS11.5医学统计软件包进行数据分析,评价患者进人ICU即刻、48 h、急性期末次血液净化结束后24 h的生命体征、实验室指标、APACHE Ⅱ评分动态变化和患者的不同预后.两组资料的比较采用成组t检验,治疗前后的比较采用配对t检验,率的比较采用χ2检验.结果 ①CRRT组与IHD组治疗前APACHE Ⅱ评分、血肌酐(Cr)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),病死率分别为51.9%和52.4%(P>0.05),肾功能恢复率分别为92.3%与65.0%(P<0.05);②CRRT组患者平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)和血氧饱和度(oxygen saturation,SpO2)较IHD组低(P<0.05),治疗后MAP、SpO2有所上升(P<0.05);③CRRT组中Ⅰ期患者存活率78.6%、治疗前APACHEⅡ评分(25.4±2.5)、肾功能恢复率90.9%,APACHE Ⅱ变化(-13.6±4.3);而Ⅲ期患者上诉指标分别为38.1%,(36.1±5.7).62.5%,(-7.1±4.2),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 RIFLE标准对AKI早期诊断和判断预后有指导意义,运用AKI的RIFLE标准结合APACHEⅡ评分选择治疗时机,早期采取CRRT能改善脓毒症性急性肾损伤患者的预后.     

脓毒症急性肾损伤的血液净化治疗

脓毒症急性肾损伤是危重症患者常见并发症,发病率和死亡率均较高。传统血液净化疗法如高容量血液滤过、多黏菌素B血液吸附、配对血浆滤过吸附、高截留量血液滤过等在脓毒症治疗上虽已取得部分临床疗效,但血液净化治疗脓毒症的机制、时机、剂量、频率等问题尚不明了。本课题组研发的生物反应器和粒细胞吸附等新型血液净化技术对脓毒症的治疗作用在动物实验中已得到初步证实。尽管处于初步研究阶段,但新型血液净化技术为脓毒症的血液净化治疗提供了新思路。     

102例急性肾损伤患者进行肾脏替代治疗的预后分析

目的探讨急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)患者进行肾脏替代治疗的时机及其对预后的可能影响。方法回顾性分析507例AKI患者,选取其中接受肾脏替代治疗(renal replacement therapy,RRT)的102例患者资料,分析RRT起始时的临床资料和预后的关系,应用相关性分析和Logistic多因素分析等统计方法,筛选决定RRT合适时机的重要指标。结果从血清肌酐、尿素氮、尿量、TCO2、血钾和AKI持续时间等指标中,筛选出与预后相关的TCO2和尿量,进一步的分析推论出多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)也是影响预后的因素。应用Logistic多因素分析建立接受RRT的AKI患者的预后预测模型,其敏感度78.8%,特异度78.0%,预测准确性达87.3%。ROC曲线下面积为0.809。Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验P=0.295。结论①在同样的疾病和临床并发症背景下,在尿量<600ml/d和TCO2<22.2mmol/L之前进行RRT有利于肾脏恢复;②MODS作为独立危险因素影响AKI的预后,在MODS发生前开始RRT是改善AKI预后的关键。     

Early initiation of continuous renal replacement therapy improves patient survival in severe progressive septic acute kidney injury

Purpose

The definition of “early” in terms of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) initiation has not been uniformly used. Therefore, we tried to elucidate whether the timing of CRRT application, based on the interval between the start time of vasopressors infusion and CRRT initiation, was an independent predictor of mortality in the patients with septic acute kidney injury (AKI).

Materials and Methods

Progressive septic AKI patients, in whom the infusion doses of vasopressors were increased compared with the initial dose during the first 6 hours of vasopressor treatment and CRRT was performed, between 2009 and 2011, were collected and divided into 2 groups based on the median interval between the 2 points.

Results

A total of 210 patients were included. The mean age was 62.4 years, and 126 patients (60.0%) were male. The most common comorbid disease was malignancy (53.8%), followed by hypertension (35.7%) and diabetes mellitus (29.0%). The median interval between the start time of vasopressor infusion and CRRT commencement was 2.0 days. During the study period, 156 patients (74.3%) died within 28 days of CRRT application. The interval between 2 points was significantly shorter in the survivor compared with the death group (P < .001). Moreover, 28-day overall mortality rates in the early CRRT group were significantly lower than those in the late CRRT group (P = .034). Furthermore, early CRRT treatment was independently associated with a lower mortality rate even after adjustment for age, sex, causative organisms, and infection sites (P = .032).

