小儿肾结石的ESWL和PCNL治疗

目的　总结小儿肾结石ESWL和经皮微造瘘输尿管镜取石术 (mini PCNL)治疗经验。　方法　回顾性分析 10 5例小儿肾结石诊治资料 ,男 72例、女 3 3例 ,平均年龄 8.7岁。其中伴尿路畸形 2 1例 (2 0 .0 % )。ESWL治疗 68例 ;mini PCNL治疗 3 3例 ,4例联合ESWL ;改行开放手术 4例。　结果　 68例ESWL治疗 92次 ,结石完全排空 57例 (83 .8% ) ,1次ESWL治疗成功 47例 (69.1% ) ,2次治疗 18例 (2 6.5% ) ,3次治疗 2例 (4.4% ) ;2例石街经输尿管镜治疗成功。 3 3例mini PCNL治疗者 ,一期PCNL成功 2 4例 (72 .7% ) ,二期PCNL治疗 9例 (2 7.3 % ) ;3例伴肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻者同时行顺行肾盂输尿管内切开术 ,一期结石清除率 2 4例 (72 .7% ) ,二期结石清除率 2 9例(87.9% ) ,联合ESWL 4例 ,总结石清除率为 97.0 %。 4例开放手术中 2例同时行肾盂输尿管成形术 ,1例多发结石术后有残余结石。　结论　ESWL是治疗小儿肾结石安全、有效的首选方法 ;选择PCNL治疗应根据结石和设备技术情况 ,联合ESWL成功率更高     

Open stone surgery: Is it still a preferable procedure in the management of staghorn calculi?

We reviewed 43 patients with staghorn calculi to determine the effectiveness of various treatment modalities such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) monotherapy, ESWL and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) combined therapy, and open stone surgery. While ESWL monotherapy and ESWL+PCNL were performed in 25 and 8 patients, respectively, 10 patients underwent open stone surgery. Of the 25 patients treated with ESWL, 8 were stone-free, whereas 4 out of 8 patients treated with ESWL+PCNL and 8 out of 10 patients treated with open surgery were stone-free. The complications of ESWL monotherapy consisted of pyelonephritis in one patient, and stone street formations in three. In the group of ESWL+PCNL, one patient developed pyonephrosis, and another perinephritic abscess. No serious complication was noted in patients who underwent open surgery, but an average of 525 ml of blood transfusion was required. We conclude that open stone surgery, although invasive, is still beneficial in the treatment of staghorn calculi. Presented at the 10th Congress of the European Association of Urology, July 1992, Genoa.     

The management of paediatric urolithiasis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the management of paediatric urolithiasis by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), endoscopic ureterolithotomy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and open nephrolithotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a 3-year period (1997-1999), 59 children were treated for urolithiasis and underwent a total of 79 procedures. Thirty-two ESWL sessions were performed in 23 children (mean age 7.4 years, median 6.0). PCNL was undertaken in 30 renal units in 25 children (mean age 6.4 years, median 4.0). Eight patients (mean age 7.8 years, median 5) underwent 17 ureteroscopic procedures, six of which involved the use of a holmium laser. Three children with staghorn calculi underwent open nephrolithotomy under conditions of renal ischaemia and hypothermia. RESULTS: Of the 23 children treated using ESWL, 21 (91%) became stone-free; 17 underwent one ESWL session (74%), three had two sessions and three (13%) had three sessions. All eight patients who underwent ureteroscopy became stone-free. Four patients in whom the stone could not be reached by ureteroscopy initially had a JJ stent inserted, and the stone and stent subsequently removed. Stones were cleared using PCNL in 27 of 30 renal units (90%); three patients who had residual stone fragments were rendered stone-free by ESWL. Two of three children undergoing open nephrolithotomy were stone-free after surgery and the remaining one rendered stone-free with ESWL. Metabolic evaluation showed that 25 of 45 children (55%) had a urinary infection, eight (18%) had hyperoxaluria, three (7%) had hypercalciuria, two (4%) had cystinuria, and no identifiable cause was found in seven (16%). Treatment by a single modality rendered 52 of the 59 children (88%) stone-free; when the different modalities were combined, 57 of 59 patients (97%) were cleared of their stones. CONCLUSIONS: Technological advances in ESWL, ureteroscopy and PCNL have had a significant effect on the management of urolithiasis in children, allowing a safe and successful outcome. The comprehensive care of children with urolithiasis should include a full metabolic evaluation. Anatomical anomalies contribute to the complexity of many cases, necessitating a close liaison between adult and paediatric urologists, nephrologists and radiologists to optimize stone management in children.     

