癌胚抗原、腺苷脱氨酶在胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的意义

目的探讨癌胚抗原（CEA）和腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）水平检测在胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值。方法分别测定结核性与癌症患者血清和胸腔积液中ADA与CEA,参考我国《全国临床检验操作规程（第三版）》中CEA、ADA的正常值,分别以CEA〉10ug／L,ADA〉20U／L为阳性标准作对照,计算诊断的灵敏度和特异度。结果ADA在结核性胸腔积液组中明显升高,在恶性胸腔积液组中不升高（P〈0．001）;CEA含量恶性胸腔积液组明显高于结核性胸腔积液组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。CEA〉10ug／L诊断恶性胸腔积液的灵敏度为70．8％,特异度为100％;ADA〉20U／L诊断结核性胸腔积液的灵敏度为93．3％,特异度为91．7％。结论ADA和CEA检测在胸腔积液的鉴别诊断中具有较高的临床价值。     

瘦素水平在结核与恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨瘦素在结核与恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值。方法采用ELISA法测定41例结核性胸膜炎患者（观察组）与25例恶性胸腔积液患者（对照组）胸腔积液中瘦素及γ-干扰素（1-IFN）水平,酶法测定腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）水平。对三项指标均行ROC曲线分析,计算各指标诊断结核性胸腔积液的临界值,并比较敏感性及特异性。结果观察组瘦素水平明显低于对照组,γ-IFN、ADA水平均明显高于对照组,P均〈0．01。ROC曲线分析示瘦素水平以13．84μg／L为诊断结核性胸腔积液临界值,敏感性和特异性分别是85．4％、96％;γ-IFN以169．35pg／mi为诊断临界值,敏感性和特异性分别为92．7％、100％;ADA以41．5U／L为诊断临界值,敏感性和特异性分别为85．4％、96％。结论瘦素水平对结核性与恶性胸腔积液的诊断及鉴别有一定参考价值     

胸液蛋白电泳及腺苷脱氨酶在结核性与恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的应用

目的对结核性及恶性胸腔积液患者的胸液蛋白电泳进行分析及ADA检测，探讨二者在结核性胸腔积液与恶性胸腔积液诊断中的应用价值。方法对36例结核性胸腔积液患者及38例恶性胸腔积液患者的胸液标本行琼脂糖凝胶蛋白电泳并应用比色法检测腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）浓度。结果结核性胸腔积液组与恶性胸腔积液组的胸液a．球蛋白分别为4．32±1．35和3．41±0．97（P〈0．05），α2球蛋白分别为8．98±1．50和6．01±1．53（P〈0．000），0t2球蛋白／白蛋白的比值分别为0．155-0．03和0．09±0．03（P〈0．000），ADA分别为71．35±24．00和31．21±11．90（P〈0．000）。根据ROC曲线结果判断分别取0．13及45为界值，计算α2球蛋白／白蛋白对诊断结核性胸腔积液的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为76％、89％、83％；ADA的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为82％、78％、80％。采用平行试验方法，联合α2球蛋白／白蛋白和ADA指标，其敏感性、特异性和准确性分别达到88％，100％和94％。结论（1）结核性胸腔积液患者的胸液∞球蛋白、α2球蛋白、α2球蛋白／白蛋白的比值及ADA均高于肿瘤组，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。（2）联合检测α2球蛋白／白蛋白和ADA可以提高结核性胸腔积液诊断的敏感性、特异性和准确性。     

联合检测VEGF、CEA、ADA对结核性与恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值

目的：探讨血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、癌胚抗原（CEA）、腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）联合检测对结核性与恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值。方法：选择胸腔镜检查、并取活检病理确诊的96例胸腔积液患者,分别采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）、酶联免疫分析法（EIA）、比色分析法检测胸腔积液中VEGF、CEA、ADA的含量、并对统计结果进行分析。结果：恶性胸腔积液组中VEGF、CEA值分别为（307±132）pg／L、（16．3±7．8）μg／L,分别显著高于结核性胸腔积液组的（34±11．2）pg／L、（2．3±1．1）μg／L（均P〈0．01）。恶性胸腔积液组ADA含量为（12．46±4．61）U／L,低于结核性胸腔积液组（44．98±11．78）U／L,两者间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。联合检测VEGF和CEA,对诊断恶性胸水的敏感性为95．4％,特异性为99．8％。结论：检测胸腔积液中VEGF、CEA及ADA对胸水的鉴别诊断有一定的价值,其联合检测综合诊断能提高恶性胸水与结核性胸膜炎的诊断准确率。     