Conclusions

This retrospective cohort study suggests that early initiation of CRRT may be of benefit. Given the complex nature of this intervention, the ongoing controversies regarding early vs late initiation of therapy in acute and chronic situation, there is an urgent need to develop well-designed clinical trials to answer the question definitely.     

Renal blood flow and function during recovery from experimental septic acute kidney injury

Objective To measure renal blood flow (RBF) and renal function during recovery from experimental septic acute kidney injury (AKI). Design Controlled experimental study. Subjects Nine merino ewes. Setting University physiology laboratory. Intervention We recorded systemic and renal hemodynamics during a 96-h observation period (control) via implanted transit-time flow probes. We then compared this period with 96 h of septic AKI (48 h of Escherichia coli infusion) and subsequent recovery (48 h of observation after stopping E. coli). Measurements and results Compared with the control period, E. coli infusion induced hyperdynamic sepsis (increased cardiac output and decreased blood pressure) and septic AKI (serum creatinine 65.4 ± 8.7 vs. 139.9 ± 33.0 μmol/l; creatinine clearance 73.8 ± 12.2 vs. 40.2 ± 17.2 ml/min; p < 0.05) with a mortality of 22%. RBF increased (278.8 ± 33.9 vs. 547.9 ± 124.8 ml/min; p < 0.05) as did renal vascular conductance (RVC). During recovery, we observed a decrease in RVC and RBF with all values returning to control levels. Indices of tubular function [fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) and urea (FEUn) and urinary sodium concentration (UNa)], which had been affected by sepsis, returned to control values after 18 h of recovery, as did serum creatinine. Conclusions Infusion of E. coli induced a hyperdynamic circulatory state with hyperemic AKI. Recovery was associated with relative renal vasoconstriction and reduction in RBF and RVC back to control levels. Indices of tubular function normalized more rapidly than changes in RBF. This article is discussed in the editorial available at: .     

生物学标志物在脓毒症肾损伤中的诊断价值

目的 评价血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制蛋白C(cystatin C,Cys C),血清中性粒细胞胶原酶相关脂质运载蛋白(sNGAL)、尿肾损伤因子-1(uKIM-1)、尿白细胞介素-18(uIL-18)对脓毒症急性肾损伤的诊断作用.方法 2012年8月至2013年3月入住天津医院ICU时间≥24 h的62例成年脓毒症患者,根据RIFLE标准将患者分为急性肾损伤组和非急性肾损伤组,其中急性肾损伤组患者39例,非急性肾损伤组患者23例.测定入组患者即刻的Cys C、sNGAL、uIL-18、uKIM-1,比较上述生物标志物的组间差异,评价生物标志物在脓毒症急性肾损伤的诊断作用.结果 急性肾损伤组CysC (2.27±0.93) μg/L、sNGAL (275.04±79.37) μg/L、uKIM-1 (2.52±1.06) μg/L显著高于非急性肾损伤组CysC (1.19±0.77) μg/L、sNGAL(137.51±99.33) μg/L、uKIM-1 (1.27±0.62) μg/L,P＜0.05,而急性肾损伤在uIL-18 (374.87 ±70.23) ng/L与非急性肾损伤组uIL-18(354.09±66.42) ng/L,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).经过计算CysC、sNGAL、uKIM-1诊断急性肾损伤曲线下面积分别为o.84 (90％ CI:0.74 ～0.95)、0.90 (90％ CI:0.79～1.00)、0.87 (90％CI:0.78～0.96).结论 CysC、sNGAL、uKIM-1可能成为脓毒症急性肾损伤的生物学标志物.     