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, endourology and open surgery: the management and follow-up of 200 patients with urinary calculi

The management and follow up of 200 consecutive patients with renal and ureteric calculi are presented. The primary treatment of 185 (92.5%) was by extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), of whom three (1.6)%) with large calculi underwent percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) prior to ESWL as a planned combined procedure. Twelve (6%) were treated by PCNL or ureterorenoscopy (URS) as their definitive treatment and three (1.5%) by conventional open renal and ureteric surgery. The average in-patient stay was 3.8 days and most returned to normal activity within one day of discharge. Of the 185 patients 102 (55%) required no analgesia after treatment by ESWL, 29 (15.6%) required parenteral analgesia and the rest were comfortable with oral non-narcotic medication. Thirty (16%) required auxillary treatment by percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN), PCNL and URS following ESWL for obstructive complications from stone particles. Two required further ESWL and one PCNL at three months for large fragments. Overall, open surgery was required for only 1% of renal calculi and 13% of ureteric stones. These results are consistant with the extensive West German experience confirming that most urinary calculi are now best managed by ESWL and endoscopic techniques. Where these facilities are available open surgery should only be necessary for less than 5% of upper urinary tract stones.     

Minimally invasive treatment of urinary tract calculi in children.

OBJECTIVE: To report experience of a broad multimodality approach to the treatment of calculi in children using extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy/laser lithotripsy, lithoclast and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The treatment and outcome were reviewed in 43 children managed by a range of minimally invasive modalities, either singly or in combination, between 1990 and 1997. These patients represent a selected group deemed suitable for minimally invasive management during a period of developing experience with these techniques. Of this cohort, six children had previously undergone open stone surgery and contributory metabolic abnormalities were identified in seven. ESWL was the sole treatment modality in 24 children (56%). In five children (12%) ureteroscopy/laser lithotripsy was combined with ESWL, eight (18%) underwent ureteroscopy/laser lithotripsy alone, whilst three with bladder stones were treated with the lithoclast. Combined therapy including PCNL was required in three patients. RESULTS: Of the 43 children treated, 38 (88%) were rendered stone-free. Metabolic disorders accounted for three of the five cases of residual calculi. Complications requiring intervention occurred in two children (7%) and three subsequently underwent open pyelolithotomy or ureterolithotomy after unsuccessful minimally invasive treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Used selectively, the range of minimally invasive procedures available for adults, including ureteroscopy and PCNL, can be safely and effectively extended to the treatment of urinary tract calculi in children. The role of open surgery will diminish further with the availability of specialized instruments for paediatric PCNL.     

复杂肾结石经皮肾镜取石术后结石残留的原因与处理

目的:探讨复杂肾结石PCNL术后结石残留的原因及处理方法.方法:回顾分析我院行二期PCNL取石的35例复杂肾结石患者的临床资料,既往有开放手术史17例,2例因术中出血影响视野改二期手术,合并肾盏憩室内结石2例.结果:除2例需辅助ESWL治疗外,其余33例在B超和输尿管镜辅助下,行二期PCNL全部成功取净残留结石.其中3例因残留结石所在肾盏位置远离经皮肾通道或在与皮肾通道平行的肾盏内,重新建立另一通道取石;1例行3通道取石.结论:术中出血、肾盏憩室内结石、既往开放手术史和肾内集合系统解剖异常,是PCNL术后结石残留的主要原因;术中B超及软镜的应用,可以清楚显示有无残留结石及其所在肾盏的位置;了解结石与经皮肾通道的位置关系,帮助引导最大限度地清除结石.     

Medical management for the prevention of the recurrence of urolithiasis--with special recurrence to the patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL) or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Questionnaires about stone recurrence after treatment with percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL) or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were sent to 11 hospitals in the central section of Japan. We received 255 replies on PNL cases and 157 replies on ESWL cases. These patients were evaluated for the recurrence of renal stones and the enlargement of residual stone fragments. The effect of the medical management for the prevention of recurrent stone disease on postoperative recurrence rate was also evaluated. The average follow-up period of patients treated with PNL was 21.6 months, and 18.5 months for patients treated with ESWL. In patients who underwent PNL, 25 of 162 patients (15.4%) who were treated completely without any residual stones have suffered from new stones. The residual stone or fragments enlarged in 14 of the 93 patients (15.1%) who had residual stones or fragments after the treatment. The recurrence rate was significantly higher for the recurrent stone former than the single stone former. The recurrence rate for the patients who had multiple stones, staghorn calculi and metabolic disorders such as hypercalciuria also had a high incidence. Patients who received medical treatment for the prevention of stone recurrence had a lower recurrence rate than the group not treated. Especially among the patients with hypercalciuria, the recurrence rate of stone disease in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the group not treated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