γ-干扰素、腺苷脱氨酶对结核和非结核性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的联合检测胸腔积液和血清 γ-干扰素浓度及腺苷脱氨酶水平,探讨其对结核和非结核性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值。方法应用酶联免疫吸附法和速率法,检测46例结核性胸液、42例非结核性胸液及其相应血清中IFN-γ浓度和ADA水平,并与30例对照组比较。结果结核性胸膜炎患者胸液IFN-γ浓度为（497．13±200．79）ng／L,明显高于癌性胸液组（72．16±78．58）ng／L和漏出性胸液组（13．61±5．92）ng／L（P〈0．001）。结核性胸膜炎患者胸液ADA水平（54．45±15．33U／L）明显高于癌性胸液组（18．67±16．54）U／L和漏出液组（8．97±1．96）U／L,P〈0．001。结论联合检测胸液INF-γ浓度和ADA活性对结核性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断有较高的临床应用价值。     

sFasL检测对结核性与恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断价值的探讨

目的探讨sFasL对恶性胸腔积液与结核性胸腔积液鉴别诊断价值。方法应用ELISA法分别检测32例恶性胸腔积液和43例结核性胸腔积液中sFasL的含量，对结果进行统计学处理。结果结核性胸腔积液组sFasL（13．56±5．38ng／m1）显著高于恶性胸腔积液组（5．72±2．59ng／m1），二者具显著性差异（P〈0．001）。以10ng／ml为临界值，胸腔积液中sFasL〉10ng／ml诊断为结核性胸腔积液的敏感性为81．4％（35／43），特异性为81．3％（26／32），临床诊断符合率为81．4％（61／75）。结论sFasL对结核性、恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断有临床实用价值。     

CA125、CEA、LDH、GLU、TBAb检测在胸腔积液中的价值

目的探讨胸腔积液患者胸腔积液CA125中CA125、CEA、LDH、GLU、TBAb这五项指标在胸积液性质鉴别诊断中的实用价值。方法将不同病因的胸腔积液患者115例分为结核性渗出液54例，恶性渗出液32例，化脓性渗出液29例。平行检测患者胸腔积液CA125中的五项指标。结果结核性胸腔积液CA125组TBAb（96．3％）阳性率明显高于恶性和化脓性胸腔积液CA125；化脓性胸腔积液CA125组LDH（1096±39．7）u／L明显高于恶性（594±34．6）u／L和结核性（638±31．9u／L）胸腔积液CA125组。化脓性胸腔积液CA125组GLU（2．91±0．56）mmol／L低于结核性和恶性胸腔积液CA125组；恶性胸腔积液CA125组CEA（87．3±12．6）ng／ml和CA125（98．3±29．6）u／ml明显高于化脓性和结核性胸腔积液CA125组。结论TBAb的检测对结核性胸腔积液CA125有较高的实用价值。LDH和GLU的联合检测对化脓性胸腔积液CA125有较大的价值。CA125和CEA的联合检测对恶性胸腔积液CA125有很大的实用价值。     

联合检测对结核性和恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨联合检测胸腔积液中腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)对结核性和恶性胸腔积液的诊断价值。方法以我院2012年1月至2012年12月112例住院的胸腔积液患者为研究对象,其中62例结核性胸腔积液患者,50例恶性胸腔积液患者,以酶比色法,免疫比浊法,速率法和电化学发光法检测上述患者胸腔积液中ADA、CRP、CEA和LDH浓度。结果结核性胸腔积液患者ADA和CRP的诊断敏感性显著高于恶性胸腔积液患者(P0.01),恶性胸腔积液患者CEA的诊断敏感性较结核性胸腔积液患者明显增高(P0.01)。以胸腔积液CEA7 ng/ml及LDH245 U/L为诊断标准,诊断恶性胸腔积液的敏感性,特异性分别为78.0%,80.6%;而以CEA7 ng/ml,LDH245 U/L及ADA40 U/L,CRP5 mg/L为诊断标准,诊断恶性胸腔积液的敏感性,特异性分别为94.0%,95.2%。以胸腔积液ADA40 U/L,CRP5 mg/L为诊断标准,诊断结核性胸腔积液的敏感性,特异性分别为82.3%,86.0%;而以CEA7 ng/ml,LDH245 U/L及ADA4 0U/L,CRP5 mg/L为诊断标准,诊断结核性胸腔积液的敏感性,特异性分别为96.8%,92.0%。结论联合检测胸腔积液中ADA、CRP、CEA、LDH的浓度可提高结核性和恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断的敏感性和特异性。     