脓毒症伴急性肾损伤患者连续性肾脏替代治疗时机的探讨

目的探讨脓毒症伴急性肾损伤（AKI）患者连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT)最佳开始时机。 方法选择浙江省人民医院ICU在2011年1月至2015年1月期间收治的脓毒症伴AKI并接受CRRT治疗的112例成年患者,根据CRRT治疗前的KDIGO-AKI分期,将处于AKI-1期或2期的患者归于早期组（52例）,而AKI-3期的患者则归于晚期组（60例）。比较两组患者的急性病生理学和长期健康评价（APACHE）Ⅱ评分、序贯器官衰竭评分（SOFA）、平均动脉压、乳酸水平、WBC、血红蛋白、血小板计数、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、28 d生存率、住院病死率情况。同时采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析法绘制早期组和晚期组患者的生存曲线,并用Log-Rank检验进行比较分析。 结果两组患者CRRT治疗前的APACHEⅡ评分、平均动脉压、乳酸水平、血小板计数等方面比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,与早期组患者比较,晚期组患者的SOFA评分[（9.6 ± 4.3）分vs.（7.4 ± 2.9）分,t=3.171,P=0.002]、WBC[（15 ± 8）× 10⁹/L vs.（12 ± 9）× 10⁹/L,t=2.273,P=0.025]及住院病死率[70%（42/60）vs. 50.0%（26/52）,χ²=4.672,P=0.031]更高,血红蛋白含量[（89 ± 25）g/L vs.（100 ± 27）g/L,t=2.107,P=0.037]、28 d生存率[40.0%（24/60）vs. 61.54%（32/52）,χ²=5.169,P=0.023]更低。而两组患者的平均机械通气时间和ICU住院时间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线提示,早期组患者的生存率高于晚期组患者（χ²=12.169,P<0.001）。 结论脓毒症伴AKI患者病死率高,CRRT的最佳介入时机应早于患者肾功能进展至AKI-3期时。     

不同急性肾损伤分期的MODS患者连续肾脏替代治疗预后分析

目的探讨RIFLE标准的急性肾损伤(AKI)分期与连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)的多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者预后的关系。方法回顾性分析第四军医大学西京医院肾脏病科2004年以来行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗的240例MODS患者,按RIFLE标准分为AKIⅠ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期,对比分析不同AKI分期患者的医院死亡率和器官衰竭数,并将CVVH治疗前和治疗24h后的APACHEII评分、SOFA评分、平均动脉压(MAP)、氧合指数、血尿素氮(BUN)和血肌酐(Scr)等指标进行比较。结果①全部患者死亡率为38.75%,AKIⅢ期患者医院死亡率高于AKIⅠ期和Ⅱ期患者(P<0.05)。②随着AKI分期的加重,患者器官衰竭数增加(P=0.001)。发生脏器衰竭≥4个的患者医院死亡率明显高于脏器衰竭数≤3个的患者,(75.5%vs13.4%,P<0.05)。③CVVH治疗24h后,患者MAP、氧合指数、BUN和Scr均明显改善;APACHE II评分和SOFA评分在AKII期和II期患者显著降低,在AKI III期患者中则变化无显著性。结论CVVH是防治MODS合并重症ARF患者的有效手段,RILFE标准对AKI早期诊断和判断预后有指导意义。必须强调CVVH时机的选择,早期(AKIⅠ期和Ⅱ期)行CVVH可以明显改善MODS患者的预后。     

持续性肾脏替代治疗在急性肾损伤中的应用

急性肾损伤(Acute kidney injury,AKI)是一种涉及多学科的临床常见危重病症,发病率逐年上升,死亡率高.持续性肾脏替代治疗(replacement therapy,RRT)是一种连续、缓慢清除水分和溶质,对脏器起支持作用的血液净化技术.现有证据显示早期RRT介入和AKI患者预后改善相关.高剂量治疗[35 ml/(kg·h)]不能使肾脏替代治疗获益,目前的推荐剂量是20～25 ml/(kg·h).鉴于AKI病因的多样性,患者年龄、性别、血流动力学等的不同及荟萃分析本身的局限性,仍需进行大规模的RCT,针对不同的AKI原因进行分层随机研究,以进一步确定CRRT治疗的时机、方式、剂量等.     

Urine biochemistry in septic and non-septic acute kidney injury: a prospective observational study

Purpose

Determine whether there are unique patterns to the urine biochemistry profile in septic compared with non-septic acute kidney injury (AKI) and whether urinary biochemistry predicts worsening AKI, need for renal replacement therapy and mortality.