肾下盏结石的治疗方法选择

目的探讨肾下盏结石较佳的治疗方法。方法对53例肾下盏结石患者中的42例,结石大小在0.6~1.5cm,行ESWL治疗,1周后复查KUB或IVP;11例结石大小在1.5cm以上,采用PCNL,在X线或B超引导下进行,术后2~3天复查。结果行ESWL者最多碎石3次,3个月结石排净率为71%;PCNL者均为一期,术后1例发热,无大出血、尿外渗等并发症;2例结石残留,行二期取石。结论根据肾下盏结石大小,对1.5cm以内的结石行ESWL治疗,结石大小在1.5cm以上采用PCNL治疗,能获得较好的效果。     

上尿路结石的手术方式选择(附2 528例临床报告)

目的分析上尿路结石的各种手术方式，探讨临床治疗中合理的术式选择。方法回顾性分析1997年2004年收治的2528例上尿路结行患者的临床分类、手术方式及并发症。结果单纯性肾结石和输尿管上段结石以ESWL治疗为主，3个月内结石排净率为86％。5％形成石街，9％经2—3次ESWL治疗无排石现象，转手术率14％；中、下段结石采用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石治疗为主，结石排净率为92％。经皮肾穿肾镜取石，肾盂和输尿管上段结石的取净率为100％；鹿角形结石的取净率为95％；复杂性肾结右选择升放性手术取石或联合方式治疗为主，因肾脏无功能而行一侧肾切除7例（1．6％），下术后输尿管漏7例，切口经久不愈3例，肾脏大出血5例，无死亡病例。结论上尿路结石的微创手术可以避免开放于术对患者造成的痛苦，减少术后并发症，但也不能盲目采用，对于复杂性结石，开放手术仍有实际应用价值。     

开放手术治疗上尿路结石667例回顾分析

目的 总结开放手术治疗上尿路结石的有效性,探讨在微创时代开放手术治疗上尿路结石的手术适应证.方法 回顾分析1995年1月至2004年12月在四川大学华西医院泌尿外科行开放手术治疗的上尿路结石病例.结果 共667例上尿路结石行开放手术治疗,同期约有9000例上尿路结石病例在我科治疗,开放手术比例约7.4%.开放手术原因包括:复杂结石及巨大结石297例,结石致患肾无功能137例,结石合并上尿路解剖畸形134例,微创治疗失败57例,结石合并各种内科疾病30例,结石合并肾肿瘤5例,结石合并黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎3例,结石合并肾外伤2例,结石合并同侧其他手术2例.145例肾切除病例中共16例出现术中并发症,6例出现术后并发症;522例肾输尿管切开取石病例中,7例出现术中并发症,34例出现术后并发症;术后57例结石残留,总结石清除率为89.1%;围手术期无一例死亡.结论 开放手术在上尿路结石的治疗中仍然有重要作用,结石性无功能肾切除、复杂及巨大肾结石、结石合并解剖畸形、微创治疗失败及合并内科疾病的部分选择性病例适合选择开放手术治疗,治疗效果确切,并发症低.     

Treatment of staghorn calculi with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Between August 1983 and August 1987, 72 staghorn calculi were treated in 66 patients. Treatment was with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in 30, extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in 18, combination PCNL-ESWL in 23, and nephrectomy in 1. Complications occurred in 59 percent of patients and were twice as common after PCNL as after ESWL. Radiologic follow-up on 69 kidneys (97%) showed 58 percent were stone-free, 15 percent had residual sand or matchheads less than 5 mm, 17 percent had residual fragments of 5-15 mm, and 10 percent had greater than 15 mm residual stone burden. With a mean follow-up of thirty months, 2 of 40 stone-free patients had persistent asymptomatic Proteus urinary tract infections, and 4 of 22 patients with residual calculi less than or equal to 15 mm required additional operative treatment.     