结核性与癌性胸腔积液的实验室检测比较研究

目的比较研究实验室检测腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、蛋白(TP)、葡萄糖(GLU)等多项指标对结核性与癌性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值。方法对151例明确诊断为结核性或癌性胸腔积液分别测定胸水ADA、LDH、CEA、TP、GLU和血清TP,并进行统计分析。结果结核性胸腔积液中ADA、LDH、TP含量都明显高于癌性胸腔积液,其中胸水ADA以28U/L作为诊断结核性胸水的临界值则其敏感性和特异性均极高,结核性胸水中GLU含量则低于癌性胸水,癌性胸水CEA的阳性率高达76.0%,而结核性胸水CEA均阴性。结论联合检测胸水ADA、LDH、CEA、TP和GLU可以作为结核性与癌性胸腔积液的诊断和鉴别诊断依据,其中ADA28U/L可以考虑作为结核性胸腔积液的单独诊断依据。     

胸水和血清ADA、TB-Ab-IgG联合检测对结核性胸膜炎的诊断探讨

目的 探讨胸水/血清腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)、结核抗体(TB-Ab-IgG)联合检测对结核性胸膜炎的诊断价值.方法 采用斑点金免疫渗滤试验(DIGFA)和酶连续监测法对234例胸腔积液进行胸水/血清ADA和TB-Ab-IgG检测结果进行分析.结果 结核性胸膜炎患者174例其胸水、血清中TB-Ab-IgG的阳性率分别为62.0%和70.1%,特异性分别为93.1%(56/60)和86.6%(52/60).ADA活性在结核性和癌性胸腔积液中分别为(59.58±29.85)U/L和(15.31±7.36)U/L(P<0.01).以P-ADA>40 U/L做为诊断结核的临界值,其敏感性为79.3%,特异性为86.4%;以P-ADA/S-ADA>1为临界值,其敏感性为97.7%,特异性为95.5%.结论 胸水和血清ADA、TB-Ab-IgG联合检测在结核性胸膜炎与非结核性胸膜炎上具有诊断与鉴别诊断价值.     

Pleural mesothelial cells in pleural and lung diseases

During development, the mesoderm maintains a complex relationship with the developing endoderm giving rise to the mature lung. Pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) derived from the mesoderm play a key role during the development of the lung. The pleural mesothelium differentiates to give rise to the endothelium and smooth muscle cells via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). An aberrant recapitulation of such developmental pathways can play an important role in the pathogenesis of disease processes such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The PMC is the central component of the immune responses of the pleura. When exposed to noxious stimuli, it demonstrates innate immune responses such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns as well as causes the release of several cytokines to activate adaptive immune responses. Development of pleural effusions occurs due to an imbalance in the dynamic interaction between junctional proteins, n-cadherin and β-catenin, and phosphorylation of adherens junctions between PMCs, which is caused in part by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) released by PMCs. PMCs play an important role in defense mechanisms against bacterial and mycobacterial pleural infections, and in pathogenesis of malignant pleural effusion, asbestos related pleural disease and malignant pleural mesothelioma. PMCs also play a key role in the resolution of inflammation, which can occur with or without fibrosis. Fibrosis occurs as a result of disordered fibrin turnover and due to the effects of cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and basic fibroblast growth factor; which are released by PMCs. Recent studies have demonstrated a role for PMCs in the pathogenesis of IPF suggesting their potential as a cellular biomarker of disease activity and as a possible therapeutic target. Pleural-based therapies targeting PMCs for treatment of IPF and other lung diseases need further exploration.     

Tuberculous pleural effusions: advances and controversies

On a global scale, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most frequent causes of pleural effusions. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease has evolved and what was once thought to be an effusion as a result of a pure delayed hypersensitivity reaction is now believed to be the consequence of direct infection of the pleural space with a cascade of events including an immunological response. Pulmonary involvement is more common than previously believed and induced sputum, which is grossly underutilised, can be diagnostic in approximately 50%. The gold standard for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis remains the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pleural fluid, or pleural biopsy specimens, either by microscopy and/or culture, or the histological demonstration of caseating granulomas in the pleura along with acid fast bacilli (AFB). In high burden settings, however, the diagnosis is frequently inferred in patients who present with a lymphocytic predominant exudate and a high adenosine deaminase (ADA) level, which is a valuable adjunct in the diagnostic evaluation. ADA is generally readily accessible, and together with lymphocyte predominance justifies treatment initiation in patients with a high pre-test probability. Still, false-negative and false-positive results remain an issue. When adding closed pleural biopsy to ADA and lymphocyte count, diagnostic accuracy approaches that of thoracoscopy. The role of other biomarkers is less well described. Early pleural drainage may have a role in selected cases, but more research is required to validate its use and to define the subpopulation that may benefit from such interventions.     