Materials and Methods

Prospective cohort study of critically ill patients with septic and non-septic AKI, defined by the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage) criteria. Urine biochemistry parameters were compared between septic and non-septic AKI and were correlated with neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), worsening AKI, renal replacement therapy (RRT), and mortality.

Results

Eighty-three patients were enrolled, 43 (51.8%) with sepsis. RIFLE class was not different between groups (P = .43). Urine sodium (UNa) < 20 mmol/L, fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) < 1%, and fractional excretion of urea (FeU) < 35% were observed in 25.3%, 57.8%, and 33.7%, respectively. Septic AKI had lower UNa compared with non-septic AKI (P = .04). There were no differences in FeNa or FeU between groups. Urine NGAL was higher for FeNa≥1% compared to FeNa<1% (177.4 ng/mL [31.9-956.5] vs 48.0 ng/mL [21.1-232.4], P = .04). FeNa showed low correlation with urine NGAL (P = .05) and plasma NGAL (P = .14). There was poor correlation between FeU and urine NGAL (P = .70) or plasma NGAL (P = .41). UNa, FeNa, and FeU showed poor discrimination for worsening AKI, RRT and mortality.

Conclusion

Urine biochemical profiles do not discriminate septic and non-septic AKI. UNa, FeNa, and FeU do not reliably predict biomarker release, worsening AKI, RRT or mortality. These data imply limited utility for these measures in clinical practice in critically ill patients with AKI.     

Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit

Background:  Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is now offered as a routine treatment in most intensive care units (ICU) in the UK for patients suffering from acute kidney injury (AKI). It is important for all ICU staff to understand the underlying principles of the available therapeutic options and the possible complications thereof.
Aims and objectives:  The objective of this review was to provide an accessible theoretical and practical update on the management of RRT. In addition to a detailed discussion of the underlying principles and indications for the various modes of RRT, we will discuss the assessment of kidney function, possible complications and anticoagulation during RRT, following a review of the current literature.
Search strategies:  Pubmed, Medline and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched using the keywords renal function, RRT, dialysis, renal failure kidney injury, together with intensive care, intensive therapy and critical care. We included only studies published in English from 1998 to 2008 and from these identified and included additional publications. The 12 most relevant publications are referenced in this review.
Conclusion:  AKI is associated with increased mortality in ICU, and RRT should be considered early in the disease process. Continuous haemofiltration is the most common modality of treatment in this group of patients, and a detailed knowledge of the management of such patients is required.     

血清胆碱酯酶对脓毒症相关急性肾损伤患者的预测价值

目的评估血清胆碱酯酶（SCHE）对脓毒症相关急性肾损伤（SAKI）患者的预测价值。 方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年12月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院ICU收治的382例诊断为脓毒症患者的临床资料,根据是否发展为急性肾损伤将其分为SAKI组和非SAKI组。比较2组患者基线资料及临床指标,并进行多因素回归分析,绘制受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）来评价SCHE对SAKI的预测价值。 结果本研究382例脓毒症患者中,195例患者出现SAKI,SAKI的发生率为51.05%。SAKI患者中SCHE水平明显低于非SAKI患者,差异有统计学意义［4.27（2.75,6.54）KU/L vs 7.70（4.58,10.41）KU/L,P＜0.01］。SAKI不同亚组中,AKI 1期、2期、3期患者的SCHE水平分别为5.08（2.64,6.32）、4.69（2.75,6.67）、3.17（2.54,6.34）KU/L,不同亚组与非AKI患者［7.70（4.58,10.41）KU/L］组间比较,差异有统计学意义［克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯H（K）=53.870,自由度=3,P=0.000］。SCHE为SAKI发生的独立保护因素（95%CI：0.753~0.856,P=0.000）。SCHE预测SAKI发生的AUC为0.716,95%CI为0.664~0.768（P＜0.01）。截断值为6.70 KU/L时,SCHE预测SAKI发生的敏感度为77.9%,特异度为62.0%。 结论SCHE可作为SAKI发生的预测指标,但其机制需要进一步研究。     