复杂性肾结石治疗方法的比较

目的：探讨复杂性肾结石的首选治疗方法。方法：分别应用ESWL、开放手术、经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）及微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）治疗复杂性肾结石患者132例,并随访观察其疗效及并发症发生率。结果：采用ESWL治疗56例,3个月后结石排净率53．6％;采用开放手术治疗37冽,手术均获成功,结石排净率达96％;采用PCNI。治疗39例,3个月后结石排净率为92％。结论：PcNL＋MPCNL＋ESWL为复杂性。肾结石的首选治疗方法,可适合于绝大部分复杂性肾结石患者,其中ESWI。适用于无肾盂肾盏扩张的复杂性且硬度较低的肾结石。开放手术可作为其他治疗方法的适当补充术式。     

经皮F16与F24肾造瘘通道治疗上尿路结石（附156例报告）

目的 探讨与评价F16、F24两种经皮肾造瘘通道治疗上尿路结石的方法与疗效。方法分别采用F16与F24两种经皮通道治疗上尿路结石156例。结果采用Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期，F16与F24两种经皮肾造瘘通道、输尿管镜及F20．8的经皮肾镜，用气压弹道及三代超声气压弹道碎石设备，成功处理156例上尿路结石，其中包括鹿角状结石、多发性肾结石、体外冲击波碎石（extracor-poreal shock wave lithotripsy，ESWL）治疗失败、孤立肾、马蹄肾结石、开放取石术后复发及输尿管上段结石，肾结石清除率89．8％，输尿管结石清除率99％。结论合理选择F16及F24两种经皮肾通道治疗上尿路结石，具有微创、恢复快、并发症少、安全性高的特点，可有效避免出血、感染等严重并发症，并可提高手术效率，两者结合效果更佳。     

Current management of calculi in horseshoe kidneys

OBJECTIVES: To assess treatment options for calculi in horseshoe kidneys and the impact of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) on the management of renal stones. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From June 1971 to January 1998, 52 patients with horseshoe kidneys and calculi received treatment at our Urologic Stone Unit. There were 40 men (77%) and 12 women (23%). Average patient age was 41 years (range: 10-70 years). Clinical onset, treatment received and outcome were evaluated retrospectively. A successful outcome was defined as a patient without residual calculi or with fragments <0.4 cm in size. RESULTS: Clinical onset was mainly low back pain in 37 patients (71%). Eighty-nine stones were treated, i.e. an average of 1.7 treatments per patient. Before the ESWL era (May 1987), we performed two heminephrectomies, 16 pyelolithotomies, 12 pyelolithotomies combined with ureteropyeloplasty and one percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Since the advent of ESWL, seven pyelolithotomies and three pyelolithotomies combined with ureteropyloplasty have been done. ESWL was used to treat 48 calculi. In three cases the patient was placed in the prone position due to difficulties in stone focusing. In 37 cases (77%) patients were either rendered stone-free or had residual fragments <0.4 cm in size. Urinary diversion for obstruction was carried out in two cases (4%). CONCLUSIONS: At present ESWL is the first-choice treatment for calculi in horseshoe kidneys. It involves no significant focusing difficulties and is associated with a low incidence of obstructive complications. Open surgery is indicated in cases of stone-related pyeloureteral stenosis and in the presence of calculi >2-2.5 cm in size.     

Current concepts in the relative efficacy of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Summary Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and percutaneous nephrostolithotomy (PCNL) have largely replaced open surgical operations for the management of upper urinary tract calculi. ESWL is generally preferred for calculi less than or equal to 2 cm as morbidity is lower than PCNL and success rates comparable. However, the morbidity of ESWL rises substantially for stones greater than 2 cm, while the stone-free rate is lessened compared to PCNL (41% vs. 82%, p<0.01), suggesting that PCNL is preferred for most larger stones. Results for staghorn calculi comparable to anatrophic nephrolithotomy with lowered morbidity may be achieved with PCNL followed by ESWL. PCNL is also preferred for stone-containing, calyceal diverticula.     

Lithotripsy in the treatment of urinary lithiasis

Based on an extensive review of the literature and on our own clinical experience, this article attempts to present clear guidelines for the management of various kidney stones, particularly regarding the extracorporeal shock waves lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment nowadays. Few technical developments have changed medicine more within a short period of time than ESWL. Fifteen years after the first clinical application, ESWL has gained world-wide acceptance as first choice therapy for most forms of urolithiasis. Ninety-eight per cent of stones can be successfully fragmented by the application of shock-waves, but the ability of the kidney and ureter to clear the resulting fragments is far more important in terms of successful treatment outcome. Increasing experience with new ultrasound-guided lithotriptors has shown that there are some advantages: cost reduction, permanent monitoring and lack of exposure to ionising radiations. ESWL is a safe procedure for the treatment of urolithiasis; nevertheless some problems remain. In ureteric stones, ureteroscopy (rigid or flexible device) allows a rate of stone-free patients better than ESWL. For treatment of large staghorn calculi combined approach of PCNL and ESWL is preferred. For stones located at lower calyx, the stone-free rate in patients treated by ESWL fell to 50%, when unfavourable anatomy is present. The potential long-term renal damage, associated with ESWL in children, have delayed the acceptance of shock-waves into paediatric practice. Recent reports suggest that the renal damage, including the potential risk of hypertension induced by ESWL, is mild and transient. A subgroup of patients (e.g. solitary kidney, impaired renal function, children) required further attention. The fate of residual fragments is unclear. In some cases residual lithiasis tend to result in regrowth and further progression, although ESWL itself does not increase the recurrence rate of urolithiasis. Nevertheless follow-up of stone patients after ESWL is mandatory and the ultimate goal of treating stones by whatever means is to get the patient stone-free and prevent recurrence.     