Diagnostic and prognostic significance of lysophosphatidic acid in malignant pleural effusions

Background

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an important extracellular signal transmitter and intracellular second messenger in body fluids. It can be detected in the ascitic fluid of patients with ovarian cancer. Increasing evidence shows that LPA can stimulate cancer cell proliferation and promote tumor invasion and metastasis. Our study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of LPA in differentiating between malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) and benign pleural effusions (BPEs) and to evaluate the association between the level of LPA in MPE and the prognosis of lung cancer patients.

Patients and methods

The level of LPA in the pleural effusions (PEs) of 123 patients (94 MPE, 29 BPE) with lung cancer was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The performance of LPA was analyzed by standard Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis methods, using the area under the curve (AUC) as a measure of accuracy. Overall survival (OS) curves and progression-free survival (PFS) curves were based on the Kaplan-Meier method, and the survival differences between subgroups were analyzed using the log-rank or Breslow test (SPSS software). A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess whether LPA independently predicted lung cancer survival.

Results

The levels of LPA differed significantly between MPE (22.08±8.72 µg/L) and BPE (14.61±5.12 µg/L) (P<0.05). Using a cutoff point of 18.93 µg/L, LPA had a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 83% to distinguish MPEs from BPEs with an AUC of 0.769±0.045 (SE) (P=0.000) (95% CI, 0.68-0.857). In the three pathological types of lung cancer patients with MPE, there were no significant associations between LPA levels and the length of PFS and OS (P=0.58 and 0.186, respectively). Interestingly, in the patients with MPE caused by lung adenocarcinoma there were significant associations between the LPA levels and the PFS and OS (P=0.018 and 0.026, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that the LPA level was an independent prognostic factor for PFS in lung adenocarcinoma.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that LPA can be used as a new biomarker for the diagnosis of MPE caused by lung cancer and that higher levels of LPA are related to shorter PFS in adenocarcinoma of the lung.     

胸腔积液中白细胞介素6、18的变化与意义

目的　探讨胸腔积液患者血清及胸腔积液中白细胞介素6(IL -6)、白细胞介素1 8(IL -1 8)的变化及其临床意义,并明确其在胸腔积液免疫发病机理中的作用。方法　应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测2 0例结核性胸腔积液患者、2 0例恶性胸腔积液和1 5例漏出性胸腔积液患者血清及胸腔积液中IL -6、IL -1 8的水平。结果　结核组胸腔积液中IL -6、IL- 1 8水平分别为(468.1±1 4 2 .4)和(759.3±2 85 .1 )pg/ml显著高于恶性组(2 2 0 .8±50 .7)和(2 73 .7±93 .7)pg/ml及漏出液组(36 .4±4 .8)和(40 .6±5 .4)pg/ml。结论　IL- 6、IL -1 8在结核性、肿瘤性和漏出性胸腔积液患者的表达水平不同,可作为临床上鉴别诊断的参考指标,在结核和肿瘤性胸膜病变局部的免疫病理生理过程中起着重要作用。     

多项指标检测对渗出性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨良恶性胸腔积液的临床实验特点。方法将83例渗出性胸腔积液分为结核积液组（良性）和癌性积液组（恶性）,检测患者胸腔积液三项指标水平。结果两组胸腔积液患者腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）,癌胚抗原（CEA）及胸水LDH／血清LDH（乳酸脱氢酶（LDH））、均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论胸腔积液ADA,CEA及胸水LDH／血清LDH水平检测对鉴别渗出性胸腔积液性质有较好的临床实用价值。     

Intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator and deoxyribonuclease therapy for pleural infection

Pleural infection remains a global health burden associated with significant morbidity. Drainage of the infected pleural fluid is important but can often be hindered by septations and loculations. Intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy alone, to break pleural adhesions, has shown no convincing advantages over placebo in improving clinical outcome. Deoxyribonucleoprotein from degradation of leukocytes contributes significantly to high viscosity of infected pleural fluid. Recombinant deoxyribonuclease (DNase) is effective in reducing pleural fluid viscosity in pre-clinical studies. The combination of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and DNase was effective in animal model experiments of empyema. The benefits were established in a randomized clinical trial: those (n=48) treated with tPA/DNase had significantly improved radiological outcomes and reduced need of surgery and duration of hospital stay. A longitudinal observational series of 107 patients further confirmed the effectiveness and safety of tPA/DNase therapy, including its use as ‘rescue therapy’ when patients failed to respond to antibiotics and chest tube drainage. Overall, a short course of intrapleural tPA (10 mg) and DNase (5 mg) therapy provides a cure in over 90% of patients without requiring surgery. The treatment stimulates pleural fluid formation, enhances radiographic clearance and resolution of systemic inflammation. Serious complications are uncommon; pleural bleeding requiring transfusion occurred in ~2% of cases. Pain can occur, especially with the first dose. Treatment is contraindicated in those with significant bleeding diathesis or a bronchopleural fistula. Future research is required to optimize dosing regimens and in refining patient selection.     