心外科术后急性肾损伤实施连续性肾替代治疗的预后分析

目的 心脏外科术后急性肾损伤（CSA-AKI）实施连续性肾替代治疗（CRRT）的患者预后分析. 方法 回顾首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院2013年1月-2013年12月实施CRRT的114例CSA-AKI患者的临床资料.结果 114例患者中男性73例,年龄21-83岁,平均55.8±13.1岁.通过首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院创建的“成人心脏外科手术后急性肾损伤的预警评分系统”进行评分,≥12分的高危患者占64.9％ （73/114）,平均12.9±3.3分.开始CRRT的时机在术后2-144h,中位数26.5 h （20.0,68.0）,CRRT的总治疗时间24-692h,中位数77 h （36.0,148.5）.114例患者中死亡63例（55.3％）、肾功能恢复36例（31.6％）、进入维持性肾替代治疗15例（13.1％）.死亡组63例患者与存活组51例患者在年龄、预警评分、CRRT的总时间存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）;死亡组患者接受联合手术机率（17.5％比3.9％）及低心排综合征等并发症的发生率明显多于存活组（P＜0.05）;114例患者中早期实施CRRT的54例患者比晚期CRRT的60例患者有显著的肾功能恢复率（P＜0.05）.多元Logistic回归分析显示,术后肺机械通气＞24h、术后低血压是CSA-AKI实施CRRT患者死亡的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）. 结论 CSA-AKI的死亡率非常高,尤其接受肾替代治疗的患者.预警评分能预测AKI的发生及死亡的风险.术后肺机械通气＞24h、术后低血压是死亡的独立危险因素.患者高龄、接受联合手术、术后发生低心排综合征等因素也与其死亡有关.早期实施CRRT能促进CSA-AKI患者肾功能恢复.     

尿肾损伤分子1和中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白对脓毒症合并急性肾损伤患者早期连续性肾脏替代治疗的预测价值

目的探讨尿肾损伤分子1（KIM-1）及中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL）对脓毒症合并急性肾损伤（AKI）患者早期连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）的预测价值。 方法选择温州市人民医院2012年7月至2015年11月收治的脓毒症合并AKI的患者159例,根据是否CRRT治疗,分为非CRRT组（92例）及CRRT组（67例）。收集所有患者尿液标本,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测尿KIM-1及NGAL水平。对两组患者的一般资料进行比较,并采用Logistic回归分析影响脓毒症合并AKI患者早期CRRT治疗的相关因素。同时通过受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）评价尿KIM-1、NGAL浓度在预测脓毒症AKI患者需CRRT的价值。 结果非CRRT组及CRRT组患者在年龄[（65 ± 18）岁vs.（77 ± 11）岁,t=26.380,P<0.001]、腹腔感染[8/92 vs. 23/67,χ²=16.228,P<0.001]、四肢皮肤软组织感染[19/92 vs. 2/67,χ²=10.556,P<0.001]、冠心病[46/92 vs. 50/67,χ²=9.828,P=0.002]、糖尿病[24/92 vs. 38/67,χ²=15.289,P<0.001]、慢性心功能不全[36/92 vs. 52/67,χ²=23.229,P<0.001]、气管插管留置>48 h [32/92 vs. 35/67,χ²=5.239,P=0.024]、急性病生理学和长期健康评价（APACHE）Ⅱ评分[（16 ± 6）分vs.（22 ± 5）分,t=40.671,P<0.001]、尿KIM-1 [（17 ± 4）ng·L^-1·Cr^-1 vs.（29 ± 19）ng·L^-1·Cr^-1,t=34.849,P<0.001]及NGAL水平[（5.7 ± 1.4）ng·L^-1·Cr^-1 vs.（7.7 ± 1.6）ng·L^-1·Cr^-1,t=65.483,P<0.001]的比较差异均有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析统计结果显示：糖尿病、慢性心功能不全、APACHEⅡ评分>18分、尿KIM-1浓度>21.0 ng·L^-1·Cr^-1及NGAL浓度>6.5 ng·L^-1·Cr^-1是影响脓毒症AKI患者选择CRRT治疗的相关因素;尿KIM-1、NGAL水平及两者联合预测患者需CRRT治疗的ROC曲线下面积分别为：0.783（95%CI：0.702~0.864,P<0.05）、0.819（95%CI：0.753~0.886,P<0.05）及0.867（95%CI：0.810~0.923,P<0.05）;NGAL及KIM-1的约登指数分别为0.465和0.502,两者联合后,约登指数为0.603。 结论尿KIM-1及NGAL水平对早期预测脓毒症合并AKI患者介入CRRT治疗有一定的应用价值,且两者联合检测更具有预测价值。     