Management of pediatric urolithiasis in Pakistan: experience with 1,440 children

PURPOSE: We evaluated the efficacy and safety of different modalities for pediatric urolithiasis in a developing country in 2 eras, namely before and after the advent of minimally invasive surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 1,440 children younger than 14 years treated with various modalities during a 14-year period. From 1987 to 1995, 486 and 50 patients were treated with open surgery, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL, Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia) and minimally invasive methods, respectively. Between 1996 and 2000, 518 and 386 children were treated with surgery and minimally invasive methods, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 1,440 children 795 (55.2%) had renal, 198 (13.8%) had ureteral and 447 (31%) had bladder calculi. Of the renal stones 556 (70%), 177 (22%) and 62 (7.8%) were treated with open surgery, ESWL and percutaneous nephrolithotomy, respectively. Of the ureteral calculi 85 (43%), 37 (18.6%) and 76 (38%) were managed by ESWL, ureterorenoscopy and open surgery, respectively. Of the bladder calculi 307 (68%), 77 (17.2%) and 63 (14%) were treated with open vesicolithotomy, transurethral pneumatic cystolithotripsy and ESWL, respectively. The renal stone clearance rate was 98% after open surgery, 84% after ESWL and 68% after percutaneous nephrolithotomy monotherapy at 3 months of followup. Similarly the ureteral stone-free rate was 54% after ESWL and 86.9% after ureterorenoscopy. Of the patients with bladder calculi 48% and 93% become stone-free after ESWL and transurethral pneumatic cystolithotripsy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of ESWL, percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ureterorenoscopy has resulted in treating a large number of children with a short hospital stay and early return to school. Open surgery is reserved only for complex stones.     

肾鹿角形结石的3种治疗方法比较

目的：总结肾鹿角形结石的治疗经验。方法：应用体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)，开放手术，经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)，治疗鹿角形结石102例．并随访其疗效及并发症的发生率。结果：EWSL57例，3个月后结石排净率86％；开放手术36例．手术均获成功，无石率达92％；PCNL9例，3个月后结石排净率为89％。结论：PCNL加ESWL为首选方法，ESWL适用于无肾盂肾盏扩张的部分鹿角形结石．开放手术可作为适当的补充术式。     

多发性多部位肾结石的体外冲击波碎石后加用经皮肾穿刺造瘘取石(附34例报告)

目的:探讨提高多发性多部位肾结石疗效的方法.方法:对34例多发性多部位肾结石采用ESWL治疗,对其中的未排净残石或未碎结石再联用PCNL治疗.结果:34例中,29例ESWL治疗3～6次排净结石,排净率为85.3%;4例经联用PCNL Ⅰ期清除残石或未碎结石,结石总排净率达97.1%.结论:经ESWL治疗后,再联用PCNL取净肾内残留结石来治疗多发性多部位肾结石,具清除率高、损伤少、安全性好、并发症少等优点,是一种经济而有效的治疗方法.     

ESWL与输尿管镜碎石联合处理上尿路结石

目的：探讨对部分上尿路结石采用ESWI．与输尿管镜碎石联合处理的方法。方法：对70例上尿路结石患者采用ESWI。与输尿管镜下钬激光碎石（URS）联合交替治疗。其中输尿管结石48例,。肾结石22例。结果：结石总排净率为91．4％00（64／70）,其中输尿管结石排净率为95．8％（46／48）,肾结石排净率为81．8％（18／22）。3例治疗失败,其中1例输尿管结石因输尿管狭窄无法入镜;另2例肾结石,1例因交替治疗次数过多中途停止治疗,1例因结石硬度过大ESWI,不佳,均改为PCNL术。结论：ESW[。与URS联合交替进行的疗法处理上尿路结石,避免了创伤性治疗,扩大了ESWI,治疗范围,降低了URS手术难度,缩短了URS操作时间,提高了结石排净率,患者创伤微小、恢复快、并发症少,是治疗上尿路结石,特别是部分复杂性上尿路结石较理想的方法之一。