Role of medical thoracoscopy in the treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion

Background

Fibrous tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) represents common disease in tuberculous clinic. Medical thoracoscopy has been used to treat pleural empyema and shown promising outcomes, but data of its use in multiloculated and organized TPE remains limited to know.

Methods

The study was performed on 430 cases with TPE. The cases were divided into free-flowing, multiloculated effusion and organized effusion group. Each group was subdivided into two or three types of therapeutic approaches: ultrasound guided pigtail catheter, large-bore tube chest drainage and medical thoracoscopy. Patients with multiloculated or organized effusions received streptokinase, introduced into the pleural cavity via chest tubes. The successful effectiveness of the study was defined as duration of chest drainage, time from treatment to discharge days and no further managements.

Results

Patients with organized effusion were older than those with free-flowing effusion and incidence of organized effusion combined with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) was higher than those of multiloculated effusion and free-flowing effusion respectively. Positive tuberculosis of pleural fluid culture was higher in organized effusion than that in free-flowing effusion. Sputum positive for acid-fast bacillus (AFB) in organized effusion was higher than that in multiloculated effusion and free-flowing effusion. Medical thoracoscopy showed significant efficacy in the group of multiloculated effusion and organized effusion but free-flowing effusion. No chronic morbidity and mortality related to complications was observed.

Conclusions

Medical thoracoscopy was a safe and successful method in treating multiloculated and organized TPE.     

Primary pleural liposarcoma,pleomorphic variant

Primary pleural liposarcoma (PPL) is a rare tumor derived from primitive mesenchymal tissue. We report a case of a 49-year-old female patient complaining of thoracic pain and dyspnea for 3 months. The chest X-ray showed a left basal opacity of lobulated contours and the thoracic computer tomography (CT) scan revealed a left pleural collection/mass, of 18 HU density and passive pulmonary atelectasis. The patient was taken to surgery and the cytologic examination of the gelatinous mass found in the procedure confirmed the diagnosis of a pleomorphic variant of pleural liposarcoma. We emphasise in the importance of careful inspection of the origin of the tumor in the diagnostic images to allow accurate diagnosis.     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery pleurectomy: a suitable alternative for treating malignant pleural effusions

BackgroundMalignant pleural effusions (MPEs) are common manifestations of metastatic cancers and are associated with a dismal prognosis. Talc pleurodesis has been proven to be effective in the management of MPEs, however, class-action lawsuits linking talc to ovarian adenocarcinoma have rendered it unavailable at many institutions. As a result, surgeons have resorted to less effective chemical pleurodesis as an alternative to indwelling pleural drainage catheters. Given the absence of talc, we explored the effectiveness of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) partial pleurectomy (VPP) for treating MPEs.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of patients with MPEs managed after talc became unavailable at our institution. Between 2016 and 2018, we identified five patients who refused pleural drainage catheters and underwent VPP. Symptoms at presentation included fatigue, dyspnea, and pleuritic chest pain. All had unilateral MPEs (left n=3, right n=2). VPP included removal of parietal surfaces of the pleura other than the pleura overlying the subclavian vessels, the mediastinum, and the lung viscera.ResultsThere were no significant perioperative adverse events and post-operative pain was well controlled. Chest tubes were removed between post-operative day (POD) 3 and 7. Follow-up time ranged from four to 36 weeks. All patients had symptomatic relief and radiographic evidence of improved MPEs. No patients required re-interventions. One patient expired six months after surgery while the remaining four were alive at last follow-up.ConclusionsVPP offers an effective alternative to chemical pleurodesis for managing MPEs in patients who prefer to avoid pleural drainage catheters.     

The value of preoperative imaging techniques in patients with chronic pancreatic pleural effusions

Summary Four patients with chronic pancreatitis and internal pancreatic fistulae to the left pleura are presented. ERCP was done in three of the patients and demonstrated the fistulae in all. In the forth patient CT gave valuable information. In patients with suspicion of internal pancreatico-pleural fistulae we recommend preoperative ERCP for demonstration of the internal demarcations of the ductal and fistula systems and CT for delineation of the external boundaries and relationships of the pathological lesions.