脓毒症导致急性肾损伤血液净化方式和时机的选择

目的探讨运用急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）的RIFLE标准和APACHEⅡ评分选择脓毒症导致AKI的血液净化方式和时机。方法回顾性分析2004年3月～2006年9月收住于天津市天和医院ICU的96例脓毒症导致AKI的患者;依据血液净化方式分为连续性肾脏替代疗法（CRRT）组（54例）和间歇性血液透析（IHD）组（42例）,将CRRT组参照RIFLE标准分为Ⅰ期（14例）、Ⅱ期（19例）、Ⅲ期（21例）;评价患者生命体征、实验室指标、APACHEII评分动态变化和患者的不同预后。结果①CRRT组与IHD组治疗前APACHEⅡ评分、血肌酐差异没有统计学意义（P〉0.05）,治疗结束后CRRT组患者APACHEⅡ评分低于IHD组患者;CRRT组患者平均动脉压、血氧饱和度较IHD组低（P〈0.05）,治疗后MAP、SpO2有所上升（P〈0.05）;②CRRT组与IHD组病死率分别为51.9%和52.4%（P〉0.05）,而肾功能恢复率分别为92.3%与65.0%（P〈0.05）;③CRRT组中Ⅰ期患者存活率78.6%、治疗前APACHEII评分（25.4±2.5）、肾功能恢复率90.9%、APACHEII变化（-13.6±4.3）,而Ⅲ期患者上诉指标分别为38.1%、（36.1±5.7）、62.5%、（-7.1±4.2）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论运用AKI的RIFLE诊断标准结合APACHEⅡ评分选择合适的治疗时机,采用CRRT是防治脓毒症导致急性肾损伤的有效手段。     

Delivered dose of continuous venovenous hemofiltration predicts outcome in septic patients with acute kidney injury: a retrospective study

Purpose

In continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) issues like timing and dose remain controversial, particularly in sepsis. The objective of this study is to examine which CVVH characteristic best predicts mortality in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI).

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively studied all consecutive patients with sepsis-induced AKI requiring CVVH in a 1.5-year period. Patient, sepsis, and CVVH characteristics, including timing, dose, mode, type of substitution fluid and of anticoagulation, and azotemic control were evaluated. Primary outcome was survival at day 28 after the start of CVVH.

Results

Of the 97 patients, 43 (44%) died up to day 28 after the start of CVVH. In univariate analyses, the delivered dose of CVVH was about 10% higher in survivors than nonsurvivors (median, 23 vs 20 mL kg⁻¹ h⁻¹, P = .01). In multivariate analyses, a lower delivered CVVH dose contributed to predict higher mortality, independently of disease severity, type of substitution fluid, and azotemic control. In a Kaplan-Meier curve, a delivered dose less than 19.7 mL kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ was associated with shorter survival (P = .006).

Conclusion

Our retrospective data suggest that in sepsis-induced AKI requiring CVVH, delivered dose, rather than timing, mode of administration, and azotemic control, is an independent predictor of mortality. A lower delivered dose is associated with higher mortality.     

腹膜透析在急性肾损伤治疗中的应用

目的探讨腹膜透析对急性肾损伤的治疗效果。方法回顾42例急性肾损伤患者行腹膜透析治疗的临床资料,分析腹膜透析后血尿素氮、血清肌酐、血钾离子(K~+)、二氧化碳结合力(CO_2CP)水平的变化。结果 42例患者中治愈29例(69.05%),继续腹膜透析1例(2.38%),自动出院1例(2.38%),死亡11例(26.19%)。腹膜透析2～38 d肾功能恢复。其中血K~+1～2 d恢复正常;CO_2CP 2～4 d恢复正常;血尿素氮3～4 d内下降30.99%,5～7 d内下降53.29%;血清肌酐3～4 d内下降33.92%,5～7 d内下降57.36%。死亡患者急性肾小管坏死个体严重程度指数(acute tubular necrosis individual severity score,ATNISS)明显高于治愈患者(P0.05)。结论腹膜透析对急性肾损伤具有较好的治疗效果,是儿童急性肾损伤治疗的最佳选择;急性肾损伤患者的预后主要取决于原发病、器官衰竭数目和ATNISS。     

Renal outcome after vancomycin treatment and renal replacement therapy in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: A retrospective study

Purpose

Acute kidney injury during systemic infections is common; however, renal outcome is poorly investigated. The increase of multiresistant pathogens leads to the use of potential nephrotoxic antibiotics as vancomycin. We investigated the impact of vancomycin and renal replacement therapy (RRT) for renal recovery during sepsis.

Materials and methods

This is a retrospective data analysis of 1159 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Logistic regression models were performed.

Results

In total, 390 (33.6%) patients required RRT during intensive care unit (ICU) stay; 233 (20.1%), at discharge. Admission estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) predicted the need of RRT during stay (odds ratio [OR] 0.969 [0.959-0.979] per increase of 1 mL/min, P < .001) and the prolonged need of RRT at ICU discharge (OR 0.979 [0.967-0.990], P < .001). Survivors without any RRT showed an improvement of eGFR at discharge, whereas patients after RRT did not (7.1 vs 0.8 mL/[min 1.73 m²], P < .001). The use (OR 1.648 [1.067-2.546], P < .05) and duration of vancomycin treatment (OR 1.043 [1.004-1.084] per each additional treatment day, P < .05) were predictors for ongoing RRT at discharge.

Conclusions

Estimated GFR at ICU admission predicts renal outcome, whereas the use of vancomycin increases the probability of a prolonged need for RRT at discharge from ICU. The use of alternative antibiotics for certain patients, indicated by eGFR at admission, might be considered.     

容量负荷对脓毒性急性肾损伤预后的影响

目的 探讨容量负荷对脓毒性急性肾损伤(AKI)患者预后的影响.方法 采用回顾性研究方法,选择2009年10月至2011年9月收住滨州医学院附属医院重症监护病房(ICU)的脓毒性AKI患者作为研究对象,对比观察第一个72 h内液体正平衡与负平衡患者的28 d病死率、28 d肾功能恢复率、住ICU时间及机械通气率.观察连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)对患者容量负荷及预后的影响.结果 160例脓毒性AKI患者人选本研究,液体负平衡组(81例)28 d病死率[37.0％(30/81)比68.4％(54/79),P＜0.01]、住ICU时间(d:10.1 ±4.9比12.4±8.0,P＜0.05)及机械通气率[50.6％(41/81)比68.4％(54/79),P＜0.01]较液体正平衡组(79例)明显降低.根据急性肾损伤协作网(AKIN)分期,在AKI 1、2、3期(分别为49、52、59例),经CRRT治疗者第一个72 h内日平均容量(ml)均明显低于未行CRRT治疗者(-10比716,324比778,521比1177,均P＜0.05),同时AKI2期CRRT治疗者28 d病死率显著低于未行CRRT治疗者[38.7％(12/31)比66.7％(14/21),P＜ 0.05].结论 容量负荷与脓毒性AKI患者预后有关,液体负平衡可以降低患者28 d病死率,CRRT可以调节容量负荷,改善患者的预后.     

高截留滤器-连续性肾脏替代治疗在脓毒血症合并急性肾损伤中的应用进展CSCD

随着连续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)技术和透析膜技术的进步并行,针对脓毒血症合并急性肾损伤的治疗手段逐渐丰富,其中高截留滤器在清除传统滤器不能有效覆盖的炎症因子上更有前景的获益,其在临床实践中有望更有选择性的去除大分子量的炎症介质,从而在抗感染治疗以外通过血液净化的方式进行全身炎症状态的有效干预。本综述特别关注高截留滤器的临床应用,包括已发表的该滤器相关研究中对炎症因子清除和对预后改善情况,概括了目前该滤器已发表研究的差异性和潜在应用方向。